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Is the connection of final sounds to initial sounds.

Glide Linking: Connection between vowels.

Examples:

✅ Too often
✅ Who is
✅ So I

Consonant-Vowel Linking: Connection between a consonant and  vowel.

Example:

✅ Turn off.

Consonant-Consonant Linking: Connection between consonants.

Example:

✅ Black door.

Stop-Affricate Linking: Connection between a stop and an affricate.

Example:

✅ Sick child.

Identical-Consonant Linking: Connection between two identical consonants.

Example:

✅ Hot tea.

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Learn and practice American English pronunciation. Items covered include vowels, consonants, syllables, consonant clusters, contractions, intonation, common reductions, ending sounds, voiced and voiceless sounds, linking, rhythm, and sound changes.

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One of two similar sounds in a word becomes less like the other.

Examples:

✅ Particular → Paticular.

✅ Governor → Govenor.

Progressive assimilation: It happens with plurals and regular past of on a syllable word /t/ /d/ /s/ /z/.

Example:

✅ Tape-s /teɪps/

Regressive assimilation: It happens when a sound is affected by another sound, changing the pronunciation. A nasal sound is joined with a bilabial sound. /n/

/ŋ/ /m/ + /p/ /b/ /m/ /w/.

Example:

✅ Te[n b]ikes.
m

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The 4 most important assimilations in English

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Is the omision of an unstressed vowel, consonant or syllable.

Apharesis: Delition of the first segment.

Example:

✅ Alone → Lone.

Syncope: Deletion of segments from the middle of a word or end of the syllable.

Example:

✅ Going to → Gonna.

Apocope: Seletion of last segments of a word.

Example:

✅ Photograph → Photo.

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When two or more consonants, often of a similar nature, come together, there is a tendency in English to simplify such a cluster by eliding one of them. The longer the cluster, the more of a chance there is of elision occurring.

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Is the addition of one or more sounds to a word.

Examples:

✅ Drawing → Drawring.

✅ Something → Somepthing.

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Sound Change - Epenthesis & Elision (part 3 of 5)

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Learn how sounds change over time in language. This series explores the basics of phonological change in the history of world languages. This third video covers epenthesis & elision. Epenthesis adds consonants (excrescence) or vowels (anaptyxis) to a word. Elision deletes sounds from the beginning (apheresis), middle (syncope) or end (apocope) of a word.

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Is the elimination of certain distinctive features of phonemes in certain environments.

The three nasal sounds /m, n, ŋ/ re neutrlizaed before each of the plosives /p, t, k/.

Examples:

✅ Lint
✅ Limp
✅ Link

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Is the elimination os a syllable when two consecutive identical or similar syllables occur.

Examples:

✅ Morphophonology →  Morphonology

✅ Mono nomial →  Monomial

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the English possessive ' s is not pronounced after the plural morpheme - s (e.g. John's reaction vs. the two cats' reactions). In Dutch, the noun-forming suffix - eling may attach to nouns, verbs and adjectives ( dorpeling 'villager', zuigeling 'infant', stommeling 'idiot').

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Gemination happens when  spoken consonant is pronounced for an audibly longer period of time than a short consonant.

Examples:

✅ Calm man [kɑːmˈmæn]

✅ This saddle [ðɪsˈsædəl]

✅ Orange juice [ˈɒrɨndʒ.dʒuːs]

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Two similar neighbouring consonants are reduced to one single consonant.

Example:

✅ In 'immature' /ɪməˈtʊr/: the double /m/ in the spelling is pronounced as a single /m/.

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One consonant becomes more like another.

Example:

✅Gog instead of Dog.

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Is the loss of nasal airflow in a nasal sound, such as a nasal consonant or a nasal vowel.

Example:

✅ Nut → Dut.

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The process by which a consonant that is usually voiced becomes devoice.

Example:

Verb        Noun
✅/biˈliv/ →  /biˈlif/

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In a comment on my post about Scilly place-names Glorios from South Korea asked some questions about English pronunciation. I promised to deal with them in another post. So here we go...

Glorios wrote:

my own finding is that for me when some voiced sounds come at the end of words or syllables, the sound of voiced sounds seem to get closer to the sound of its voiceless partners.

can you explain why and let me know the way to distinguish them.

Glorios is quite right, of course, but we can get a bit more specific than that. There is a process in English called devoicing. Some voiced sounds lose some or all of their vocal fold vibration in certain environments.

Question (1) Which sounds are affected? There are two different groups, which behave differently from one another. Group 1: Obstruent consonants /b d ɡ v ð z ʒ dʒ/ Group 2: approximant consonants /w r l j/.

Question (2) When do they lose their vocal fold vibration? For the Group 1 consonants to retain full voicing they must be surrounded by voiced sounds. If one of the Group 1 consonants is preceded by a voiceless sound or silence, or followed by a voiceless sound or silence, then some or all of its vocal fold vibration will be lost. Here are some examples of devoicing of Group 1 consonants with a phonemic and a phonetic transcription:

1. this boy /ðɪs bɔɪ/ [ð̥ɪs b̥ɔɪ]

2. my dog /maɪ dɒɡ/ [maɪ dɒɡ̊]

3. misbehave /mɪsbɪheɪv/ [mɪsb̥ɪheɪv̥]

4. She's so good /ʃiːz səʊ ɡʊd/ [ʃiːz̥ səʊ ɡʊd̥]

From the above we can learn a number of things:

Devoicing is indicated in a phonetic transcription by a small circle below the relevant symbol, or in the case of symbols with descenders, above it.

Devoicing can take place at the beginnings of words, at the ends of words, and in the middle of words.

Devoicing of Group 1 consonants is very frequent in English.

I'm going to leave the rest of the story for another day. Watch this space!

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In a comment on my post about Scilly place-names Glorios from South Korea asked some questions about English pronunciation. I promised to deal with them in another post. So here we go...

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Is the re-arranging of sounds or syllables in a word, or of words in a sentence.

Examples:

✅Desintregation instead of Desintegration.

✅Whipser instead of Whisper.

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Is the production of a sound while the velum is lowered, so that some air escapes through the nose during the production of the sound by the mouth.

Example:

✅ Bean [bl̃n]

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@indigomoth - People also just aren't able to tell what's going on with their own speech as easily as they might critique some other culture's speech, just because it's something they never have to really think about.

I certainly don't have any awareness of how English works in terms of phonetics. I mean, I can speak English as well as the next native speaker, but I don't know how it works in terms of mechanics. It just works.

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@indigomoth - People also just aren't able to tell what's going on with their own speech as easily as they might critique some other culture's speech, just because it's something they never have to really think about. I certainly don't have any awareness of how English works in terms of phonetics.

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When a sound, usually before a /j/ glide but often before a high front vowel, is moved closer to the palat.

Example:

✅ Miss you → Mishu.

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Palatalization generally refers to two phenomena:

1- As a process or the result of a process, the effect that front vowels and the palatal approximant /j/ frequently have on consonants;

2- As a phonetic description, the secondary articulation of consonants by which the body of the tongue is raised toward the hard palate during the articulation of the consonant. Such consonants are phonetically palatalized, and in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) they are indicated by a superscript /j/, as /tʲ/ or /tʃ/ for a palatalized /t/.

The second may be the result of the first, but they often differ. A vowel may "palatalize" a consonant (sense 1), but the result might not be a palatalized consonant in the phonetic sense (sense 2), or the phonetically palatalized (sense 2) consonant may occur irrespective of front vowels.

The term 'palatalization' denotes a phonological process by which consonants acquire secondary palatal articulation or shift their primary place towards or close to the palatal region. Palatalization is a type of consonant-vowel interactions.

English, in fact, has at least three kinds of alternations that fall under the general definition of palatalization processes.

The first process - called coronal palatalization involves an alternation between alveolars /t/, /d/, /s/, /z/ and palato-alveolars /tʃ/, /ʤ/, /ʃ/, and /ʒ/ as shown is (1).

The second process - called velar softening is exhibited by alternations between velar stops /k/ and /g/ and coronal fricatives or affricates /s/ and /ʤ/ respectively as shown in (2)

The third process - called spirantization exhibits alternations between the alveolar stop /t/ and the alveolar fricative /s/ (or /ʃ/ in conjunction with coronal palatalization). The latter segment occurs before suffixes with an unsyllabified /i/ as shown in (3).

Palatalization with /u:/ sound

In some words the palatal sound /j/ precedes the sound /u:/ for the combined pronunciation of /ju:/.

This happens when the vowel "u" is:

1- Word initial
2- Syllable initial after alveolar consonant "l", "n", "t", "d". The combination with "t" is /tʃ/, and with /d/ is /ʤ/.
3- After velar consonants "c" (when "c" has the /k/ sound) and "g", and labio-dental consonants "f" and "v".
4- After "h" and labial consonants "m". "p". and "b"

When "ue" or "ew" follow the digraphs "ch" and "cl" are pronounced /u:/.
Group 1: ue cl ue
Group 2: ew ch ew

The "ue" spelling is usually silent when it occurs at the end of a word and follows the letters "g", "ng", or "q" (examples include the words fatigue, tongue, and unique). An exception is the word argue, which ends in a long u sound.
Group 1: ue fatig ue, tong ue, uniq ue
Exception: arg ue

Palatalization with /ɚ/ sound

In some words the palatal sound /j/ or /w/ precedes the sound /ɚ/ for the combined pronunciations of:

This happens with vowels when:

1- A word is spelled with "oir" is pronounced /wɑɚ/, the "o" is /w/ and the "ir" is /ɑɚ/

2- A word is spelled with "ure" are preceded by /j/ sound for the combined pronunciation of /jɚ/)

3- A word spelled with "ur" are preceded by /j/ for the combined pronunciation of /juɚ/)

This happens with diphthongs when:

1- The diphthong sound changes to /aj/. In this group the palatal sound /aj/ precedes the sound /ɚ/ for the combined pronunciation of /ajɚ/.

2- The diphthong sound /aʊ/ changes to /aw/. In this group the sound /aw/ precedes the sound /ɚ/ for the combined pronunciation of /awɚ/

3- The diphthong sound changes to /oj/. + /ɚ/. In this group the sound /oj/ precedes the sound /ɚ/ for the combined pronunciation of /ojɚ/.

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Palatalization generally refers to two phenomena: 1- As a process or the result of a process, the effect that front vowels and the palatal approximant /j/ frequently have on consonants; 2- As a phonetic description, the secondary articulation of consonants by which the body of the tongue is raised toward the hard palate during the articulation of the consonant.

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A plosive sound (or stop) becomes a frictive in the same point of articulation.

Example:

✅ Don't you → Don chu.

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Segment becomes like another usually adjacent segment, in voicing.

Example:

✅ Have to → Hafta.

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When a vowel is unstressed syllables become schwa or similar short lax vowels.

Examples:

✅ Every /'ɛvri/
✅ Memory /ˈmɛməri/ ; /ˈmɛmri/

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General American English, or GAE, has a vowel inventory similar in many respects to that of Catalan. Like Catalan, GAE has the vowel phonemes /i e ɛ a ɔ o u/. In addition to these, GAE also has the high vowel phonemes /ɪ ʊ/, which Catalan does not have.