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This is the period of settlement and immigration where the process of colonization of Canada by France was at its peak. Settlers increased gradually, and this was only through the effort of intendent jean that vigorous migration was undertaken.
A large majority were killed by the diseases brought by the europeans as they were not immune.

Gage, S. (1991) Colonialism in the Americas: A Critical Look. Victoria, BC: Victoria International Development Education Association.

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The Filles du Roi project. Jean Talon was the first intendent of New France appointed by Louis the XIV. His task was to gather the French to settle in New France. However, there was an "issue" with French men sleeping with and marrying Indigenous women. In an effort to deescalate the issue, John Talon convinced the King to send poor orphan French women to New France to start new lives and be brides. The British then took over the colonization.

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After the 7 year war the Indigenous realized that the English were victorious. Land was being taken over by the English.
Rather than pay for land, the settlers created treaties, which involved a small amount of money or an exchange of goods. Treaties had several flaws. Natives did not know how to read or write. The Indigenous viewed land as unsellable. Interpreters were not interpreting properly.

Gage, S. (1991) Colonialism in the Americas: A Critical Look. Victoria, BC: Victoria International Development Education Association.

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About 1200 Loyalists set sail from Halifax to Africa, facing three fates. Found a new nation, disease or die. It would be a rough patch for the Halifax community as their leaders had left for Africa

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A legislature was passed with the support of John Graves, who was the governor of upper Ontario which prohibited slavery.
The bill had been passed but of course not without a fight.
The bill meant that Canadians who owned slaves were allowed to keep them however no new slaves were allowed to be brought in.

Therefore, these slaves become liberated and could no longer work under their masters forcefully.  This was when the French were established as an indigenous population, and the British took over the colonization.

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The war of independence.
The British vs 13 American colonies. There was a reliance on blacks by both sides. The British promised freedom and equality to the blacks to get their opponents slaves on their side. The British lost the war but kept their promise. 1/10 loyalists were black. They were relocated to the east coast, now Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. They were ready to begin a new life. Plenty of farmland and provisions were promised. However, many blacks were not given land. If they were, the land was terrible. This forced many blacks into cheap labor.
This period is significant because the basic structure of ethnic stratification in Canada was established outside the French English and the native relationship. This period also is when a large number of ethnic groups began to arrive.

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The successful conclusion of the war of 1812 created a new confidence in British North America and increased its expansion and development. The conflict presented a new definite direction to the trade routes of the British.

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The Underground railroad was a large network of free blacks, white quakers and a number of people who felt slavery was unethical.

The Underground railroad was not like most railroads.
There was no trains, no track. The underground railroad had 3000 conductors, who would guide, shelter and transport the escaped slaves to freedom.

Harriet Tubman was a very well known conductor who escaped herself leading hundreds of slaves to freedom. There was a large bounty on her head for her capture.

Many of people from the underground railroad ended up in Amherstberg Ontario because it was the narrowest point across the Denver river.

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Residential Schools. Indigenous kids were taken from their homes by "Indian" agents and forced into these horrible schools to assimilate their culture. They had their hair shaved, were beaten, raped, malnourished, and unable to speak their native tongue. Anyone who did would face punishment.

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The whole British Empire abolished slavery for good. This was because of Chole Coolie. Her master had abducted her and sold her down south (United States). Which went directly against British legislation.

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One of the schools was opened in Brantford the level of the education was considered to be superior compared to the local common school, then white parents applied to send their children to the black school. The Buxton mission school for children in the Elgin settlement was so popular with white parents that the local common school was forced to close.

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A black woman named Harriet Tubman managed to find a way of leading African slaves from the United States past the boarder into Canada. It is reported that she made nineteen trips to ensure a good number of Black slaves were freed from the evils of slavery. During the same year, another fugitive named John Mason managed to rescue 1300 slaves via the underground railroad.

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In this period the voice of fugitive was established in Sandwich in 1851 by Henry Bibb, a former escaped slave from Kentucky.The black community of Ontario was its news papers, the voice of the fugitive and the provincial freeman, both newspapers specialized in promoting the ant-slavery crusade and in providing information about the black community and its situations for the benefit of fugitive slaves attempting to adjust the new life. Samuel Ringgold Ward, was a prominent spokesman for the Anti-Slavery Society of Canada formed in Toronto in 1851. Among the founding members of this society were George Brown, the powerful reform leader and a proprietor of Upper Canada's most important newspaper, the Toronto Globe, and Oliver Mowat, who later serve as premier of the province for almost a quarter of a century.

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The anti-Chinese movement took root after the first wave of Chinese immigrants began arriving in British Columbia for the gold rush of 1858. The second major Chinese influx to the province came as labourers for the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway (1881–85), a labour force much needed for the development of Western Canada but not desirable as citizens for a “White Canada forever.” This popular phrase among politicians and the media was derived from the White Canada policy laid down in the Immigration Act of 1910. While the act did not name any racial or ethnic groups, it did allow for the restriction of “immigrants belonging to any race deemed unsuited to the climate or requirements of Canada,” the ethnic basis for Canadian immigration policy until 1967.

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Groups of Native Americans from the Sioux tribe arrive in Canada after their defeat from the United States army. Between 1866- 1867, 4,000 Sioux Native Americans, under the leadership of Chief Sitting Bull, are given asylum in Canada after the US army retaliated in response to the death of General George Custer from the Battle of Little Bighorn. Consequently, this resulted in the formation and identification of basic immigration patterns to Canada.

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1867 -- Under the British North America Act that formed Canada, deciding who could vote was left to the provinces. But all the provinces agreed that only men who were British subjects, 21 years of age or older and who owned property were able to vote in federal elections. First Nations men who met these criteria could vote if they give up their native status and Treaty Rights. This meant that the majority of workers in, and immigrants to, the country had no vote or political influence. It also meant that Indigenous folks who wanted to vote had to own land individually, give up their status as indigenous (meaning that their children would not have status either) and give up all rights to treaty settlements – so very few did vote. This left the vote – and electoral politics – almost entirely in the hands of white wealthy British men

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Chinese Tax Act of 1878 forced all Chinese immigrants of age above 12 years to pay a poll tax of $10 if they intend to continue living and working in Canada for every three months.The  Employers were required to provide a list of the Chinese workers in their workplaces and could be fined $100 if they failed to do so. The Chinese community in Victoria was enraged and immediately started mobilizing against the tax.On September 11, 1878, the City of Victoria appointed Noah Shakespeare, an avowed racist and president of the Workingman’s Protective Association as the poll tax collector. With the police at his side, Shakespeare entered Chinatown to begin collecting. When Chinese residents refused to pay, Shakespeare retaliated by seizing their properties and belongings, and putting them up for auction.

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The 1882-1883 British Columbia Directory shows that it was Indigenous workers and Chinese workers, the country’s original inhabitants and its newcomers, who belonged to the lowest category of wage earners. Indigenous workers made a daily wage of $1 to $1.50 and Chinese workers $1 to $1.25, while white workers made $2 to $3.75.Trade unions at the time were of course, a microcosm of the larger society, and many union members deemed Chinese workers a threat — “the yellow peril.” Asian Canadian workers in the lumber sector and others were barred from joining unions. The trajectory they took to build their collective voice through workplace struggles which similar to that of the Black porters working for the Canadian National Railway, who, in 1918, had to found their own union because of the whites-only membership policy of the Canadian Brotherhood of Railroad Employees.

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The Chinese head tax was enacted to restrict immigration after Chinese labour was no longer needed to build the Canadian pacific railway. Between 1885 and 1923, Chinese immigrants had to pay a head tax to enter Canada. The tax was levied under the Chinese Immigration Act (1885). It was the first legislation in Canadian history to exclude immigration on the basis of ethnic background. With few exceptions, Chinese people had to pay at least $50 to come to Canada. The tax was later raised to $100, then to $500. During the 38 years the tax was in effect, around 82,000 Chinese immigrants paid nearly $23 million in tax.

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As Minister of the Interior from 1896- 1906, Clifford Sifton ushered in a new trend towards allowing immigrants of other ethnicities to enter Canada. This change corresponded with a general shift in immigration policies in Canada, from one of preferential treatment towards Anglo-Saxon immigrants to tapping into new sources of immigrant groups.

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Black Canadian porters formed the first Black railway union in North America, Between 1916 and 1919, more than 500 Black porters arrived in Canada to work for the CPR.

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Union grew stronger with the war ending, which meant recession wage cuts and unemployment. After the war, unions sought collective bargaining rights. For a whole six weeks the people in Winnipeg went on strike for union recognition. The Winnipeg General Strike Committee did it in a very peaceful way, so things would still operate.

Western Canadian Mills’ Asian workers went on strike to demand a reduction of their daily working hours. After bargaining, the employer had agreed that the workers could work for nine hours and receive 10 hours’ pay. When the workers got their next pay, though, they received nine hours’ pay. This means the employer reneged on the agreement. The Chinese, Japanese and Hindu workers stood firm. The employer refused. So the workers went on strike on Tuesday. After two days, the employer relented and accepted the strikers’ demand. The workers returned to work on Thursday.

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As part of the Immigration Act of 1919, the number of immigrants who were not British or American was reduced. It was a very discriminatory law which would prohibit those who could not read or write in French, left-wing and chronic illness.

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In 1919, the desire of union leadership to gain the right of collective bargaining culminated in labour strikes in what is now known as the Winnipeg General Strike. The strike was notable for the reaction by the business community and the government, and they classified the strikes as an attempt to overrun Canada's British institution and authority. Consequently, due to the strike, Eastern Europeans were made easy scapegoats, being accused of communist-style subversion of power, further fuelling prejudice and discrimination against these groups.

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By the early 1920s, central, southern and eastern European immigrants were officially classified among the "non-preferred" and restricted categories of immigrants. In the mid-1920s, however, in response to public pressure, the federal government loosened restrictions on immigration from Europe as a way of promoting economic development. During the late 1920s the federal government allowed more than 185,000 central and eastern Europeans and Mennonites into Canada as farmers, farm labourers and domestics.

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When 500 porters met in Harlem on August 25, 1925, they decided to make another effort to organize. During this meeting, they secretly launched their campaign, choosing Randolph, not employed by Pullman and thus beyond retaliation, to lead the effort

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This was the year where the Canadian government stopped absorbing immigrants from Europe, excluding only those who had enough money to support themselves on farms and those having immediate family relations that were already in the country. It also allowed only the British and the American citizens who were engaging in mining activities, logging, farming, and lumbering would be considered for residency. The director for immigration declared that no country would open doors for immigrants from Europe and that the lines must be drawn somewhere. This indicated that the Canadian were too selfish to accommodate the Jewish and feared depletion of resources.

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Chinese labourers were hit hard during the Great Depression. Roughly 80 per cent of the residents of Vancouver Chinatown were unemployed. The provincial government set up the Anglican Chinese Mission to provide shelter and two daily meals for unemployed Chinese Canadians. But even within this relief program, treatment was differential. Unemployed Chinese workers were fed on a formula of eight cents per meal, while white workers were allotted 15 to 25 cents per meal. Over a period of three years, at least 145 unemployed Chinese workers in Vancouver died of malnutrition.The workers formed the Chinese Unemployed Workers Protection Association, protesting racist government practice and demanding equal benefits and treatment for all unemployed workers. Members of the association marched alongside unemployed white workers on May Day in 1935, demanding that the government shut down the soup kitchen run by the Anglican Church.

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In 1938, Stanley Grizzle helped establish the Young Men’s Negro Association of Toronto, where he began his fight for the rights of Black Canadians.The period of activity which would made him one of the leaders in the black Canadian campaign for civil rights.

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Under World War 2, the Canadian government arrested and detained 837 Canadian- German people for being disloyal to the country, and by not following the rules and the guidelines of the country, the Canadian government denied the German a place for refuge since there was fear that the British will help Germany invade the Canadian forces

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In June 1940, when he was 22, Grizzle began working as a sleeping car porter with the Canadian Pacific Railway(CPR) — the only job that was hiring Black men at the time.
Grizzle worked as a porter for the CPR for 20 years. In that time, he also advocated and negotiated better working conditions for porters. He was elected president of the Toronto CPR division of the BSCP in 1946

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There were 29,033 Chinese men in Canada, over 80 per cent of whom were married with wives and children left behind in China. Enduring this family separation, these “married bachelors” lived alone. A mere handful had the financial means to make a trip to China a few times during the exclusionary years to either marry or visit their wives and children. Whether or not they were Canadian-born or naturalized, they were not allowed to sponsor family members to join them in Canada.

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The prime minister ordered the deportation of Japanese- Canada as many as possible, plans were underway in the following year for the government to remove all the Japanese. This was done to reduce the intense racism that was like a culture to the Canadians.

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After WWII Canada accepted over 150,000 displaced peoples who happened to be refugees from the war. Unfortunately those displaced peoples faced intense discrimination this included Polish, Russian, Lithuanians and many more.

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The rules imposed on the Canadian- Japanese were lifted under the World War 11 measures act. They were given the freedom to relocate everywhere and were granted the right to vote (Gogia & Slade, 2011). This measure was an essential move since these people were mixed-race and had no native land. When the rights to vote were lifted, this indicated that freedom had come their way, and they could apply for jobs and own lands, unlike during the previous year.

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In the early 1950s, Grizzle became a member of the Joint Labor Committee to Combat Racial Intolerance. He was also instrumental in leading groups to meet with provincial and federal leaders to discuss anti-discrimination legislation for Black Canadians.

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New Immigration Act was passed which allowed the denial of admission based on ethnicity, citizenship and different customs from whites.

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On 27 April 1954, Grizzle was part of the first delegation of Black Canadians to meet with members of the federal cabinet to discuss Canada’s discriminatory immigration practices.

A few years later, in 1959, Grizzle and another man, named Jack White, became the first Black Canadians to attempt to gain seats in the Ontario legislature.

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From this period, Mr. Grizzle was  hired as a clerk of the Ontario Labour Relations Board the first black to work at the Ontario Ministry of Labour. then in 1987 he was appointed as Citizenship Judge by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau. Was the first black Canadian citizenship judge.

Before, Grizzle worked as a porter for the CPR for 20 years. In that time, he also advocated and negotiated better working conditions for porters. He was elected president of the Toronto CPR division of the BSCP in 1946

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New immigration regulations were brought in which changed many ethnic-based restrictions. It was changed to help Canada's economic needs. People were assessed on various things such as education and skill. They would then allow those who were highly qualified.

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1967 - Creation of the Merit Point System 

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1967 - Creation of the Merit Point System 

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In 1967, the Canadien government introduced a system of admission based on merit points. Specifically, this system provided that immigration officials assess the independent and sponsored applicant on nine characteristics, with each feature being assigned a range of merit points. For instance, education and training were given a range of 0-20 merit points, motivation and initiative were given a range between 0-15 points, and the applicant's proficiency in the English and French language ranged between 0-10. Consequently, through the merit-point system, between 1967 and 1977, 1,592,013 immigrants entered Canada, and surprisingly, immigrant sponsorship doubled as a result of the system.

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1974 represented a new peak for immigrants coming to Canada. During this year, a total of 218, 465 persons arrived. Consequently, the massive spike in immigration caused grave concerns for the federal government. Most of these 218, 465 persons that immigrated to Canada came in cities including Toronto, Vancouver, and Montreal, resulting in their rapid growth, further causing population declines and work-power shortages across regions in Canada.

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On February 3rd, 1975, the Green Paper on Immigration was presented to the House of Commons, resulting in the Immigration Act of 1976 and its implementation in 1978. Under this act, the federal government associated immigration flows with economic needs and conditions, and even more so with the demographic needs of Canada. The point system was revised by reallocating point values to different categories, although the categories remain unchanged. Furthermore, a location factor was introduced, with applicants being able to gain 5 points if they are willing to locate to places that need work, and vice versa.

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In 1984, NDP MP Margaret Mitchell received a letter from an elderly man who had paid the Head Tax. Local Vancouver radio broadcaster Hanson Lau interviewed Mitchell on his show and invited other Head Tax survivors to register their claims at his station. There were 200,000 people who registered over several weeks. The $23 million that the Canadian government had collected decades earlier was estimated to be worth $1 billion when adjusted for inflation over the years. The campaign for redress, however, did not receive unanimous support from other survivors; some asserted that the Head Tax was the price that they had willingly paid in order to start a new life. Others pushed for more than an apology: They wanted restitution for suffering and for being singled out as undesirable because of their race.

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Sri Lankan Migrants Rescued Off Newfoundland by

Canadian fishing boats rescued over 150 Sri Lankan refugees off St. Shott’s, NL. The refugees were left in international waters by a smuggler. Without water, food or fuel, the refugees drifted for three days before being spotted. The rescue sparked a debate over how Canada approaches refugees, with some accusing the group of making false claims. In response to a string of similar events, the Mulroney government initiated a reform of the refugee system in 1988.

JANUARY 05, 1990

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After a period of proper negotiation, the prime minister and the president of the national association of Japanese- Canadians signed an agreement of the redress, which was later approved in the order of the council and announced in the Parliament. The compensation was as follows: payment of $21 00 tax-free for those affected by the war measures act and establishing a fund for community building. All these measures indicated that acknowledgment of justice was paramount. This also helped in rein establishment of citizenship as well as fighting racism, and this was achieved by creating the Canadian race relation foundation.

July 1988- war measures act was revoked and replaced with an emergency act. This act does not allow discriminatory emergency orders and allows the Parliament to override emergency orders of the government. It requires questioning the government's actions in an emergency and provides compensation to victims of government actions. They also called for a review of the war measures that no other person will experience or be subjected to that wrongdoing again.

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In 1992, for the first time in Canadian immigration history, more women were immigrating to the country than men. During 1992, 127,800 (50.5%) of immigrants were women while 125,042 (49.5%) were men. Consequently, this event contributed to a new picture of the immigrant, a pioneering female rather than a male.

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Four ships carrying 600 Chinese passengers come to Vancouver Island. The  Liberal immigration minister goes overboard with the rhetoric of snakeheads and human smuggling rings, at the same time 30, 000 asylum seekers arrive with a plane,  this indicates that people are jumping the immigration queue, and this makes it uncomfortable to the Canadian government since the rules and regulations must be followed. They have an actual independent tribunal that sorts out every immigrant from a genuine refugee or a terrorist from the civilians. The least of what the Canadian cabinet can do is not to sacrifice the credibility and that of the immigration and refugee board. The Canadians misused the life that God created since there was greedy and underrated humanity to be as cheap as dirt and that the ones who die are the people toiling for the ones resting.

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Prime Minister Stephen Harper offered a full apology to Chinese Canadians for the Head Tax and expressed his deepest sorrow for the subsequent exclusion of Chinese immigrants from 1923 until 1947.
"For over six decades, these malicious measures, aimed solely at the Chinese, were implemented with deliberation by the Canadian state," said the Prime Minister. "This was a grave injustice, and one we are morally obligated to acknowledge."
The Prime Minister stated that the Government of Canada will make symbolic ex-gratia payments to those who were required to pay the Head Tax and to the spouses of Head Tax payers who have since passed away. It will also establish a fund for community projects aimed at acknowledging the impact of past wartime measures and immigration restrictions on ethno-cultural communities.