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Οι Επιπτώσεις Της Κλιματικής Αλλαγής Στην Ελληνική Οικονομία

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Mountain Grammos

The fourth in rank highest mountain of Greece. It expands to the perfecture of Ioannina, the perfecture of Kastoria, and to the borders of Albania.  The rivers Aliakmonas and Sarantaporos derive from this mountain.

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Γράμμος: Λίμνες Αρρένες

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The threat of climate change and the knowledge that it is related to CO₂ emissions from fossil fuels has led scientists to look for alternatives for our energy needs, that is in the cultivation of biofuel crops.
The true statements are the following:

We are still strongly depended on fossil fuels and only the developed countries of the world have the technology and therefore the luxury of using green energy.

Replacing fossil fuels with biofuels is highly controversial since it solves one problem but creates new ones.

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a. Tsipouro derived from grape seeds

It is a Greek alcoholic drink that has been produced in Greece since  the 14th century AD, in the monasteries of Agios Oros. Its alcoholic strength ranges from 36-45% alcohol. It is mainly produced nowadays in the areas of Macedonia, Epirus, Thessaly and Crete through the method of distillatiion of grape skins.

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Oregano: flowering plant in the mint family (Lamiaceae). Genus Origanum.  It is native to temperate Western and Southwestern Eurasia and the Mediterranean region.It is used mainly in its dried form in cookiing, but it can also be consumed as a beverage against cold. It is cultivated in soils of pH that ranges bewteen 6.0 and 9.0.

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b. Kumquat liquer derived from  kumquats (lcal product of Corfu)

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b. Kumquat liquer derived from  kumquats (lcal product of Corfu)

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The history of the kumquat — which means “Golden Fruit” — begins in China, where the fruit originates from, the first reference of the fruit appearing in 12th century Chinese literature. In 1860, an English agronomist named Sidney Merlyn brought the fruit to Corfu, and today you find a tree in almost every local yard. The kumquat is used for the preparation of the kumquat liquer as well as for jams and fruit jellies.

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Fir Tree

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Cedar Tree

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Grain Legumes

Phaseolus vulgaris
or Greek Giant Beans (Gigantes Elephantes) are considereed to be a local product of Kastoria which requires an altitude of 650m to 700m and soil of balanced pH with sufficient drainage of the terrain .

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Tubers and Roots - Starchy Foods

Potato

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Explore The English Language | Lexico.com

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Do you have questions about the English language, dictionaries, or vocabulary - or any random questions you want to ask! You've come to the right place. Useful crossword answers, words which break common spelling rules, or unusual words to impress your friends: this page has the word lists you're looking for.

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Thyme: member of the genus of Thymus. Aromatic perennial evergreen herb in the mint family (Lamiaceae).Thymes are relatives of the oregano genus Origanum.
It is used since antiquity: Egyptians were  using it for embalming, while Greeks were using it in their temples and baths. In Europe it is thought to have been spread by the Romans.

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 Theophrastus'  'Enquiry into Plants' , and 'On the Causes of Plants'  :  otanical works with major influence in Renaissance

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 Theophrastus'  'Enquiry into Plants' , and 'On the Causes of Plants'  :  otanical works with major influence in Renaissance

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Ennquiry into Plants or Historia Plantarum (Greek: Περὶ φυτῶν ἱστορία, Peri phyton historia) was, one of the most important books of natural history written in ancient times by Theophtastus, Aristotele's student. Written between 350 BC and c. 287 BC, it gives valuable information about plant structure, reproduction and growth. It was influential in the Rennaisance.

On the Causes of Plants  (Περὶ φυτῶν αἰτιῶν) was also one of the most important contribution to botanical science until Middle Ages.

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Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859) was a Prussian scientist and explorer. His contribution to the field of botanic geography laid the foundation for the field of biogeography. His extensive travelling in the Americas between 1799 and 1804 was the reason for publishing a work of five volumes with the title Cosmos, based on the content of a lecture series delivered by him at the University of Berlin. With Cosmos Humboldt, an influential proponent of Romantic philosphy and science, sought to unify diverse branches of scientific knowledge and culture, motivating a holistic perception of the universe as one interacting entity.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt

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Theme 1: 
Rich Plant Habitats

Lake Oresteida or Kastoria Lake - lakeside forest
  
It hosts a wide range of endemic and rare plant species such as: 

Lilium candidum
Iris pseudacorum
Galeopsis candidum
Leucjum aestivum
Oenothera erythrosepala
Verbascum phoeniceum ssp. flavidum

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Theme 1: 
Rich Plant Habitats

Lake Oresteida or Kastoria Lake - lakeside forest
  
It hosts a wide range of endemic and rare plant species such as: 

Lilium candidum
Iris pseudacorum
Galeopsis candidum
Leucjum aestivum
Oenothera erythrosepala
Verbascum phoeniceum ssp. flavidum

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Kastoria Lake

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According to the ESPON 2013 Programme, Greece is found among the countries that show a high level of vulnerability to climate change, with some areas mainly of the Northern part of Greece to be in higher risk (Fig.1).  It seems that the majority of Greek people (93,4%) has realized the significance of global warming and its impact to Greece, as it is revealed by a reaserch conducted in 2017 (Fig.2).

Temperature

The changes in temperature on a global level throughout the years is a fact (Fig. 3). As a consequence, the number of tropical days has been increased, meaning that during the day the temperature exceeds the value of 35°C and at night it goes over 20°C. (Fig.4). By 2050, tropical days are expected to number more than 50 annually, and heat wave days are expected to increase by 15-20 annually--during heat wave days the temperature above 35 degrees Celcius.

https://www.dianeosis.org/en/2017/08/impact-climate-change-greek-economy/

Fig.1 Potential vulnerability to climate change

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Fig. 2 People's beliefs about the impact of global warming on Greece.

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Fig. 3: Observed global annual average temperature deviations in the period 1850–2009 (in ºC)

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Fig 4. Number of days and nights considered tropical

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Lower precipitation rates and extended periods of droughts are also a consequence of global warming. By 2050 it is estimated that rainfall will decrease by 12% on average (20-30% decrease during the summer months, especially in the south, and 10% decrease during the winter months) (Fig. 5).

Fig. 5 Change of climate variables of temeperature and rainfall climate for the period 2015-2045 in Athens

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https://www.bankofgreece.gr/BogDocumentEn/WWF_Climate_change_impacts_in_Greece_in_the_near_future.pdf

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Evaluating climate change in Greece through the insurance compensations of the rural production damages

Author links open overlay panel

NikolaosNannosabSotiriosBersimiscDimitriosGeorgakellosd

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Drought in the lake of Grammos (Arrenes)

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Drought in the lake of Grammos (Arrenes)

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the amphibian triton  (Lissotriton vulgaris) (Linnaeus, 1758) is put in danger because of the drought in Grammos

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Αλπικός Τρίτωνας Ichthyosaura alpestris (Ιχθυόσαυρα η αλπική) Grammos Arenes Γράμμος - Άρενες

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Statistics: 667 vascular plant species  (37%of species in Europe). 12% of these are threatened.

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Statistics: 667 vascular plant species  (37%of species in Europe). 12% of these are threatened.

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According to a research published in May 2013 by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, a total of 667 vascualr plant species are found in Greece, which represent 37% of the total  of species assessed in Europe. Twelve per cent (12%) of the 667 vascular plant species assessed in Greece are considered threatened at the European level.
The major threats vary depending on the the nature of the plants.
Thus:
Terrestrial plants are threatened by:

intensified livestock farming such as intensive grazing activities

Acquatic species are threatened by:

direct habiat loss caused by draining for development, agriculture and pasture

https://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/greece_s_biodiversity_at_risk_fact_sheet_may_2013.pdf

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According to the official web site for Earth's Endangered Creatures (http://earthsendangered.com), the plant species that are endangered in the area of Greece are only eleven (11) in number, and they are the following:
1) Bindweed  or  Convolvulus argyrothamnos
2) Chamomile  or Anthemis
Glaberrima
3) Cretan Zelkova or Zelkova abelicea
4) Hare's ear or Buplerum kakiskalae
5) Horstrissea dolinicola
6) Larkspur or Consolida samia
7) Milkwort or Polygala helenae
8) Minuartia dirphya
9) Orthotrichum scanicum
10) Saponaria jageli
11) Stonecress or Aethionema retsina

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Theme 1: Rich Plant Habitat Mountain Voio

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Theme 1: Rich Plant Habitat Mountain Voio

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Mountain Voio is found on the southern part of the prefecture of Kastoria, Greece. It is the physical projection of mountain Grammos, the 4th highest mountain of Greece. Voio may not be a very high mountain range itself—taking into account that its maximum altitude reaches the value of 1802 m, but it has a considerable length of 45 km. In addition, 80% of its area is covered by trees (oak trees and fir trees), which is rare for the Greek landform.

Mountain Voio has two landforms: The Big Ontria (altitude 1.589 m) and the Small Ontria (altitude 1.530 m). Since human access to these landforms is difficult, the ecosystem of Voio remains virgin and intact. The moisture of its dolines in combination with the shadowing that prevails during summer time creates a microhabitat that hosts a wide variety of plant species, such as chasmophytes and calcioles.

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Medicinal Plants

Scientific name:
Primula veris or Primula officinalis

Family: Primulaceae

Common name: cowslip, cowslip primrose or Darwin's flower, δρακάκι, Παναγίτσα, πασχαλούδα

Description: herbaceous, perennial plant growing from 8 to 20cm, with lanceolate, oval, wrinkled, pubescent leaves and yellow-gold, with orange edges and tubular calyx, fragrant, hermaphrodite flowers, in umbrella-shaped inflorescence at the edge of a long axis. The plant has a thick stalk, dark coloured, branched root and capsule formed fruits. The flowering lasts from April to May and the harvesting takes place from July to August.

Composition, Active Substances: Saponins (5-10%), alpha-primrose acid, glycosides, flavones, primeverin, primulaverin (glycosides), tannins, salicylates, essential oil (called Mannite), phenols.

Medicinal traits: The plant has expectorant, diuretic, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, sedative, anticonvulsant and sweating properties. It is recommended in the form of herbal tea against pericarditis, dropsy, kidney stones, headaches and insomnia. It is also recommended against couch and bronchitis.

http://mediplantepirus.med.uoi.gr/pharmacology_en/plant_details.php?id=386

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Theme 1.
Medicinal plants

Sideritis Raeseri or Iron wort or Mountain Tea

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Theme 1.
Medicinal plants

Sideritis Raeseri or Iron wort or Mountain Tea

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Sideritis Raeseri or Iron wort or Mountain Tea

Scientific name:
Sideritis Raeseri

Family: Lamiaceae

Common name: Mountain Tea or Shepherd's Tea

Description: Perennial herb of 10-50 cm that grows at high altitudes (usually over 1000 m) with little or no soil, often on the surface of rocks. It is pubescent, either villous or coated by a fine, woolly layer of microscopic intertwined hairs.Its inflorescence is verticillaster with ight yellow colors. Its flowering and harvest season  is between July and August.
Composition, Active Substances: Essential oil (which contains a-pinene, b-pinene, limonene, sesquiterpenes), mucus, vitamin C, flavonoids, iridoids, coumarins, lignans, iron

Medicinal traits:
Ironwort has been traditionally used to aid digestion, strengthen the immune system and suppresses common cold, the flu and other viruses,allergies and shortness of breath, sinus congestion, even pain and mild anxiety.

Related scientific articles:

1) The Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Tea with different Parts of Sideritis condensate at Different Steeping Conditions Meryem KARA1,2, Huseyin SAHIN3 , Halbay TURUMTAY4 , Saliha DINC1,2,* , Ahmet GUMUSCU

2) Potential bioactive phenolics of Macedonian Sideritis species used for medicinal “Mountain Tea”

Author links open overlay panel

J.PetreskaaM.StefovaaF.FerreresbD.A.MorenobF.A.Tomás-BarberánbG.StefkovcS.KulevanovacA.Gil-Izquierdob

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sideritis
http://mediplantepirus.med.uoi.gr/pharmacology/plant_details.php?id=151

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Theme 2. Complexity of plant biogeography

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Theme 2. Complexity of plant biogeography

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Location of Kastoria, Greece

My plant area belongs to the Mediterranean biogeographical region which is characterized by dry summers that are hot or warm, as well as cool or mild rainy winters. The year can be divided into two meterological periods: a warm period (April-September) and a cold period (October-March).
According to a recent research conducted by the municipality of Nestorio, the average highest temperature is around 22°C, while the average lowest temperature is 4,76 °C (between 18 °C and -38°C), The driest month of the year in Kastoria is June, while the coldest month is considered to be January (1.2 C).  The low temperatures of January turn the rain into snow.

0807.syzefxis.gov.gr/wp.../SMPE_SXOOAP_D.Nestoriou_simpliromatika_102016.pdf

Environmental Stress Factors

-Drought: the area of Kastoria has been characterized by prolonged dry periods during the last few years. The local press refers to aggravating dry phenomena during the years 1989-1990 as well as  from 2014 to 2018. As a result of that, the water levels of the lake Oresteiada have been diminished and there have occured problems in agriculture. Apple-farming is one of the main occupational activities of the population of this region. The lack of water reduces the rate of photosynthesis in plants, inhibits the rate of flowering during spring time, and leads to the reduction of  mass production overall.  In addition, conditions of dryness can provoke boron deficiency in apple trees and pear trees, destroying the  quality of the fruit.
According to a recent study conducted in the area of south europe, including the country of Greece, the rise of the temperature in combination with the lack of water can provoke a further reduction of 31% in the cultivation of vegetables. Big reductions are also predicted for the regions of Africa and South Asia.
Prolonged drought has also diminished the level of water in the alpine lakes of mountain Grammos. As a result of the extreme dry conditions, the alpine trition, an imrportant reptile that is also found in the mountains of Rodopi and Pindos faces extinction.
http://mpetskas.com/?p=14165
http://www.nagref.gr/journals/ethg/images/24/ethg24p10-13.pdf
https://www.ellinikigeorgia.gr/xirasia-upethermansi-kai-meiosi-tis-viopoikilotitas-apeiloun-tis-kalliergeies-laxanikon/
https://giorgoskatsadonis.blogspot.com/2018/05/blog-post_10.html

Adapatation of plants to drought
Chasmophytes such as ferns (Aspleniaceae Family and  Polypoliaceae Family),  succulent plants such as Umbicilus erectus
(Crassulaceae Family), Geranium species that cope with drought with thier hairy parts (Geraniaceae Family) as well as other flowering plants that survive in rocky microhabitats, are encountered in the area of Ontria of Mountain Voio, along with the presence of dolines.

-Floods:
Floods are not reported that often in the area of Kastoria. However, floods have been reported in the area of Nestorio at the riverside of Aliakmonas river, without any significant consequences in the nearby locations.

-Human factor: incidents of overharvesting of mountain tea (Sideritis Raeseri) and other herbs has been reported in the area of Grammos, since the mountain is located at the borders with Albania. Plant biodiversity in the area  is threatened directly, taking into account the large amount of medicinal plants that are taken away in this way. Specifically, in April 2018 six (6) persons from Albania were arrested for having illegaly collected 132 kg of various medicinal plants . Moreover, two other persons were arrested for having collected 112 kg of them plant species Primula veris.

http://www.kathimerini.gr/963080/article/epikairothta/ellada/plh8ainoyn-oi-klopes-votanwn-ston-grammo
https://dasarxeio.com/2018/04/28/56274/

Umbicilus erectus: its thickened and fleshy leaves and stems permit it retain water in arid soil and climate conditions.

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It is known as the resurrection plant because of its ability to withstand desiccation and subsequently recover on rewetting. It has been shown that this is in part due to its high concentrations of phenolic compounds such as chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid which allow it to negate the destructive capacity of the reactive oxygen species generated by the drying process; the concentrations of these phenols decrease during the dehydration process. Enzymes such as peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase have also been shown to be important in allowing this fern to cope with desiccation; the concentrations of these enzymes increase when the fern is subjected to water shortages.

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Signs of Climate Change: toxic phytoplakton chokes the  fish in the Lake of Kastoria

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Signs of Climate Change: toxic phytoplakton chokes the  fish in the Lake of Kastoria

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2014: The rise of the temperature due to the climate change in combination with amonut of phospurus that ends up in the lake from the use of fertilizers, leads to the increase of cyanobacteria that produce toxins. The lake emits a a bad odour and a a green curst is evident on the surface of the lake waters. https://www.protothema.gr/environment/article/415676/kastoria-toxiko-futoplagton-pnigei-ti-limni/

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Chamomile or Anthemis         Glaberrima

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Chamomile or Anthemis         Glaberrima

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Family: Asteraceae

Etymology: the word "chamomile" derives, via French and Latin, from the Greek χαμαίμηλον (khamaimēlon), i.e. "earth apple", from χαμαί (khamai) "on the ground" and μῆλον (mēlon) "apple". It is called like that, because in ancient Greeks thought that the scent of the plant reminds of the apple scent.

Charasteristics: A traditional medicinal herb native to Western Europe, India and Western Asia.
It has also become abundant in the United States,

Key Threats
The clearance of heaths, drainage of winter-wet grasslands, loss of pastures to arable fields, and decline of grazing on commons.

https://www.plantlife.org.uk/uk/discover-wild-plants-nature/plant-fungi-species/chamomile

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Business Plan to Protect Chamomile in the area of Kastoria

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Business Plan to Protect Chamomile in the area of Kastoria

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Real facts:

In April 2018, six (6) people were arrested for having illegally collected 132 kg of various medicinal plants from the slopes of Grammos mountain. Among these medicinal plants were also reported  big amounts of Chamomile (Anthemis        Glaberrima).

http://www.kathimerini.gr/963080/article/epikairothta/ellada/plh8ainoyn-oi-klopes-votanwn-ston-grammo
https://dasarxeio.com/2018/04/28/56274/

99,9% of the amount of chamomile that is sold in the Greek market is imported from Egypt.

The amount of chamomile produced in Greece is limited because f its cost. One acre of cultivated land produces only 5 kg of chamomile.

http://www.madeincreta.gr/el/article/%CE%BC%CE%B5-%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82-%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82-%CE%B7-%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%89%CE%B3%CE%AE-%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%8D-%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%8C-%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD-%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B3%CF%85%CF%80%CF%84%CE%BF

Goal of a Local Volunteer Organization: the protection of Chamomile by raising awareness of the importance of biodiversity and to encourage everyone to play their part in its protection. This will help limit the damage being done to endangered plants and animals, their habitats and their surroundings in general. People should become responsible citizens of tomorrow with considerable environmental awareness.

Process
A. Education
Raising environmental awareness and repsect for biodiversity at school age children
- Primary education
The first step will be the education of young children at school. The organization will co-operate with the primary schools in order to inform the future citizens of this world about the value of each species itself in the ecosystem. Volunteers will visit kindergartens and primary schools in order to organize games that will familiarize children with the value of each endangered plant species.
Questions such as: What is chamomile? Why do we need it? Which is the role of plants in the world? Why should we protect and respect plants? , will be addressed and answered throughout the pedagogical games. The organization will need the help of The Center of Envrironmental Education of Kastoria ( Κέντρο Περιβαλλοντικής Εκπαίδευσης Καστοριάς) which works on promoting environemental awareness since 1995. The message will be the perservation of chamomile in its natural habitats and not the overharvesting of this species. The volunteers will give children chamomile seeds for free along the directions for planting them at their home garden.
- Secondary education
The organization will come in touch with the biology teachers of high school students in order to schedule extra lessons devoted to biodiversity. The organization will support teachers with teaching materials (videos, slide shows, lectures directed by University professors, projects on biodiversity).
The organization will support financially the field trips of high schools students to natural habitats of chamomile so that they get familiar with the specific plant and its habitats. The message will be the perservation of chamomile in its natural habitats and not the overharvesting of this species.
The volunteers will also give children chamomile seeds for free along the directions for planting them at their home garden.

B. Promoting the cultivation of chamomile on a professional level

Since the demand of the Greek market for chamomile is very high compared to the existing quantities of this species in its natural habitats within the boundaries of Greece, the cultivation of chamomile will be a solution. At the time, 99,9% of the amount of chamomile used in Greece comes from Egypt.
The organization will inform farmers about the option of cultivating chamomile making use of subsidised loans and European programmes that promote agricultural development and the entrepreneurship of young people in provinces. The organization will also apply press on the Greek Mininstry of Agriculture for offering better motivations and conditions to those who want to cultivate chamomile on a professional level. The present conditions are not favorable, since the cost of cultivating is much greater than the expected profit.

C. Promoting the cultivation of chamomile for hobby

Every citizen needs to be encouraged to cultivate just for fun if not for any other significant reason chamomile in his or her back yard, garden, balcony or in simple flower pots. Chamomile growing in the garden is both useful and visually pleasing, since chamomile is characterized as "the doctor plant" because of its broad curative properties. It has been proved that the chamomile root system helps grow healthy the sickly or weak nearby plants wherever it is planted.
The organization will give for free chamomile seeds to people who are interested in cultivating chamomile in their garden. The organization will also provide a leaflet with directions of how and when to grow chamomile in the garden. Since chamomile grows almost everywhere by itself, it will not be difficult to be cultivated even in flower pots. It does not require much water, but it surely requires a lot of sunshine for itself to grow.

https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/herbs/chamomile/growing-chamomile.htm

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Comparing my PlantArea with my co-learner's Giulia Finotti who lives in Italy, I realized the similarities in vegetation concerning the adaptation of plants to conditions of drought. The Mediterranean climate is the same in both countries, the vegetation is similar, and plants find their way to cope with drought efficiently. Life always finds its way...Additionally, I had the chance to visit other people's PlantAreas that are far away from Europe: Luisa Restrepo's PlantArea in Colombia and Mayanja's Plant Area in Uganda. I really liked the photos of both countries.. I can bring the taste of my favorite tea in my mind, having a look at the photo of lemon grass from Uganda. Mango lassi is also my favorite drink! Such a beautiful country!!

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I got inspired by the Business Plan of my co-learner Iraklis Spyridopoulos, whose PlantArea (Kozani) is found very close to mine. The prefectures of Kozani and Kastoria are very close to each other, so they face the same problems. Chamomile is also limited in both areas, so I also worked on saving it!
I prefered making a very detailed business plan for one single plant species instead of listing ideas about different plant species, like other co-learners did. In any case,  reading other people's business plans I learned about endangered plants, about which I had no idea before. For example reading Evgenia's business plan which is also about Greece, I learned about two species (Z. abelica and Aethionema retsina) literally unknown to me until yesterday.

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Comparison of Plants as a Source for the Future

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Comparison of Plants as a Source for the Future

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Having a look at my co-learner's PlantArea, Giulia Finotti, I saw two plants species that are also very common in Greece, too. Saffron is not only cultivated in the Iraklis' Spyridopoulos PlantArea (Kozani, Greece), but it is also cultivated in Italy! I did not know that.. .
Limoncello is also produced in Greece and especially in Corfu alomh with the production of kumquat liquer.

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Comparison of the climate change of differeent PlantAreas

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Comparison of the climate change of differeent PlantAreas

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Unfortunately, climate change is not a problem limited to Greece or to the Mediterranean area. It is a global problem. My co-learners had very interesting information about climate change that support this fact. Rita Vanderloo's padlet supoorts the rise of temperature by 2 degrees Celcium Belgium, while Aniko Beltekine has equally descriptive graphs of the situation in Hungary. In addition, Giulia Finotti in Italy has posted some interesting articles about the impact of climate  change on agriculture and economy, which have similar findings to mine.

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1. Tropical Andean trees migrate to higher altitudes due to human exploitation of timber. This high intensity activity forces trees to migrate faster towards areas not accessible by humans.

2. Tropical Andean trees migrate to higher altitudes where the air is cool enough to support their existence. Due to the fast climatic change they have to move faster in order to remain in equilibrium with their preferred temperatures.

3. Tropical Andean trees migrate to higher altitudes due to human activities in the area. Local people and tourists cut branches as souvenirs, forcing trees to migrate to remote areas faster.

Right answer: #2.
Climatic change makes trees "move" faster due to climatic changes.