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Originally I planned to create my padlet about Hungary, but I thought that would be too easy (so many endemic species, so many natural values, etc.). But then I changed my mind and wrote about South-Nyírség, which is my closest natural surrounding area. My aim was to get to know better the area where I was born and live. I reached my goal and as spring is coming, I'll go out and discover all the hidden special places I've never been before.

Evaluating other tablets is not easy since they are so diverse. I could see both ends of the spectrum; very informative and beautiful padlets, but there are some with quite few information. Comparing the biodiversity of other tablets to mine is also not easy. Many taplets are describing an area in Greece, which has a richer herpetofauna and orchid flora (due to climatic reasons), but for example in Belgium there are less species and the ecosystems are less diverse then in Hungary.

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Dear co-learners, please feel free to write here your evaluations. 

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Dear co-learners, please feel free to write here your evaluations. 

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"Come up with possible reasons for the decision to reintroduce grey wolves into the National Park. From the three options below, select the reason you find most likely."

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"Come up with possible reasons for the decision to reintroduce grey wolves into the National Park. From the three options below, select the reason you find most likely."

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I think the wolves were brought in because the increased elk population was overgrazing the deciduous, woody species such as aspen and cottonwood. Scientists and conservationists finally realised how important it is to have top predators in a given ecosystem, so they made this decision to try to reintroduce Grey wolf.

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The number one alien species which everyone in the region knows is the Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia). Native oak forests were replased by this North-American tree species. In these forests our native herbaceous plant species can’t survive and the flora is also very scarce. This is why black locust is very much against South Nyírség’s high biodiversity.Other invasive plant species are tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima), false indigo-bush (Amorpha fruticosa), common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca), green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) and  goldenrod (Solidago spp.).

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The number one alien species which everyone in the region knows is the Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia). Native oak forests were replased by this North-American tree species. In these forests our native herbaceous plant species can’t survive and the flora is also very scarce. This is why black locust is very much against South Nyírség’s high biodiversity.Other invasive plant species are tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima), false indigo-bush (Amorpha fruticosa), common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca), green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) and  goldenrod (Solidago spp.).

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The eradication of these invasive plant species is taking place continuously by the employees of the national park, using various methods (physical, chemical, depending on the species).

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67% of steppe oak woodlands is endangered by plant invasion. The most important alien species is the black locust.

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One-third of the meadows in Hungary is threatened by plant invasion. The most important ones are goldenrod species and false indigo.

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Wetland habitats are among the most threatened habitat types. Red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans) are native to North-America, and are popular pets in Hungary. After reaching their adult size, owners don't want to keep them anymore and release them into natural water bodies. They pose a serious threat to the native European pond terrapin populations by competition for food and basking places.

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Wetland habitats are among the most threatened habitat types. Red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans) are native to North-America, and are popular pets in Hungary. After reaching their adult size, owners don't want to keep them anymore and release them into natural water bodies. They pose a serious threat to the native European pond terrapin populations by competition for food and basking places.

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South-Nyírség doesn't belong to a biodiversity hotspot area. However, this richness of natural values, the beauty of the mosaics of different habitats and the need for their preservation has brought the Hajdúság Nature Protection Area to life in 1988. This is a 7.000 hectare area within the Hortobágy National Park. 

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South-Nyírség doesn't belong to a biodiversity hotspot area. However, this richness of natural values, the beauty of the mosaics of different habitats and the need for their preservation has brought the Hajdúság Nature Protection Area to life in 1988. This is a 7.000 hectare area within the Hortobágy National Park. 

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Besides Hajdúság NPA there are two small protected areas in South-Nyírség: Hajdúbagos Mole Rat Nature Conservation Area I mentioned earlier, and Debrecen Big Forest NCA, just 40 mins walking distance from my flat. 

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Besides Hajdúság NPA there are two small protected areas in South-Nyírség: Hajdúbagos Mole Rat Nature Conservation Area I mentioned earlier, and Debrecen Big Forest NCA, just 40 mins walking distance from my flat. 

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http://www.hnp.hu/en/szervezeti-egyseg/conservation/oldal/debrecen-big-forest-nca

Scilla vindobonensis , protected species, in the Big Forest:

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In South-Nyírség special territories were marked out in accordance with 2 EU directives - Habitats Directive and Birds Directive. Thus, these territories became part of the Natura 2000 network. This is a European ecological network, which aims to protect the original wildlife of Europe. Its areas are more or less connected with each other, creating a green corridor.

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In South-Nyírség special territories were marked out in accordance with 2 EU directives - Habitats Directive and Birds Directive. Thus, these territories became part of the Natura 2000 network. This is a European ecological network, which aims to protect the original wildlife of Europe. Its areas are more or less connected with each other, creating a green corridor.

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One of the most important nature conservation problem related to pastures and other grasslands is that they are decreasing in size due to the spread of shrubs.  To prevent this, the national park is mowing the area in a patchy pattern, creating a mosaic of habitats.

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One of the most important nature conservation problem related to pastures and other grasslands is that they are decreasing in size due to the spread of shrubs.  To prevent this, the national park is mowing the area in a patchy pattern, creating a mosaic of habitats.

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Native sandy oak forests are destroyed and reforested mostly with black locust and other non-native tree species. Other forested areas became arable lands, The really high number of herbivorous game populations - for example the European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), Red deer (Cervus elaphus) and the Wild boar (Sus scrofa) - also cause significant damage.   

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Native sandy oak forests are destroyed and reforested mostly with black locust and other non-native tree species. Other forested areas became arable lands, The really high number of herbivorous game populations - for example the European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), Red deer (Cervus elaphus) and the Wild boar (Sus scrofa) - also cause significant damage.   

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The weather here is changeable and unpredictable. Winter in Hungary used to come with a lot of snow and cold weather. But in the recent years it happens that winter passes without any snowfall. Rainfall is not as even as it used to be; many months pass without a drop of rain, and then a huge storm comes with heavy raining. Normally Nyírség is a wet area compared to the rest of the Great Hungarian Plain, but it’s not true nowadays. Less rain means habitats dry out, what is the worst for the flora and fauna of the wetlands, marshes. Wetland species disappear. The accumulated organic matter begins to decompose causing nitrophilic weeds to appear and disperse. There are brooks in South-Nyírség which already dried out, with all the fish disappeared. We can experience that spring and autumn in fact disappeared. It’s either winter or summer with 30+°C. Flowering of many plants happens all at once, at the same short time period. This can have serious affects for exampleon the pollination by insects.

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The weather here is changeable and unpredictable. Winter in Hungary used to come with a lot of snow and cold weather. But in the recent years it happens that winter passes without any snowfall. Rainfall is not as even as it used to be; many months pass without a drop of rain, and then a huge storm comes with heavy raining. Normally Nyírség is a wet area compared to the rest of the Great Hungarian Plain, but it’s not true nowadays. Less rain means habitats dry out, what is the worst for the flora and fauna of the wetlands, marshes. Wetland species disappear. The accumulated organic matter begins to decompose causing nitrophilic weeds to appear and disperse. There are brooks in South-Nyírség which already dried out, with all the fish disappeared. We can experience that spring and autumn in fact disappeared. It’s either winter or summer with 30+°C. Flowering of many plants happens all at once, at the same short time period. This can have serious affects for exampleon the pollination by insects.

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https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2012.02003.x

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To prevent further aridification of the wetlands, Hortobágy National Park established 2 water retention structures in a brook.

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Mammoth wasp (Megascolia maculata) & beetle larvae

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Mammoth wasp (Megascolia maculata) & beetle larvae

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South-Nyírség is home to the largest European member of the order Hymenoptera, the Mammoth wasp. It ‘s a protected species, because it needs really old trees which have already started to decompose. These trees can be found only in undisturbed woodlands. The moth has an interesting repruduction behaviour. Females are parasites; they lay their eggs inside the bodies of the European stag beetle (Lucanus cervus) and the European rhinoceros beetle (Oryctes nasicornis). These are also pretty rare insect species, which means the mammoth wasp is even rarer.

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Ixodes ricinus and other Ixodidae species are very harmful and potentially dangerous parasites mostly to mammals, but to other animal groups too, by spreading diseases. 

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Ixodes ricinus and other Ixodidae species are very harmful and potentially dangerous parasites mostly to mammals, but to other animal groups too, by spreading diseases. 

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According to a ranger, whose job is to look after the BioArea, the most important factors threatening its wildlife are climate change, invasive alien species and habitat destruction.

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According to a ranger, whose job is to look after the BioArea, the most important factors threatening its wildlife are climate change, invasive alien species and habitat destruction.

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Insectivorous birds and bats feed on the same food items, insects, for example Common swift (Apus apus) and Serotine bat (Eptesicus serotinus).

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Insectivorous birds and bats feed on the same food items, insects, for example Common swift (Apus apus) and Serotine bat (Eptesicus serotinus).

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Common swift videos, photos and facts - Apus apus | Arkive

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The most aerial of birds, the common swift (Apus apus) is renowned for its superb flying ability, favouring a life spent almost entirely on the wing. This bird is unique in its ability to stay...

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Birds of prey and owls also share the same food, but birds of prey are active in daytime whereas owls are hunting at night time. For example both the Common buzzard’s (Buteo buteo) and Lond-eared owl’s (Asio otus) most important prey is the common vole.

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Birds of prey and owls also share the same food, but birds of prey are active in daytime whereas owls are hunting at night time. For example both the Common buzzard’s (Buteo buteo) and Lond-eared owl’s (Asio otus) most important prey is the common vole.

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- Apex predator: European wildcat (Felis silvestris)
- 1st level carnivorous consumer: Steppe polecat (Mustela eversmanni)
- Herbivorous consumer: European ground squirrel
- Primary producers: grass (Poaceae)

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Here I’m going to pick out some unique and protected members of South-Nyírség’s vertebrate fauna.

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Here I’m going to pick out some unique and protected members of South-Nyírség’s vertebrate fauna.

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There is a superspecies of small mammal which is very unique since it’s found only in the Carpathian Basin, nowhere else on Earth. 5 blind mole-rat species (of the genus Nannospalax and Spalax) are endemic to the Carpathian Basin. However, we still can’t be 100% sure of their taxonomic status, because zoologists are continuously reserching their genetic diversity using molecular biological methods. They are extremely rare subterranean rodents, one species is found exclusively in South-Nyírség and the nearby Hajdúság. Blind mole-rats were widespread all over the Carpathian Basin, but due to agricultural development populations declined drastically. Now they live in only some tiny, isolated areas. One population (with about 20-30 individuals) near my hometown Debrecen is threatened by extinction, so scientists decided to move the population to an other protected area.

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There is a superspecies of small mammal which is very unique since it’s found only in the Carpathian Basin, nowhere else on Earth. 5 blind mole-rat species (of the genus Nannospalax and Spalax) are endemic to the Carpathian Basin. However, we still can’t be 100% sure of their taxonomic status, because zoologists are continuously reserching their genetic diversity using molecular biological methods. They are extremely rare subterranean rodents, one species is found exclusively in South-Nyírség and the nearby Hajdúság. Blind mole-rats were widespread all over the Carpathian Basin, but due to agricultural development populations declined drastically. Now they live in only some tiny, isolated areas. One population (with about 20-30 individuals) near my hometown Debrecen is threatened by extinction, so scientists decided to move the population to an other protected area.

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One of the blind mole-rat specimens relocated.

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Evidence of their presence:

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6Hajdúbagos Mole Rat Nature Conservation Area:

http://www.hnp.hu/en/szervezeti-egyseg/conservation/oldal/hajdubagos-lesser-mole-rat-reservat-nca

Conservation of the blind mole-rats:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272830161_How_can_scientific_researches_change_conservation_priorities_A_review_of_decade-long_research_on_blind_mole-rats_Rodentia_Spalacinae_in_the_Carpathian_Basin

An interesting article about new findings about predation on blind mole-rats:
https://milvus.ro/wp-content/uploads/2008/02/N%C3%A9meth-et-al

https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/14328/113301882

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South-Nyírség is home to 12 amphibian and 7 reptile species (all of them are protected by law in Hungary), including Hungary’s only terrapin species, the European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis),

IUCN Red List: Near Threatened
https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/7717/97292665

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... Balkan wall lizard (Podarcis tauricus) typical to sandy areas,

IUCN Red List: Least Concern

https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/61554/12515695

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... and the highly protected common lizard (Zootoca vivipara), which lives mostly in the marshes of the valleys between the sand dunes. The common lizard population of South-Nyírség is one of the most numerous in Hungary.

IUCN Red List: Least Concern

https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/61741/12552141

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Saker falcon (Falco cherrug), according to suppositions, can be the famous 'Turul' bird in the legend or saga of the origin of the Hungarians. The number of individuals of this strictly protected species is now coming increasing in Hungary thanks to committed nature conservationists. There are 1 or 2 pairs nesting in the BioArea

Saker falcon is considered a top predator, it used to predate mainly on the European ground squirrel, but since it's populations declined, Common starling (Sturnus vulgaris) and Common vole (Microtus arvalis) are the falcon's main prey species.

Turul bird:
https://www.e-flux.com/journal/56/60354/the-rise-of-a-fallen-feather-the-symbolism-of-the-turul-bird-in-contemporary-hungary/

IUCN Red List: Endangered
https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22696495/110525916

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Scarce large blue (Maculinea teleius / Phengaris teleius) & Myrmica ants

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Scarce large blue (Maculinea teleius / Phengaris teleius) & Myrmica ants

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The marshes of South-Nyírség show their most beautiful picture in the end of the summer, when the Great burnet (Sanguisorba officinalis) is flowering. It’s presence is important because Scarce large blue’s larvae feed on the flowers. But after some time, the larvae depend on Myrmica ants, which carry the larvae into their nests. This co-existence is beneficial for the butterfly larvae because they feed on the eggs and the larvae of the ants. In exchange, the ants eat the sugary juice excreted by the butterfly larvae. These larvae then pupate inside the ant nest and fly out as an adult (imago).

IUCN Red List: Near Threatened
https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/12664/3372399

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Spring meadow saffron (Bulbocodium versicolor) & ants

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Spring meadow saffron (Bulbocodium versicolor) & ants

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South-Nyírség is famous for it's diverse flora, but it could be proud of it's colourful fauna as well. Molluscs, spiders, crustaceans, dragonflies, grasshoppers, beetles, ants, bees, butterflies and moths. I have the chance to show you only a couple of endangered species below.

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South-Nyírség is famous for it's diverse flora, but it could be proud of it's colourful fauna as well. Molluscs, spiders, crustaceans, dragonflies, grasshoppers, beetles, ants, bees, butterflies and moths. I have the chance to show you only a couple of endangered species below.

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South Nyírség's marshes are home to some very rare and unique insect species considering Hungary's biodiversity. Dragonflies are represented for example by the Yellow-spotted whiteface (Leucorrhinia pectoralis),

IUCN Red List: Least Concern
https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/165486/19167032

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... and the order Lepidoptera is represented by Arytrura musculus, a strictly protected moth species.

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In the wetlands of South-Nyírség we can find a 1.5 m high spurge species, Euphorbia lucida. It’s presence is important because the Hungarian root boring moth (Chamaesphecia hungarica) – a Hungarian endemic and protected species - can’t survive without it. C. hungarica’s larvae develops inside the plant’s stem, moves downwards inside it, until it reaches the roots and finally kills the host plant. But what is more interesting, is that this moth was used in the USA in the 90’s to combat leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula), which is native to Central Europe, but is an invasive species in the USA.

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A ground beetle species, Carabus hungaricus is highly protected in Hungary. It’s typical of steppes, but declining throughout its wide range.

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Darkling beetle (Oodescelis melas) belongs to the family Tenebrionidae. They have an important role in the ecosystem since most species of the family are detritivores. The Hungarian Natural History Museum has one of the most significant collections of Tenebrionidae.

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Corncrake (Crex crex) is a threatened species, nesting in wet meadows. We can hear more than we can see the bird itself. Here's a video about the corncrake's sound (taken in West-Hungary, not in my BioArea):
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wT30_D0WbiM

An article about the conservation of the corncrake and its habitat:

http://real.mtak.hu/43440/1/BoldoghSA_eta_LengyelSz_OH.pdf

IUCN Red List: Least Concern
https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22692543/60016665

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Black stork (Ciconia nigra); this rare and shy bird species needs both the old, undisturbed forests and wetlands for it’s survival. There are some nesting pairs in the BioArea, but human disturbance is a major threat to them.

IUCN Red List: Least Concern

https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697669/111747857

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A colourful, highly protected bird species, the European bee-eater (Merops apiaster) can also be found in South-Nyírség, nesting in the walls of sand-pits. Because these birds are so beautiful, they are at risk of being collected by taxidermists.

Arkive:

https://www.arkive.org/european-bee-eater/merops-apiaster/video-00.html

IUCN Red List: Least Concern

https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22683756/86910074

(The picture was taken by the world-famous Hungarian photographer, Bence Máté.)

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Black-winged stilt (Himantopus himantopus), the Bird of the Year in 2019. Highly protected species, 200-1000 pairs nest in Hungary.

Here you can read some more details about what it means to be the bird, fish, etc. of the year:
https://hungarytoday.hu/winners-of-species-of-2019-votes-announced/

IUCN Red List: Least Concern
https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22727969/86541570

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European ground squirrel (Spermophilus citellus), a highly protected rodent species, which has a quite strong population in this BioArea. It needs sandy pastures.

IUCN Red List: Vulnerable
https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/20472/9204055

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Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) is also highly endangered in Hungary and in the whole of Europe. Can be found around water bodies. It’s very important, considering their genetic diversity, that Hungarian otter populations are not fragmented, so they are connected with each other. But road kills are a major threat to these animals.

IUCN Red List: Near Threatened
https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/12419/21935287

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Here I'm going to introduce some protected, rare and unique plant species of South-Nyírség.

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Here I'm going to introduce some protected, rare and unique plant species of South-Nyírség.

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Number of species: 800-1000; number of protected species: about 60-80.

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Hungarian anemone (Pulsatilla pratensis ssp. hungarica): endemic subspecies; it’s found only in the Carpathian Basin, mainly in the sandy grasslands of Nyírség.

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An other endemic plant species -more precisely: subspecies- of the BioArea is the Hungarian stool iris (Iris aphylla subsp. hungarica), living in the edges of sandy oak forests.

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3 out of 105 sand lichen species found in South-Nyírség are protected, for example: Hungarian cup lichen (Cladonia magyarica), found in sandy grasslands. Might be a pannon endemic. Interestingly, these 3 protected lichen species are all described from this area.

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Wetland valleys with cool microclimate served as a refugee for some plant species during the drier and warmer periods of the ice ages. These plants are called ice age relicts. For example globeflower (Trollius europaeus) ...

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... and marsh angelica (Angelica palustris), the latter found only in this part of the country.

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Spring meadow saffron is a highly endangered and protected myrmecochorous plant, originally found in sandy oak forests and forest edges. Myrmecochorous means that the plant's seeds are dispersed by ants. But only some ant species are suitable seed dispersal vectors. What happens is that the seeds have an addendum (it's called elaiosome) full of proteins and lipids which the ants really like to eat in spring. They carry the seed into their nest and feed the larvae with the elaiosome. After they finished with it, they take out the seed to trash microsites, where, finally, the seed can start to germinate.

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Downy birch (Betula pubescens)

IUCN Red List: Least Concern
https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/194521/116337224

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Marsh fern (Thelypteris palustris)

IUCN Red List: Least Concern
https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/164136/42331187

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Hartman's sedge (Carex hartmanii)
Endangered species in Europe, though not in the IUCN Red List.

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Broad-leaved marsh orchid (Dactylorhiza majalis), one of the 14 ocrhid species of the BioArea. Sadly, orchids and other protected plant species are exposed to collectors.

If someone is interested more deeply in orchids and other creatures of South-Nyírség, then have a look at this blog:
http://naturephoto-walter.blogspot.com/2013/06/south-nyirseg-hungary-sud-nyirseg.html

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1.: Among wetland areas - between the sand dunes - we can find birch and willow marshy forests, swamp woodlands, wet shrubs, tall-herb vegetations of fern, floating fens and wet meadows.

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1.: Among wetland areas - between the sand dunes - we can find birch and willow marshy forests, swamp woodlands, wet shrubs, tall-herb vegetations of fern, floating fens and wet meadows.

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2.: Grasslands comprise open sandy grasslands, uncharacteristic dry grasslands, sand pastures and sand steppes, which are transformed remnants of the steppe vegetation.

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2.: Grasslands comprise open sandy grasslands, uncharacteristic dry grasslands, sand pastures and sand steppes, which are transformed remnants of the steppe vegetation.

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A huge, flat area, The Great Hungarian Plain occupies most of Hungary's terrain. The Nyírség, especially its middle and southern parts are one of the areas richest in natural values in the Great Hungarian Plain. This high biodiversity is caused by the diverse geographical features.

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A huge, flat area, The Great Hungarian Plain occupies most of Hungary's terrain. The Nyírség, especially its middle and southern parts are one of the areas richest in natural values in the Great Hungarian Plain. This high biodiversity is caused by the diverse geographical features.

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In the last glacial period of the Pleistocene, the north wind formed the surface, creating parabola-shaped sand dunes, with valleys between them. From the valleys, water couldn’t run off, creating low-lying wetland areas. On the sides and tops of the sand dunes, we can find sandy grassland vegetation and dry forests.

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South-Nyírség (Dél-Nyírség in Hungarian) is located in the North-East of Hungary, within the operational area of our famous Hortobágy National Park.

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South-Nyírség (Dél-Nyírség in Hungarian) is located in the North-East of Hungary, within the operational area of our famous Hortobágy National Park.

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3.: Natural sandy woodland habitats include closed lowland steppic oak forests and open steppic oak forests.

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3.: Natural sandy woodland habitats include closed lowland steppic oak forests and open steppic oak forests.