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Map of Jutes, Geats, Danes and Swedes [SMM]

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Map of Jutes, Geats, Danes and Swedes [SMM]

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1. This is a picture showing 5th or 6th Century Scandinavia and the location of Jutes, Geats, Danes, and Swedes. The epic poem, Beowulf is set among the Danes (in modern day Denmark) and among the Geats (in modern day Sweden). The tribes of the Jutes, Geats, Danes, Wulfings, and Swedes were in constant warfare throughout history.

2 "Then it fell to Beow to keep the forts. He was well regarded and ruled the Danes for a long time after his father took leave of his life on earth" (53-56).

Scyld is the wealthy king of the Danes, and when he dies, his famed son, Beow assumes the throne. This quotation demonstrates the Danes government and royal lineage.

3. Image Citation: http://historyofenglishpodcast.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/42-Beowulf-Vikings.png

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1. Fyrkat in Hobro, Denmark is a Viking ring castle or fort that is over a thousand years old constructed by the Danish Viking King, Harold Bluetooth. The location of Fyrkat is unique in comparison to other Danish forts because it is in a valley and adjacent to a swamp and a stream, used as the main source of transportation due to the dense forests. Fyrkat consisted of sixteen longhouses made of white oak, along with the central ringfort. Activities practiced during the Viking era such as bread-making, forging, and archery are demonstrated at the present-day fort.
2. "the timbered hall rose before them, radiant with gold. Nobody on earth knew of another building like it"(307-310)

Heorot in "Beowulf" is the world renowned mead-hall constructed by the Danes. Approximately a thousand years ago, the Danes built the impressive fortress Fyrkat, similar to Heorot.

3. Image Source: http://files.guidedanmark.org/files/441/441_308115.jpg?qfix

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1. The Nydam Boat was a boat for sacrifice. The Nydam boat is the oldest and preserved Nordic boat. The Nydam boat was built around 320 CE. It is a clinker boat about 23 meters long that could hold about forty five men. The Nydam boat was the largest boat found in the Nydam bog. The Nydam bog was a sacred place located in the present day town of Sudeved in Denmark. Here, people would sacrifice the weapons and boats of defeated armies to the gods.

2. "They decked his body no less bountifully / With offerings than those first ones did / Who cast him away when he was a child / And launched him alone out over the waves" (43-46).

3. Image citation: http://earlymedieval.archeurope.info/index.php?page=nydam-boat

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1. The Scandinavian Torque is also often called a neck ring. It was a piece of metal, or multiple pieces twisted together, worn around the neck like a necklace. In many instances, it denoted class or rank. The name "torque" is commonly used for pieces from the European Iron Age. They are also related to Celtic battle uniforms.
2. "So, after nightfall, Grendel set out for the lofty house, to see how the Ring-Danes were settling into it after their drink," (115-117).
"...warriors loaded a cargo of weapons, shining war-gear in the vessel's hold," (213-215)
3. https://i.pinimg.com/originals/c7/c2/fb/c7c2fb82c7dcf01ff18d07292b5d0215.jpg

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1. The Sutton Hoo Helmet is a decorated Anglo-Saxon helmet. The helmet was discovered in 1939 at the Sutton Hoo ship burial and is considered one of the most important Anglo-Saxon artifacts ever found. The helmet was made of iron and tinned copper, and it comprised an iron cap, neck guard, cheek pieces, and face mask. The mask was decorated with animals, typically the boar, and heroic scenes of warriors. The Geat warriors in Beowulf wear Sutton Hoo Helmets to protect their faces in battle and to symbolize the strength and courage of a warrior (through the image of a boar on the helmet).

2. "Boar-shapes flashed above their cheek-guards, the brightly forged work of goldsmiths, watching over those stern-faced men" (303-306).

3. Image Citation:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Sutton_Hoo_helmet_2016.png/300px-Sutton_Hoo_helmet_2016.png

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1. The Sutton Hoo Harp was a Germanic lyre used to aid an Old English Poet. It has six strings, and was small enough that poets could travel with it. It was favored by poets because it could produce sound loud enough to fill a mead-hall while also being portable.

2. "An attendant stood by with a decorated pitcher, pouring bright helpings of mead. And the minstrel sang, filling Heorot with his head-clearing voice, gladdening that great rally of Geats and Danes." (494-498)

This quote demonstrates a situation in which the Sutton Hoo Harp might be used. The minstrel would use it to accompany them as he sang to the soldiers in the mead-hall.

3. Image Citation: http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/rmhttp/schools/primaryhistory/images/anglo_saxons/stories_and_pastimes/as_lyre_from_ship_burial.jpg

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1. This is a picture showing an Anglo-Saxon, Germanic, or Merovingian sword probably originating from the homeland of the Danes or the Geats. The broad blade is made of iron patterned-welded. This sword would have been used in battle as part of the standard materials needed for warfare.

2. “Beowulf’s warriors worked to defend their lord’s life, laying about them as best they could, with their ancestral blades” (794-796).

This quotation demonstrates the importance of swords in battle, especially in a warrior culture like that of the Danes and Geats. Warriors and soldiers would have used swords in addition to shields, helmets, and chain mail.

3. Image Citation:

http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details/collection_image_gallery.aspx?assetId=35175001&objectId=92675&partId=1

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1.  The Sutton Hoo Shield was discovered at the ship burial at Sutton Hoo, along with other treasures.  Used for protection in combat, the shield was embellished with a bird-of-prey and a six-winged dragon. These animals represented the qualities of strength and courage that the shield-bearer should have. The shield was also decorated with gold panels around the edges and made of hardwood. The shield was created around the 600s.

2. "...in their grim war-graith... stacked wide shields of the toughest hardwood against the wall... "Where do you come from, carrying these decorated shields..." (325-334)

The Geats appear to use shields similar to the Sutton Hoo Shields. Both of the shields are made of hardwood and have decorations. The quote above displays the importance of shields in the Dane and Geat civilizations. In such a warrior-centralized society, shields are necessary because they provide protection. Certain aspects of the shield also symbolize bravery and strength which were important qualities to possess.

3. Image source: http://poppy.nsms.ox.ac.uk/woruldhord/files/original/c6f6d1cfea930be4177131e9bab7055e.jpg

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1. The Sutton Hoo Iron Standard was used in the early Anglo-Saxon from about 5th to 7th Century. It acted as a stand for holding various weapons, such as spears. In some instances, this would have most likely belonged to and used by a king, displaying a sign of power.
2. "You are free now to move forward to meet Hrothgar in helmets and armor, but shields must stay here and spears be stacked until the outcome of the audience is clear" (395-398)
3. Image Citation:
http://www.britishmuseum.org/system_pages/beta_collection_introduction/beta_collection_object_details/beta_collection_image_gallery.aspx?assetId=1413411001&objectId=88889&partId=1

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The Sutton Hoo Dancing Warrior Helmet Plate

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The Sutton Hoo Dancing Warrior Helmet Plate

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The Sutton Hoo Dancing Warrior Helmet Plate is a piece of the famous Anglo-Saxon helmet. It depicts two men sharing weapons and possibly dancing. "resolute in his helmet, Beowulf spoke"(406). http://anglosaxon.archeurope.info/uploads/images/SuttonHoo/helmet/plate_2_l.jpg

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The Sutton Hoo Bird of Prey Ornamentation [Jordan]

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The Sutton Hoo Bird of Prey Ornamentation [Jordan]

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1. The Sutton Hoo Bird of Prey Ornamentation has been found on the purse-lid of the Sutton Hoo purse. The purse itself is thought to have a special significance but the bird ornamentation's significance is unclear. Some historians believe the birds represent a foreign Mediterranean influence on the Germanic tribes because of the stylization of the birds. Another historian associates the birds of prey with Christian elements. Therefore, the bird of prey ornamentation is most likely a product of cultural diffusion between the Germanic tribes and other civilizations.

2. "The massed treasure / Was loaded on top of him: it would travel far / On out into the ocean's sway. / They decked his body no less bountifully / With offerings than those first ones did" (40-44).

3. Image Source: http://www.earlybritishkingdoms.com/kids/sutton_pics3.html

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1. The Sutton Hoo Silver Bowls were made in the Eastern Mediterranean. They were possibly made for religious use, in which the cross-shaped design may have a Christian meaning. The bowls were found at the ship-burial at Sutton Hoo, along with other silver cutlery, weapons, coins, and more. The ship-burial dated back to Anglo-Saxon times, therefore, indicating that the bowls were made around the 500s-600s CE. The use of the bowls is unknown.

2. “Far-fetched treasures were piled upon him, and precious gear. I never heard before of a ship so well furbished with battle-tackle, bladed weapons, and coats of mail.” (36-40).

3. Image Source: http://www.britishmuseum.org/collectionimages/AN00030/AN00030104_001_l.jpg