# data[].attributes.body
The Gallipoli Campaign:
-a promising strategy for the Allies seemed to be to attack a region in the Ottoman Empire known as the Dardanelles
-by securing the Dardanelles, the Allies believed that they could take Constantinople, defeat the Turks, and establish a supply line to Russia
-the effort to take the Dardanelles strait began in February 1915
-In December, the Allies gave up the campaign and began to evacuate
Battles in Africa and Asia:
-In various parts of Asia and Africa, Germany's colonial possessions came under assault
-The Japanese quickly overran German outposts in China
-captured Germany's Pacific island colonies
-English and French troops attacked Germany's four African possessions (only seized control of three

America Joins the Fight:
-1917, the focus of the war  shifted to the high seas
-that year, the Germans intensified the submarine warfare that had raged in the Atlantic Ocean since shortly after the war began

unrestricted submarine warfare: the policy where the Germans announced that their submarines would sink without warning any ship in the waters around Britain

# data[].attributes.body
Governments Wage Total War:
-World War 1 became what is called a total war
-In Britain, Germany, Austria, Russia, and France, the entire force of government was dedicated to winning the conflict
-in each country, the wartime government took control of the economy
governments told factories what to produce and how much

total war: when countries devote all their resources to the war effort
rationing: where people could buy only small amounts of those items that were also needed for the war effort
propoganda: one sided informatoin designed to persuade, to keep up morale and support for the war

Women and the War:
-total war meant that governments turned to help from women as never before
-thousands of women replaced men in factories, offices, and shops
-women built tanks and munitions, plowed fields, paved streets, and ran hospitals
-they also kept troops supplied with food, clothing, and weapons

# data[].attributes.body
Rise of Nationalism:
-nationalism can unify a country
-however competition comes into play with countries seeking to overpower the other
-by the 20th century, a rivalry developed among Europe's Great Powers
-competition for materials and markets

Imperialism and Militarism:
-imperialism set the stage for the war
-the war deepened for overseas empires
-Europe believed military was very important
-so by 1914, the Great Powers except Britain had large standing armies
-military stressed the importance of being able to quickly mobilize, or organize and move troops in case of war

Militarism: the policy of glorifying military power and keeping an army prepared for war was known as militarism

# data[].attributes.body
Nations take Sides:
-by mid August 1914, the battle lines were clearly drawn
-one side was Germany and Austria-Hungary
-and the other side were Great Britian, France, and Russia
-Japan joined them within weeks

Central Powers: Germany and Austria-Hungary, called Central Powers because of their location in the heart of Europe. Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire would later join the Central Powers

Allies: Great Britian, France, and Russia. Japan joined the Allies within weeks and Italy joined later.

# data[].attributes.body
Woodrow Wilson: a representative from the United States part of a group known as the Big Four
Georges Clemenceau: a representative from France part of a group known as the Big Four

Wilson's Plan for Peace:
-In January 1918, President Wilson had drawn up a series of peace proposals
-the proposals were known as the Fourteen Points
-the first four points included an end to secret treaties, freedom of the seas, free trade, and reduced national armies and navies
-the fifth goal was the adjustment of colonial claims with fairness toward colonial peoples
-the sixth through thirteenth points were specific suggestions for changing borders and creating new nations
-the fourteenth point proposed a "general association of nations" that would protect "great and small states alike"
Fourteen Points: was a peace proposal, that outlined a plan for achieving peace
self-determination: an idea that meant allowing people to decide for themselves under what government they wished to live

The Versailles Treaty:
-Britain and France showed little sign of agreeing to Wilson's vision of peace
-a few reasons why was because they were concerned with national security and also wanted to strip Germany of its war-making power
-the differences in French, British, and U.S. aims led to heated arguments among the nations' leaders
-however a compromise was reached with the Treaty of Versailles
-the treaty punished Germany, they lost substantial territory and had severe restrictions placed on its military operations
-all of Germany's territories in Africa and the Pacific were declared mandates, or territories to be administered by the League of Nations

Treaty of Versailles: between Germany and the Allied powers, and was signed on June 28, 1919
League of Nations: the league was to be an international association whose goal would be to keep peace among nations

# data[].attributes.body
Bismarck Forges Early Pacts:
-Bismark saw France as the greatest threat to peace
-Bismark's first goal, therefore, was to isolate France
-In 1881, Bismark took yet another possible ally away from France by making a treaty with Russia

Triple Alliance: Italy joined the two countries Germany and Austria-Hungary forming the Triple Alliance

Shifting Alliances Threaten Peace:
-in 1890, Germany's foreign policy changed dramatically
-that year, Kaiser Wilhelm II forced Bismark to resign
-he did not want to share power with anyone
-the new Kaiser wanted to show everyone how "mighty" Germany had become

Kaiser Wilhelm II: a proud but stubborn man, did not wish to share power with anyone, forced Bismarck to resign
Triple Entente: Italy joined the Duel Alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary forming the Triple Alliance

# data[].attributes.body
Western Front:

The Conflict Grinds Along:
-General Alfred Graf von Schlieffen designed a battle strategy
-The Germans felt they could carry out such a plan because Russia lagged behind the rest of Europe

Schliefen Plan: a battle strategy, the plan for attacking and defeating France in the west and then rushing east to fight Russia.

War in the Trenches:
-by early 1915, opposing armies on the Western Front had dug miles of parallel trenches to protect themselves from enemy fire
-life in the trenches was pure misery
-"the men slept in mud, washed in mud, ate mud, and dreamed mud", wrote one solider

Trench Warfare: In this type of warfare, soldiers fought each other from, trenches. Armies traded huge losses of human life for pitifully small land gains.

# data[].attributes.body
The Creation of New Nations:
-the Western powers signed separate peace treaties in 1919 and 1920 with each of the other defeated nations: Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire
-the treaties led to huge land losses for the Central Powers
-Several new countries were created out of the Austro-Hungarian Empire
-The Ottoman Turks were forced to give up almost all of their former empire
-Russia, which had left the war early, suffered land losses as well

"A Peace Built on Quicksand"
-the Treaty of Versailles did little to build a lasting peace
-not to mention, the United States ended up rejecting the treaty
-Americans believed that the United States' best hope for peace was to stay out of European affairs
-however, the United States would work out a separate treaty with Germany and its allies several years later

# data[].attributes.body
A Restless Region:
-by the early 1900s, the Ottoman Empire was in rapid decline
-some Balkan groups broke away from their Turkish rulers, however most didn't
-the ones who escaped formed new nations; Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro

A Shot Rings Throughout Europe:
-Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie visited Sarajevo, which is the capital of Bosnia
-they were shot at point blank range as they rode through the streets of Sarajevo in an open car
-the assassin was a member of the Black Hand which was a secret society committed to ridding Bosnia of Austrian rule

# data[].attributes.body
Eastern Front:

Early Fighting:
-Russian forces had launched an attack into both Austria and Germany
-At the end of August, Germany counterattacked near the town of Tannenberg
-during the four-day battle, the Germans crushed the invading Russian army and drove it into full retreat

Russia Struggles:
-By 1916, Russia's war effort was near collapse
-the Russian army was short on food, guns, ammunition, clothes, boots, and blankets
-as they were the last standing country

# data[].attributes.body
Russia Withdraws:
-in March 1917, civil unrest in Russia forced Czar Nicholas to step down
-the new government pledged to continue fighting the war
-by 1917, nearly 5.5 million Russian soldiers had been wounded, killed, or taken prisoner
-as a result, the war-weary Russian army refused to fight any longer

The Central Powers Collapse:
-Russia's withdrawal from the war at least allowed Germany to send nearly all its forces to the Western Front
-In march 1918, the Germans mounted one final, massive attack on the Allies in France
-by late May 1918, the Germans had again reached the Marne River

armistice: an agreement to stop fighting

# data[].attributes.body
Summarize the new weapons that developed during the course of WWI:

Poison Gas was introduced by the Germans but used by both sides. Some gases caused blindness or severe blisters, other deaths by choking. The Machine Gun could wipe out waves of attackers and made it difficult for forces to advance. The Tank was an armored combat vehicle that moved on chain. The Submarine was also introduced by the Germans, and was known for its torpedo, which was an underwater missile.

# data[].attributes.body
General Notes:
-World War 1 was "a new kind of war" as it involved the use of new technologies
-it left behind a landscape of death and destruction
-8.5 million soldiers died as a result of the war
-21 million were wounded
-not to mention the deaths of civilians because of starvation, disease, and slaughter
-the war had an economic impact, one account put the total cost of the war at 338 billion
-