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Secondary Source Analysis Austin Rebert, Jeremiah Logan

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Secondary Source Analysis Austin Rebert, Jeremiah Logan

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1/2. Solomon's main claim was that China is an outstanding nation because of their innovation and ingenuity using water. The main argument can be found on page 92 as well as being restated in the conclusion on page 116. We are able to tell that this is the main argument because of its specification in both the introduction and conclusion Also, the entire paper is based on it.

3. He compares the success of China's hydraulic state to the success of Rome. He says that although they do not function similarly, China was still able to prosper during this time period because of their genius. Solomon discusses the monopoly advantage that China had over its neighbors. He goes into detail about how they are able to use their rivers and other bodies of water to efficiently export silk. He argued that this gave them economic power over other countries at the time. He talks briefly about their usage of port cities and how they were able to use these ports and their advanced aquatic devices to control most shipping networks in the region.

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Emilia Arango Fraly & Amandine Berthe

1. Steven Solomon’s main argument is that the development of the Grand Canal was a foundational factor in China’s long-term political unity, economic integration, and civilizational strength.

2. In the conclusion (pg 117) Solomon says, " The revival of the Grand Canal and other major water infrastructure, reminiscent of the restoration of new dynasties, began with the coming to power after a Japanese occupation and long civil war...". This proves that the author believed that the upcoming of the Grand Canal was lethal in the rise up of China.

3. One way the author defends this argument (pg 97) he says, "The outer channel also provided navigability. Later, in medieval times, Li Bing flowing Min River canals in the plains found additional employment turning thousands of water wheels to hull and grind rice, and to power textile spinning and weaving machinery." This brings up the number of people and just his quantitative details strengthening his main argument. Another example, is when Solomon (pg 93) said, " The Grand Canal was so successful because it bridged China's underlying hydrological fault line: north China's chronic insufficiency of accessible freshwater resources to fully irrigate its superabundance of rich soil to achieve its maximum food growing potential..." This proves that the Grand Canal helped China reach optimal food sufficiency. The last piece of evidence for the argument is (pg 94) “Gradual desiccation and Chinese advances in water direction, terracing, drainage, and other wet rice irrigation techniques gradually transformed the region into prosperous farmland. “ This helps show that creating more farmland creates more produce for the country, which causes less famine and hunger.

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Secondary Source Analysis Discussion, Section 26, 2/6

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Secondary Source Analysis Discussion, Section 26, 2/6

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Toni N-G, James Roberson, Harsha Malireddy

1. The authors's main argument is about economical advancement of Chinese empires use of water which can be found on page one.

2. In the paper it mostly talks about the control of water, how they used it, and how they creating dams and canals to control water use. An example of this can be found on page 7 where it talks about how they manipulated size of channels of water to stop flooding and get better irrigation for crops.

3. a. This is supported by the fact that before China closed off its connections to the outside world, it was shows to be the most modern and civilized.

b. It gave lots of food and a life line to other small towns and transports troops and other goods.

c. Once they closed off their gates it showed off how important it was because China fell behind technologically and this is shown in page 25 where it talks about the mobile British gun boat, and how china was so far behind.

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Simon Cameron, Aaron Nance, Najwa Moazin

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Simon Cameron, Aaron Nance, Najwa Moazin

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1. The main argument is on page 92. The author writes about the agricultural innovations of China's dynasties, including the creation of the Grand Canal and other waterway engineering inventions.

2. The article's main focus is on the innovations of Chinese dynasties that aided their industries across many centuries. This is mentioned throughout the passage when discussing different eras of ancient China. The argument also appears in the conclusion on page 117, where the author wrote about the modern revival of the water infrastructures.

3. The author defends this argument by providing specific examples of innovative development used by the dynasties to improve their agriculture and infrastructure. On page 106, the author wrote about the improvement of the shipping systems with the creation of the pound locks, which made docking and leaving much more efficient. Another example is the use of iron tools, which allowed the creation of new weaponry and improved their irrigation systems for farming. The last example is the use of the waterwheel to pound iron shapes, crush ores, and hull rice. The waterwheel improved industrial efficiency throughout the country and was used for centuries before Europe's industrial revolution.

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Bryan Sandon, Noah Kracht, Sam Martin, Aiden Boyer

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Bryan Sandon, Noah Kracht, Sam Martin, Aiden Boyer

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The Grand Canal was very essential for transporting materials between North and South China, especially as a part of their culture and it helped them rule for an extended period this was on page 117. This is definitely the main argument as it is introduced in the beginning of the article. "The Chinese people have been outstanding among the nations of the world in their control and use of water," was found on page one. He states it in the conclusion as well. One example was that they an Emperor was chosen because he managed the Grand Canal efficiently. Another example, was that the canal was pretty useful for transporting troops and agricultural movement, it helped them migrate their population to a more widespread area. In the Southern region they had made rice very efficiently and was effective in feeding northern troops.

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The main argument is that China had the most thoughtful water control engineering process in the world but it concluded that their engineering was not so great because in the 19th century, the Great Canal collapsed. In Perusall, the page numbers are 1 and 26. In the document, the pages are 93 and 117. It's a repeated theme on the argument of water control through years of China's engendering and its results. It shows in the conclusion that millions of people died from unpreparedness of the Yellow River in mid 1800's. The author supported the engineering of China for the time but because of the neglect of repairs, millions of innocent people came to their short end.

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Xenia DeLaura, Tucelia Day, Jared Fox, Ava Erickson, Dayna Enderlin, Sasha Ding

1: The main argument is that China was the first "advanced" civilization with agriculture and farming, and after they were no longer able to trade and with the Opium War they fell behind. Their water system was incredibly advanced as well. It appears on page 24.

2: It does appear in the conclusion a little bit, talking about the defeat in the Opium War, which rendered publically demised China, making it visible to the war that China no longer had the resources they once had. It appears on page 26.

3: The first example is that he compares China to Rome, but that China has a more advanced agricultural system than Rome does, and on page 8 it talks about the "magic canal" that they made, which conjoined two rivers and covered 1,250 miles and was the first of its kind to exist. On page 12 is the first example of China's decline, and how the silk roads closed for the first time in years, which lowered the defenses of the country. And finally in the conclusion, he talks about how the defeat in the Opium wars makes China's decline very obvious.

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forrest anderson, Kaidin McDaniel, James Obanion, nathan mcglade 

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forrest anderson, Kaidin McDaniel, James Obanion, nathan mcglade 

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1. the authors primary argument is how China made themselves strong in the long term by by learning to control the water sources of their land, however it also led to the slow decline as it made them too self confident in their primacy to consider looking to other countries. 2. this allowed them to flourish and grow better crops. he harps several times such as on the first page on how efficiently they managed their water power. but because they put themselves into a comfortable state of living, they stopped trying to improve, so, when another countries created more powerful technology such as steamboats, China paid them no mind this appears on page 93 and the steamboat reference is on 116. yes it does appear in the conclusion, on page 114. 3. he explains how if the water fails, so will the country. he explains how the production of food, economic benefits and strengthening of the government all tied into their control.

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1.) Solomons main argument is "The Grand Canal played a catalytic role not only in China's becoming the world's most precocious civilization during the Middle Ages but also in the country's fateful fifteenth-century decision to turn its back on the rest of the world that ultimately led to its prolonged, slow decline". It is on page 93.

2.) It is the main argument because it is reflected in each part of the paper, in the paper it explains why China has become a preindustrial civilization from the water engineering. The main argument does appear in the conclusion, however Solomon restates it in a way that is more specific and more detail. It is on page 116/117.

3.) Solomon defends the argument by giving examples of China's water engineering and how it has helped them industrialize.

"The completion of the New Grand Canal proved to be the decisive turning point that enabled China to make its history changing policy U-turn and cut off from the rest of the world." (Pg 24). It talks about the water engineering into going to talk about how it affected them in a good way, helping their agricultural influence. The government used this to their advantage to stop the private trading.

"The national Grand Canal waterway transport network also gave powerful impetus to China's rice-farming revolution (eighth to twelfth centuries), one of the decisive events in Far Eastern history" (Pg 16). It talks about how the Grand Canal was able to help revolutionize rice-farming in China, further giving more information on how water engineering was able to help industrialize China.

"As a result of the canal, water transport became many times less costly, at least one-third less than shipping by land" (Pg 15). This shows another way that the canal was able to help China industrialize because it talks about how it made their shipping cheaper, making things less costly.

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Brodey Shimp, Dan Kariv, Kianna Uno, juno ingram, 

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Brodey Shimp, Dan Kariv, Kianna Uno, juno ingram, 

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1)Bottom of 115, China was trying to be self sufficient by connecting water ways the most effective way of travel during this time, to the north and south to get goods or people, from one side of the country to the other side.

2)second page, title, 115, constantly talking about it throughout the article, especially in beginning and in conclusion of article,

3a) grand canal provide Chinese with a life line of food supported there nation

3b)Shipping on water was one third of the cost of shipping on land which supported his argument

3c)Emperor had to be good at controlling the canal, loosing control would be devastating for china, meaning for the word politics in china was derived from "flood control"

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The main argument can be found on page 116 in the conclusion of the document. A quote directly from the second paragraph on page 116 says “China’s isolation lasted almost four centuries. Yet by trying to preserve its ways without engaging the innovative ferment of the outside world, it made itself vulnerable, once again, to external incursions.” This quote highlights the main argument of how pivotal the connection of two regions, even by a canal, is for the development and overall flourishing of a growing dynasty and region. Through exports, trading, and economic and human interaction, it raises the value of each region that is involved and carves deeper roots and allied within regions. On page 115 the third paragraph states, “…,the New Grand Canal also enhanced the centralized authority of the Ming state.” This provides further evidence of how the completion of the Great Canal strengthened governments and societies. The introduction also discusses another sub-argument that China’s adaptive ability and inventive approach was their region’s greatest influence for becoming a great nation. “China’s inventive, adaptable, and wide-ranging water engineering responses to its diverse environments was the foundation of what became the most precocious, preindustrial civilization in world history.” on page 1 gives evidence of this sub-argument. On page 97, the second paragraph states, “Like many great founding or restoring dynasties, the Ch’in were prestigious builders.”. This sub-argument relays another important but subtle point toward the success of the Grand Canal. This sub-argument points to the great abilities and skills every individual and community possessed to develop the stability and accomplishments of the future of their regions and dynasties.