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other countries followed Britain's lead and came to see colonies as necessary for their economic well-being

the French and Dutch expanded holdings and by 1900 France had an empire second in size only to Britain's

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In the mid-1800s, Britain was the most powerful nation in the world.

its factories produced more goods than those of any other country.

the British navy guarded the oceans so that those goods could be shipped safely to places around the globe.

British banks loaned the money needed to build factories, mines, and railroads worldwide.

by the late 1800s, however, Germany and the US were challenging Britain's economic leadership.

faced with possible decline, Britain looked increasingly to its colonies for markets and resources.

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nationalism

national pride led many nations to strive for a world empire

most Europeans felt their nationality was superior to that of Africans and Asians

English boasted "the sun never sets on the British empire"

Kaiser Wilhelm wanted Germany to have its place "in the sun"

social Darwinism

Darwin's theory of natural selection and survival of the fittest were used by many in support of imperialism

many believed that is was natural and right for stronger nations to conquer weaker ones.

that process would better help the entire human race.

militarism

military power was used to achieve nation's goals.

a nation with more colonies had more power, security, trade, money, and colonial men for their army.

religion

Christian missionaries wanted to help African and Asians and worked to carry the "White man's burden"

white mans burden was like white men trying to help lower people to be as good as them, or be able to go to heaven like them.

"Civilize the natives by:

christianizing the natives

bringing natives the technological benefits of western civilization

teaching Africans to read and write

Industrialization

industrial nations needed more raw materials to supply factories

searching for new markets to sell their goods

looking for new places or enterprises to invest their profits.

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Imperialism: the takeover of a country or territory by a stronger nation with the intent of dominating the economic, political, and social life of the people of that nation

Sphere of influence: area in which an outside power claims exclusive trade privileges over another nation.

forms of imperialist rule

colony: a country or region governed internally by a foreign power.

Protectorate: a country with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power.

difference between this and colony is that colonies have foreign peoples coming over to the new territory.

Economic imperialism: independent but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other government.

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socialist viewpoints prevailed in many industrialized countries.

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household income

general health of a population

life expectancy of the members of a population

availability and quality of housing

level of crime

access to health care, education, and social services

political and social freedom

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can be thought of as a measure of the quality of life or level of material prosperity enjoyed by individuals, a specific demographic group, or a geographic region such as a country.

usually used to determine the relative prosperity of the population of the country.

things that are expected, indoor plumbing, food, and shelter.

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standard of living rose

rising middle class (30% of pop)

sanitization reform

working conditions, cleaning up work force.

abolishing child labor

still many issues needed to be fixed, but chows that capitalism could be refomed.

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Britain is on top for the 1st wave, but is surpassed by Germany and the US in the second wave.

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electricity

steel

Germany, Belgium, America

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steam power

iron

textiles

Britain

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1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.
- China became a republic, weakened Qing dynasty, and about 100,000 people died.

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a mid-19th century rebellion against the Qing Dynasty in China, led by Hong Xiuquan.
- Weakened the Qing dynasty and the economy, ended in 20-30 million deaths.

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Toussaint l'Ouverture led this uprising, which in 1790 resulted in the successful overthrow of French colonial rule, helped by British.
- no more slavery, became independent, but the economy was weak.

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Political revolutions in various Latin American countries beginning in the late 18th century. These revolutions were aimed at overthrowing the European powers that controlled these nations. Many were successful.
- gained independence but did not have much wealth.

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Long revolutionary process in the period 1912-1949 that began with the overthrow of the Chinese imperial system and ended with the triumph of the Communist Party under the leadership of Mao Zedong.
- ended class system, created parliament, army, education system, and heavy taxes.

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Russians fighting government because of WWI, having no land, and no food.
- treaty of Brest-Litovsk and the government outlawed religion.

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Korean coup against the shogunate due to feudalism.
- china became communist, elites get most of the benefits, no more cultural expansion.

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4 waves, each one fighting for a different right for women.
- got rights to vote, but are still fighting today (me too and oink tax)

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the revolution of the American colonies against Great Britain.
- peace treaty with Britain and debts were resolved.

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when the Ottoman Empire was at a steep decline and revolted to create political changes.
- eventually was able to become a part of Europe.

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a rebellion of French people against their king in 1789.
- outcome was that they got a constitution and equal voting power.

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Much less racial blending

slavery was less harsh

Less racial blending due to more European women than in the sugar colonies.

society based off race

More information in box above.

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Had over 300 ships

Had lots of people on board: doctors, physicians, cooks, soldiers

Visited ports around Asia

rulers would send over fleets to China with gifts or to perform rituals

after 1433, this ended due to the death of Emperor Yongle.

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The sun is the center of the universe

The planets orbit around the sun.

Earth spins on axis.

Copernicus started the Scientific Revolution with this.

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Started due tot he fact that Europeans needed a labor force

Had no labor force due to people dying from disease

Many African men were taken into slavery, which caused women to step up and become leaders.

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Aztec

Lived in Mesoamerica

5-6 million people

worship and sacrifice buildings

specialized jobs

trade

gender parallelism

Inca

Andes Mountains

10 million people

Had to worship Incan deities

had states and provinces

gender parallelism

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Some think it didn't really happen.

cultural renewal

art based on individuality and human thought

only really affected the rich/elites

"humanists"

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Catholic Church's response to Martin Luther

reestablished themselves by correcting abuse cases and their doctrines

Jesuit group is created

They reestablished their doctrines at the Council of Trent.

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1517

Martin Luther splits Catholic Church, creates Protestant faith

did this by making the 95 theses

"Faith Alone"

Made the Protestant faith very simple

the bible is everything.

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Rebirth of ideas and ways of thinking

Logic and reasoning to gain knowledge

philosophical ideas led to political changes.

Involved Locke, Kant, and Smith mainly.

Only really dealt with the elite/upper class.

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Catholics were the most adamant about spreading their faith around the world.

Spanish America and the Philippines adapted to Catholicism the best.

Asian countries resisted the missionaries wanting them to convert.

The Jesuits wanted to exchange ideas with the Chinese s they learned the language and dressed like the Chinese.

Chinese rejected because the faith did not offer anything they needed. Although a small amount converted.

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Changed how humans fit into the world, created by European elites

reasons Europe was where it happened rather than Asia

government was separate from religion.

got information from the Islamic world.

challenged the understanding of the universe

new ideas went against the church ideas

Copernicus was the first to state his ideas

many scientists were Catholic

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Catholicism --> Protestant Reformation --> Catholic Counter Reformation

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Huguenots = protestant minority in France

Catholics killed and fought Huguenots in France

30 years war = Catholic and Protestant conflicts that began in the Holy Roman Empire and expanded into the rest of Europe.

Counter Reformation: Catholics corrected their doctrines.

Jesuits = religious group dedicated to the renewal of Catholic Church.

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Martin Luther

Pope Leo X

Bible is interpreted the way you want to interpret it.

only need the Bible

Women's roles were mainly the same in both Catholic and Protestant religions.

protestant sections:

Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican, Quaker, and Anabaptist

caused many conflicts in Europe

The Great Schism: half of Catholic Church chooses Luther other half stays Catholic.

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Chapter 15 Cultural Transformations (1450-1750)

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Chapter 15 Cultural Transformations (1450-1750)

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American crops supplement African crops.

population expansion in sub-Saharan Africa

Women and men both were enslaved.

more men were taken, women start to lead in Africa

16 million were taken for slavery

called the African Diaspora

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French, British, Russia, Dutch

indigenous native people

Europeans need the natives because the natives know the land well

Europeans trade natives guns, pots, pans, and alcohol for fur.

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portrait of hell

Incans were enslaved to work on the silver mine.

mita system

high death rate

many fled to near villages

in Bolivia.

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role of colonies: a source of raw materials and a market to sell finished products.

belief that there is a limited amount of wealth in the world and our country must seize all we can before another takes from us.

Countries compete for the prestige of discovery and also compete with each other for trade.

Laws passed that say if you live in the colony, you can only buy from and sell to the mother country.

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Dutch and British

Used violence to make natives scared.

dutch has a monopoly in the spice islands.

English finds commerce in India

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Established in the Philippines

were close to China, easy to defeat.

Wanted to bring Catholicism to the islands

ended up massacring 20,000 people

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Trading post empire

tried to control spice trade

sold Asian goods and shipping services

started declining by the 1600s.

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Eastern Europe to China

Abundance of resources wanted by Europeans

Large empires learning to tax more effectively and grow their military.

England, Spain, Netherlands, became center for international commerce.

Many European goods were not wanted or needed in the East.

pushed the need to pay Muslim countries in cash

pushed for the need for precious metals

China will only take gold and silver because they know everyone wants their products so they can sell stuff at high prices.

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Chapter 14 Economic Transformations (1450-1750)

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Chapter 14 Economic Transformations (1450-1750)

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Spanish were able to dominate Mexico and Peru well before the British establish colonies in America.

within 100 years

Forced labor in large rural states

native peoples were forced, more so than Africans or Europeans.

Encominda = Spanish rule requiring natives to work for Spanish settlers in return for "protection" and the Christian faith.

Social hierarchy followed this same idea.

Peninsulares at top, Indians at the bottom of the caste.

Overall, more culturally blended and diverse than stark colonies such as British North America

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European powers (Britain, Portugal, Spain, France) were physically closer to Americas than Asia

Trade winds were mastered and much more beneficial for Europeans than that of Indian Ocean.

Europe NEEDED to find new land and resources.

Zeal for missionary work & hope for commoners and impoverished nobles.

Advanced technology (ships and maps), guns, and horses

disease immunity that natives in Americas did not have.

90-95% of population died

Caribbean peoples were gone 50 years after Columbus' arrival

some Europeans saw this as "the good hand of God" at work

"great dying" = massive amount of natives killed by disease

Colombian Exchange: revolutionary trade of goods, plants, animals, an disease between Europe and America.

tobacco and chocolate from America

Coffee and tea from China/Islamic worlds

cotton and sugar promote trade in Americas

Europe gets ahead of Asia because of new world

Dominance over women throughout cultures, abuse and selling of women.

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biologically singular: old world and new world products/resources being shared.

ex: potatoes transported to Europe form America.

Disease

Europeans bring small pox to Americas

immediate death from disease

causes Aztec and Inca kings to die, causes chaos about who will rule

Europeans thought this death was a message form god that the land was theirs.

Old world = Europe. New World = America

Syphilis: causes infertility and uncomfort.

goes from new world to old world.

spread by sailors.

Animals

Pigs

breed quick

lots of bacon, good food source

they eat anything

live in any environment

13 pigs = 700 pigs in 13 years

Horses

old world to new world

along with ox

help with transportation

llamas were not useful at all, cannot hold a lot of weight

natives abandoned agriculture fro nomadic herding, made more money by hunting buffalo rather than farming.

Plants

new world to old world

high calorie foods

potatoes

corn

maize

beans

peanuts

High calorie foods = longer life = more children = higher population

worlds population doubles

People

New World - population decreasing from disease. Old World - population increase form new high calorie foods.

old world people come to new world

since native Americans died from disease, they have to get slaves from Africa

CREATES SALVE TRADE

mono culture: old world and new world combining to become one.

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Chapter 13 Political Transformations (1450-1750)

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Chapter 13 Political Transformations (1450-1750)

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Voyagers

Zheng He

Gama

Coloumbus

China has everything they need, but Europe wants what China has and wants to trade with China. China decides to trade to show off what they have.

Zheng He dies so the voyages end also because they used the materials that were use for ships to build the great wall of China.

Portugal created trading post empire, which is taking over cities so they could control the trade.

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China

effective government

Confucian & Daoist philosophy

Buddhist

productive economy

reduced population from plague

lots of voyages

temples

Europe

reduced by plague

voyages that found land

sophisticated & religious art

educated men learned Greek & Roman art and literature.

Christianity

Chruches

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Agriculture Village Societies: Igbo and Iroquois

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Agriculture Village Societies: Igbo and Iroquois

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Village and Agriculture Based

These 2 tribes were thriving and did not deal with inequality or oppression from larger states

Igbo - African tribe that flourished on their own

traded & communicated with other tribes

were not ruled by kings

later taken over by missionaries and the salve trade.

Iroquois - developed agriculture in what is now New York

made agriculture more of women's work

developed "League of Five Nations" to help make decisions and work together

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Hunter Gatherers

small groups

hunted and gathered food

resisted wave of agriculture

in Australia, Siberia, and parts of Africa and the Americas

some were more advanced depending on resources

in the end agriculture takes over and pushes hunter gatherers into nonexistence

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Chapter 12 The Worlds of the Fifteenth Century (1300-1450)

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Chapter 12 The Worlds of the Fifteenth Century (1300-1450)