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Populations began to increase during the Columbian Exchange because of the surplus of food.

In some countries, populations increased as the Exchange was more beneficial to them than it was to other countries.

- Communication between countries improved
- Global population increased about 2 and a half times
- Europeans brought African slaves to America for labour
-  Slave trade increased from 1,000 a year to 80,000

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Source: https://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/faculty/qian/resources/NunnQianJEP.pdf
Diseases that Moved West:

-Smallpox
-Measles
-Influenza
-Malaria
-Whooping cough
-Chicken pox
-Bubonic plague
-Typhus
-Parathyroid fever

All these diseases caused depopulation in the new world. People in the new world did not have any sort of immunity (also called "immunologically defenceless") to any of these fatal diseases, which eventually lead to massive population drops and wiped out Natives all over the New World.

Diseases that Moved East:

-Venereal Syphilis: Is one of the top 10 diseases that changed the world.  Although it is treatable today, was very fatal back then.
Symptoms: genital ulcers, rashes, large tumors, severe pain, dementia, and eventual death. This disease is the most notable of the diseases that spread into the Old World from the New World.

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Europeans introduced new animals to the Americas,

-horses
-pigs
-goats
-sheep
-cattle.
-Chicken
-Dogs
-Honeybees
-Earthworms

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Columbus brought tons of plants from East to West. He hoped they would be able to flourish in the new grounds of the Americas. He
brought from Europe:

Wheat

Barley

Rye

They also brought Mediterranean plantation crops such as:

sugar

bananas

citrus fruits

In 1640, sugar became the mainstay of the Caribbean and Brazilian economies and became the foundation of the largest slave societies in the world.
Rice and cotton were
imported in the Columbian Exchange, along with tobacco, formed the basis of slave
society in the United States.

Wheat became the fundamental food in all of the Americas. Wheat was exported from Canada, the United States, and Argentina and fed millions of people
outside the Americas.
However, the crops changed the America's economy drastically.

Source: https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B9FDNEPldjZyVEYwenIwbjBteWs/view