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-powers are specifically granted to the federal government in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution

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-a political power reserved by a constitution to the exclusive jurisdiction of a specified political authority (the state).

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-Legislative powers, exercised independently or simultaneously, by both federal and state gov't

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-a court order to a person or agency holding someone in custody (such as a warden) to deliver the imprisoned individual to the court issuing the order and to show a valid reason for that person's detention.

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-powers granted to the United States government that aren't explicitly stated in the Constitution

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-law that retroactively makes criminal conduct that was not criminal when performed, increases the punishment for crimes already committed, or changes the rules of procedure in force at the time an alleged crime was committed in a way substantially disadvantageous to the accused.

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-an act of legislature finding a person guilty of treason or felony without trial.

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-the Senate can vote to place a time limit on consideration of a bill or other matter, and thereby overcome a filibuster.

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-unsuccessfully proposed at the Constitutional Convention, providing for a single legislative house with equal representation

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-a proposal for population weighted apportionment (distribution of legislative positions) in the national legislature.

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-proposed a bicameral legislature for the nation

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-They granted slaveholding states the right to count three-fifths of their slave population when it came to apportioning the number of a state’s representatives to Congress, thereby enhancing Southern power in the House of Representatives

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-to talk a bill to death