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1. Frontal bone
Located at the top front of the skull. Protect the brain and be the major skull cap of bone.

2. Ethmoid bone
Roof of the nose between two orbits. Separates nasal cavity from the brain.

3. Occipital bone
Located at the posterior base of skull. Protect posterior part of the brain.

4. 2 parietal bones
A pair of bones located at the posterior top of the skull. Provide mechanical protection of the brain.

5. Sphenoid bone
Located anteriorly in the cranium forming base of cranium, sides of skull, and floor and sides of orbits.

6. 2 Temporal bones
House and protrect the structure of ear such cochlear, vestibule, jugular vein, carotid artery, and facial nerve.

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1. Frontal bone
- contribute to the formation of the forehead and superior part of each orbit. It consists of two main part = squamous or vertical portion, which forms the forehead and orbital or horizontal portion which forms the superior part of the orbit.

2. Parietal bones (2)
- form the lateral wall of the cranium and part of the roof. The bones are roughly square and have a concave internal surface.

3. Temporal bones (2)
- the bones house the delicate organ of hearing and balance. Left temporal bone is situated between the greater wing of the sphenoid bone anteriorly and the occipital bone posteriorly.

4. Occipital bone
- it forms the inferoposterior portion of the calvarium (skullcap).

5. Sphenoid bone
- it forms the anchor for all eight cranial bones. The central portion of the sphenoid is the body, which lies in the midline of the floor of cranium and contains the sphenoid sinus. It also consists of sella turcica, dorsum sellae, greater wing, lesser wing, clivus, anterior and posterior clenoid processes.

6. Ethmoid bone
- it lies primarily below the floor of the cranium. It consists of crista galli, cribriform plate, lateral labyrinth, perpendicular plate, middle and superior nasal concha.

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1.Students may refer to online access sources or textbooks (other than Bontrager) for 1 image of cranium that consist of all eight bones (various views).

2.Identify and label the specific structures and their locations.

3.Upload the labelled image inside padlet) by clicking + button.(https://padlet.com/farahzaiki88/vpwb25wmlz2f

4.List their functions in a creative ways and again clicking + button and upload.

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1.Students may take a ‘selfie’ of themselves for 3 images;

1.anterior view of face

2.lateral view of face(standing/sitting)

3.lateral view of face (recumbent).

2.Identify and label the specific terminology, topographic landmarks and reference points of the cranium on image 1&2.

3.Line and name the positioning lines on image 3.

4.Upload the labelled image inside (https://padlet.com/farahzaiki88/vpwb25wmlz2f) by clicking + button.

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occipital -   forming the back and  base of the cranium, the part of the skull that encloses the brain.  It has a large oval opening, the foramen magnum, through which the medulla oblongata passes, linking the spinal cord and brain.

parietal - two bones that form large part of the top and sides of cranium. The bones roughly shaped and lie under the vertex which is the uppermost surface of the head.  The parietal bones provide mechanical protection of the brain, which in conjunction with other bones

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spenoid-
‘butterfly-shaped‘. It consists of a body, paired greater wings and lesser wings, and two pterygoid processes.

superior surface of the sphenoid body contains some important bony landmarks:
1. Sella turcica – a saddle-shaped depression. It has three parts:

Tuberculum sellae – forms the anterior wall of the sella turcica, and the posterior aspect of the chiasmatic groove.

Hypophyseal fossa – the deepest part of the sella turcica, where the pituitary gland is located.

Dorsum sellae – forms the posterior wall of the sella turcica.

2.Chiasmatic groove – a sulcus formed by the optic chiasm (where the optic nerves partially cross).

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frontal bone

forms the front of the skull and it divided into three parts (squamous,orbital,nasal)

sphenoid bone

situated in the middle of the skull towards the front and forms the rear of the orbit

ethmoid bone

small bone in the skull that separates the nasal cavity from the brain. it forms the medial wall of the orbit, the roof of the nasal cavity.

occipital bone

forms the base of the skull at the   rear of the cranium

2 parietal bone

to large parietal bones are connected and make up part of the roof and sides of the human skull

2 temporal bone

situated at the base and sides of the skull, lateral to the temporal lobes of the brain

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extra info

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extra info

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Topographic landmarks,reference point and  specific terminology

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Topographic landmarks,reference point and  specific terminology

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Including the positioning line

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Standing/Sitting

Including the positioning line

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Recumbent

Including the positioning line

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Topographic Landmarks & Reference Points

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Topographic Landmarks & Reference Points

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Slide down at your own risk ... extra info incoming !

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TOPOGRAPHIC LANDMARK AND REFERENCE POINT

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TOPOGRAPHIC LANDMARK AND REFERENCE POINT

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QUESTION 1: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF CRANIAL BONE.

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QUESTION 2: TOPOGRAPHIC LANDMARKS AND REFERENCE POINTS OF THE CRANIUM. 

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QUESTION 2: TOPOGRAPHIC LANDMARKS AND REFERENCE POINTS OF THE CRANIUM. 

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a)anterior view
b)lateral view (standing/sitting)
c)lateral view (recumbent)

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Topographic Landmark and Reference Points of the Cranium & Positioning Lines and Names

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Topographic Landmark and Reference Points of the Cranium & Positioning Lines and Names

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Topographic Landmark and Reference Points of the Cranium

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 specific terminology, topographic landmarks and reference points of the cranium

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 specific terminology, topographic landmarks and reference points of the cranium

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1) ANTERIOR VIEW

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 specific terminology, topographic landmarks and reference points of the cranium

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 specific terminology, topographic landmarks and reference points of the cranium

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1) ANTERIOR VIEW (2)

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 specific terminology, topographic landmarks and reference points of the cranium

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 specific terminology, topographic landmarks and reference points of the cranium

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2) LATERAL VIEW (STANDING)

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3) LATERAL VIEW RECUMBENT

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INDICATIONS FOR FACIAL BONES AND PARANASAL SINUSES

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INDICATIONS FOR FACIAL BONES AND PARANASAL SINUSES

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The major fontanelles and sutures of the skull

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The major fontanelles and sutures of the skull

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In colourful perspective

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if you want to know more ?? why not

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Lateral blows to the head can fracture the internal table of bone of the skull and tear the middle meningeal artery in the outer layer of dura mater that is fused to the cranium. Blood under pulsatile arterial pressure leaks out of the vessel and gradually separates the dura from the bone, forming progressively larger extradural (epidural) hematoma.

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Topographic landmarks and Reference points of the cranium 

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Topographic landmarks and Reference points of the cranium 