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The campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. He promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights.

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Eisenhower first coined this phrase when he warned American against it in his last State of the Union Address. He feared that the combined lobbying efforts of the armed services and industries that contracted with the military would lead to excessive Congressional spending.

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5. Eisenhower’s
administration and the CIA:

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5. Eisenhower’s
administration and the CIA:

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Iran-In 1953 the CIA helped overthrow a government in Iran that had tried to nationalize the holding of foreign oil companies which allowed the return of Reza Pahlavi as shah of Iran. He provided the West with favorable oil prices and made enormous purchases of American arms.

Guatemala -
Cuba

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4. U-2 spy plane incident-/ cancelled summit meeting between Eisenhower and Khrushchev

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4. U-2 spy plane incident-/ cancelled summit meeting between Eisenhower and Khrushchev

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The incident when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. The U.S. denied the true purpose of the plane at first, but was forced to when the U.S.S.R. produced the living pilot and the largely intact plane to validate their claim of being spied on aerially. The incident worsened East-West relations during the Cold War and was a great embarrassment for the United States.

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loss of industrial jobs
The domestic role became more popular. When men returned from WWII, women lost their jobs in industries again, as they were returned to men who originally held them. Women took on a more domestic role, seen commonly in 50s and 60s TV, advertisements, and pictures today that depicted women cooking and cleaning with their new durable consumer appliances. Opened the market for consumer goods again for the first time since before the Great Depression.

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A successful communist revolt in Cuba, lead by Castro, that overthrew President Batista in 1959, replacing him with Fidel Castro.

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The Fair Deal was an ambitious set of proposals put forward by U.S. President Harry S. Truman to Congress in his January 1949 State of the Union address. More generally the term characterizes the entire domestic agenda of the Truman administration, from 1945 to 1953.

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"The Iron-Curtain"-Winston Churchill. Divider of East and West Berlin. US airlifted supplies to east Berlin.

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As Suburbia increased more and more middle-class American were growing in prosperity. This created a need for symbolic consumer goods to show off middle-class status among Americans. Examples: Similar Housing, having 1-2 Cars, T.V., Nuclear Family became widely popular. Also religious conformity grew as church membership in suburbs grew.

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6. Jack Kerouac and the Beat movement
(Beatniks) / On the Road

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6. Jack Kerouac and the Beat movement
(Beatniks) / On the Road

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most eloquent expression of disenchantment with consumer culture; literary groups rebelled against materialistic society of 1950s
what middle class termed beat generation; dropouts from society; disapproval from mainstream America; nonconformists; demonstrated style of social protest

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US gov. response to Sputnik launching
Created to promote math, science, and technology education

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n "Army hearings" on tv, the nation could see McCarthy's style and attacks

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Candidates: John F. Kennedy-Democratic,
Richard M. Nixon-Republican,
Harry F. Byrd Democratic
Issues: -Democrats nominated Senator John Kennedy, the first Catholic to run for president since 1928
-Republicans selected Vice President Richard Nixon
-First televised presidential debates
-Kennedy won by less than 200,000 votes; allegations of voter fraud in Illinois and Texas not pursued
Results:

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Truman urged congress to enact national healthcare insurance

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9. Higher Education: became the american dream

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9. Higher Education: became the american dream

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growth and its impact
Grew due to the rapid growth of suburbs, public schools grew and a college education became the main goal for middle class children

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11. Betty
Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique (1963) 

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11. Betty
Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique (1963) 

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The Feminine Mystique:
Book published by Friedan and credited to fueling the second-wave feminsits movemnet focused on personal fulfillment

Role of women:
Rather than do what your expected to do, do what you want to do

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Establishment:
Founded in 1945 at the signing of the United Nations Charter by 50 countries , replacing the League of Nations (Which was founded in 1919).
Purpose:
To maintain international peace and security; to foster cooperation in solving international economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems; to promote respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms; to develop friendly relations among nations; and to be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations in attaining common goals
Location of headquarters:
New York, NY 10017
General Assembly:
It is the main global forum for discussing international political cooperation, threats to peace and economic development, as well as the huge range of social, humanitarian and cultural issues that come under the remit of the United Nation.
Security Council:
US, Russia, China, Britain, France are permanent members
Other ten are elected for 2 year terms.

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Culture: Suburban
Music: Black artists such as Ray Charles, Little Richard, and Chuck Berry influenced white artists such as Jerry Lee Lewis, Elvis Presley, and Buddy Holly
Society: Suburbs were becoming more common, became a consumer society

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The Lonely Crowd  (David Riesman),
criticized the people of the 50s who no longer made decisions based on morals, ethics and values; they were allowing society to tell them what was right and wrong.

Organization Man (William Whyte)
, Written by William Whyte; attacked the way businesses wanted every employee to be just like the others to keep any individual from dominating or being a threat
The Power Elite  (C. Wright Mills)
explored the collusion at the highest levels of the "military-industrial complex."
***all three criticize conformity

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- "Blue" and "White collar" workers:
Workers lived in the same neighborhoods
-"White-flight"- White people went to suburbs and so the cities were prominently black
Levittown- Houses made the looked the exact same, could be built extremely quickly

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AFL-CIO-In December 1955, the American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations ended their twenty-year rivalry and merged to create this, under the leadership of George Meany.
The Taft-Hartley Act-Condemned by Labor leaders as a "slave labor law". It outlawed the "closed" shop, made unions liable for damages that resulted from jurisdictional disputes among themselves, and required union leaders to take a non-communist oath.

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French loss at Dien Bien Phu; In 1946, war broke out between communist insurgents in North Vietnam, called the Viet Minh, and the French Colonial government. In the spring of 1954, the Viet Minh surrounded and destroyed the primary French fortress in North Vietnam at Dien Bien Phu. The defeat was so disastrous for the French that they decided to withdraw from Vietnam.
Geneva Accords agreement made in Switzerland after Dien Bien Phu, it said 1. French are out. 2.Vietnam seperated temporarily. 3. Elections held in 56 to determine govt of United Vietnam
17th parallel: where the Geneva Accord divided Vietnam; north of this latitude was communism, south of it was anti communism

Eisenhower’s support for Diem

and suspension of elections:

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Cuba (Bay of Pigs)

Eisenhower had the CIA train Cuban exiles to overthrow Castro

1961 JFK ok'd the mission to invade the "Bay of the Kings" but he canceled the air strike

Without the air strike, Castro was able to squash the invasion

JFK took full responsibility instead of pinning it on the Eisenhower administration but did not apologize for attempting a coup

Missile Crisis:

to protect Cuba from the US, the USSR built up nuclear weapons on Cuban copast pointed directly at US

1962 US planes discovered the Cuban Missiles and Kennedy chose to "quarantine" (blockade) Cuba to keep out new missiles and invade Cuba if USSR did not remove the missiles

lasted days before USSR removed nukes in Cuba and US removed nukes in Turkey

political victory for JFK and a "hot line" was established between US and USSR to improve communication

move from confrontation to negotiation

flexible response policy,

JFK' response to the Cold War

capability to respond to any problem in any way necessary

increased nuclear arsenal, army, air force

expanded covert ops w/ Green Berets

Alliance for Progress,
Really use to teach people in other countries about how awesome democracy is so that they support the US in the Cold War and avoid communism

Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty:
prohibited nuclear testing undersea, in air and in space. Only underground testing was permitted
hot line:

established between US and USSR to improve communication after Cuban Missile Crisis

situation in Vietnam,

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12. Eisenhower
administration’s close ties to business:  

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12. Eisenhower
administration’s close ties to business:  

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Candidates:
Nixon’s “Checkers” speech:
Election of 1952:
Results:

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National Security Council Report 68 (NSC-68) was a 58-page top secret policy paper by the United States National Security Council presented to President Harry S. Truman on April 14, 1950

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14. John Kenneth Galbraith and The Affluent Society

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14. John Kenneth Galbraith and The Affluent Society

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John Kenneth Galbraith's novel about America's post-war prosperity as a new phenomenon. Economy of scarcity --> economy of abundance.

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The Communist regime founded by Mao Zedong after he drove the Nationalists under Chiang Kai-shek out of China in 1949. The United States refused to recognize this regime until 30 years later in 1979 after Mao's fall from power. The Republicans blamed the Democrats was responsible for the "loss of China".

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legislation passed by Congress pertaining to education, unemployment compensation, loans for home building, and provisions for medical care of veterans.

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28. Dr. Benjamin Spock / Baby and Child Care

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28. Dr. Benjamin Spock / Baby and Child Care

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Wrote about a new method of parenting, focusing on the individual and less-strict parenting

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The explosion of marriages and births after the end of WWII that resulted in 50 million babies entering the U.S population between 1945 and 1960 due to younger marriages and larger families. The _____________ers would greatly affect the nation's social institutions and economic life later in the 20th century as they would grow up. It focused women's attention on raising children and homemaking, but the trend of more women in the workplace continued.

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movies,
theater,
literature:

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13. Federal Highway Act of 1956 (aka
Interstate Highway Act of 1956)

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13. Federal Highway Act of 1956 (aka
Interstate Highway Act of 1956)

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-Created 41,000 miles of highways to connect major cities in US
-Highways helped promote national defense, interstate trade, and vacation travel
-All funds were raised exclusively through gas, tire, and car taxes

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Red Scare:
Politicization of Cold War:
Factor leading to the growth of McCarthyism: In "Army hearings" on tv, the nation could see McCarthy's style and attacks
Accusations against State Dept. officials: Alger Hiss in the Sate Dept. was accused of being a USSR spy (the "pumpkin papers")
“Witch Hunt”: attempting to find any members of the government that could be affiliated with the communists
Army hearings: accused members of the army of having ties with the communists. These accusations displayed McCarthy's radicalism and eventually led to his downfall.
Censure: the senate on December 2, 1954 voted to quiet McCarthy following his fight in Congress to root out communists.

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brinksmanship: Brinkmanship was used first by the US Secretary John Foster Dulles during the Cold War regarding his policy against the Soviet Union. Dulles defined the policy of brinkmanship as "the ability to get to the verge without getting into the war". His critics blamed him for damaging relations with communist states and contributing to the Cold War.
massive retaliation:  U.S. would respond to military provocation "at places and with means of our own choosing." This was interpreted to mean that the U.S. could respond to any foreign challenge with nuclear weapons.
domino theory:
Dulles and the rollback of communism:
arms race:
Soviet launching of Sputnik and results: Led to fears that USSR was leading the race, the US sped up its plans to build ICBM's and IRBM Submarines, led to fears that America was growing soft and was losing its competitive edge and work ethic, US responded with National Aeronautics and Space Administration and National Defense Education Act

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origin: The Korean War began in 1950 when the Soviet-backed North Koreans invaded South Korea before meeting a counter-offensive by UN Forces, dominated by the United States. The war ended in stalemate in 1953. (938)

UN “police action":
President Truman received permission from the United Nations (UN) before sending US troops to fight in Korea. The UN Security Council authorized US intervention to stop the communist North's aggression. The US congress, however, never actually declared "war" so the conflict was called a "military police action."

MacArthur: commander in chief of US forces in the Pacific Theater of operations, Left the Philipines vowing "I shall return" during the Korean War, however, was fired for insubordination.
Pusan Perimeter- tip of the Korean peninsula where the South Koreans were stuck before MacArthur came
Inchon-  city MacArthur attacked to help South Koreans
Chinese intervention- China said that they would not sit by if troops came towards their borders. Sure enough, Chinese volunteers fell upon MacArthurs troops after they invaded north Korea and advanced nearly to the border.

Truman’s firing of MacArthur:
armistice:

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27. House Un-American Activities Committee
(HUAC) / Hollywood Ten Case

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27. House Un-American Activities Committee
(HUAC) / Hollywood Ten Case

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Anti-Communist investigation

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26. Whitaker Chambers and Alger Hiss spy case:

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26. Whitaker Chambers and Alger Hiss spy case:

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role of Nixon: Prosecutor on the trial, convicted Hiss. publicity helped launch his political career, led him to eventually become VP then President.
Whittaker Chambers: witness in the Alger Hiss trial, initially accused Hiss of being a communist.
Alger Hiss: accused of being a communist spy and giving classified documents (the Pumpkin Papers) to the Soviets

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private businesses:

unions:

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Enacted in 1947, the Taft-Hartley Act placed limitations on the powers and activities of labor unions.

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A United States federal law that required the registration of Communist organizations with the Attorney General in the United States and established the Subversive Activities Control Board to investigate persons suspected of engaging in subversive activities or otherwise promoting the establishment of a "totalitarian dictatorship," fascist or communist. Allows for the detention of dangerous, disloyal, or subversive persons in times of war or "internal security emergency".

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Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were American citizens who allegedly spied for the Soviet Union and were executed for conspiracy to commit espionage, and passing information about the atomic bomb to the Soviets.

- The case aroused much controversy. Many claimed that the political climate made a fair trial impossible and that the only evidence had come from a confessed spy; others questioned the value of the information transmitted to the Soviet Union and argued that the death penalty was too severe. Communists in the United States and abroad organized a campaign to save the Rosenbergs and received the support of many liberals and religious leaders.

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National Security Council: . coordinate the making of the foreign policy in the Cold War
Central Intelligence Agency: Created by Eisenhower to try and get rid of communism
Department of Defense:

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Employment Act of 1946. The Employment Act of 1946 created a 3-member Council of Economic Advisers to advise the president on policies regarding employment, production, and purchasing power.

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35. Return
to prosperity / economic boom:  

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35. Return
to prosperity / economic boom:  

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High levels of productivity continued after the war. New industries that came from or were expanded during the time of war such as television and commercial aviation flourished. The Marshall Plan helped stimulate the global economy. The growth in popularity of labor unions in this period also helped increase production.

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Blockade: The Soviet Union attempted to limit the ability of France, Great Britain and the U.S to travel only to their areas of Berlin.
Airlift:
Truman sent United States aircrafts to drop necessities to Germans on the east side of the wall.

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48. Inflation and strikes (postwar problems)

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48. Inflation and strikes (postwar problems)

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*Inflation was the nations #1 problem after the war.*

There were so many strikes after the war, because of the staggering increase in the cost of living after WWII, as well as the end of wartime bonuses and overtime. Organized labor demanded higher wages and went on strikes when employers refused.

President Truman threaten to draft workers who struck vital industries in order to try and stop the strikes.

In the mid-term election of 1946 Republicans captured twenty-five governorships and won control of congress. This reflected public discontent with inflation, strikes and shortages.

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Reasons for fragmenting of Four candidates (Democrat, Republican, Dixiecrat Progressive): Harry S. Truman was the democratic nominee and won the election by the skin of his teeth. Thomas E. Dewey was the Republican nominee and almost won and was predicted to win. The Dixiecrat Strom Thurmond won only a few southern states. The progressive party's nominee was Henry A. Wallace.
Reasons for fragmenting of the Democratic Party: The southern Dixiecrats split from the Democratic Party because the wanted increased states rights.

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The Soviets response to NATO, to counter buildup of NATO defenses.
Collective defense treaty between USSR and seven Soviet "satellite' states: Albania,Bulgaria,  Czechoslovakia, the German Democratic Republic (East Germany),Hungary, Poland and  Romania.

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The Marshall Plan offered billions of U.S dollars to help Europe recover after WWII and boost American trade. The economic portion of Containment
-Offered aid to help Europe recover
-Industry revived and western Europe became a bonanza for US trade and consumer goods
-The communist threat ended

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Pledged the U.S to provide collective security  for democratic nations.
Members: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal and the United States
Goals:
- to prevent nuclear war
- defend member nations against the large number of troops in pro-communist countries
- U.S. wanted to maintain a presence in Europe, to prevent a resurgence of military nationalism and foster political union
-Formed in response to Berlin Blockade

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Heavily Important in the 1960 election. Nixon was well-known, but TV debates swayed undecided voters to Kennedy cus he was cute.
-New entertainment created. Sitcoms (I love Lucy), Live Music on TV's(Elvis)

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Truman’s Domestic Agenda
Programs: National Mental Health Act, Federal Railroad Disability Insurance program
Proposals: Minimum wage, guaranteed employment, medical insurance, housing aid, and benfits for veterans, increased aid to farmers, revesion of the tax system.

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end of WWII in Europe, tensions were high between the US and the USSR over reconstruction and power in Europe.

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The Truman Doctrine offered U.S. assistance to any nation threatened by communism
Greece and Turkey- When the British announced that they would no longer longer provide military and economic assistance to the Greek Government in its civil war against the Greek Communist Party, Truman asked Congress to support the Greek Government against the Communists and asked Congress to provide assistance for Turkey as well, since that nation, too, had previously been dependent on British aid. Truman knew that getting involved would go against the american belief of isolationism yet we reminded everyone that America needed to defend freedom and democracy.

-Committed to stopping the spread of communism
-Viewed by Soviet Union as an informal declaration of a Cold War
-Offered US assistance to any nation threatened by communism

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Winston Churchill's speech brought Britain and the U.S. closer in their relationship and Churchill also condemns the Soviets policies and claims that the iron curtain has descended, which means that the imaginary line used by the soviets to block out all non-communist nations no longer exists.

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In one of the most famous orations of the Cold War period, former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill condemns the Soviet Union's policies in Europe and declares, "From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent." Churchill's speech is considered one of the opening volleys announcing the beginning of the Cold War.

Churchill, who had been defeated for re-election as prime minister in 1945, was invited to Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri where he gave this speech. President Harry S. Truman joined Churchill on the platform and listened intently to his speech. Churchill began by praising the United States, which he declared stood "at the pinnacle of world power." It soon became clear that a primary purpose of his talk was to argue for an even closer "special relationship" between the United States and Great Britain-the great powers of the "English-speaking world"-in organizing and policing the postwar world. In particular, he warned against the expansionistic policies of the Soviet Union. In addition to the "iron curtain" that had descended across Eastern Europe, Churchill spoke of "communist fifth columns" that were operating throughout western and southern Europe. Drawing parallels with the disastrous appeasement of Hitler prior to World War II, Churchill advised that in dealing with the Soviets there was "nothing which they admire so much as strength, and there is nothing for which they have less respect than for military weakness."

Truman and many other U.S. officials warmly received the speech. Already they had decided that the Soviet Union was bent on expansion and only a tough stance would deter the Russians. Churchill's "iron curtain" phrase immediately entered the official vocabulary of the Cold War. U.S. officials were less enthusiastic about Churchill's call for a "special relationship" between the United States and Great Britain. While they viewed the English as valuable allies in the Cold War, they were also well aware that Britain's power was on the wane and had no intention of being used as pawns to help support the crumbling British empire. In the Soviet Union, Russian leader Joseph Stalin denounced the speech as "war mongering," and referred to Churchill's comments about the "English-speaking world" as imperialist "racism." The British, Americans, and Russians-allies against Hitler less than a year before the speech-were drawing the battle lines of the Cold War.

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In one of the most famous orations of the Cold War period, former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill condemns the Soviet Union's policies in Europe and declares, "From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent."

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Mr. X article (George Kennan):
-“The Sources of Soviet Conduct” in the magazine Foreign Affairs
-The state department official, George Kennan, anonymously designated himself as "Mr. X" and wrote an article for the call of containment
-Established the basis for the Cold War foreign policy
-Gave a massive impact to the U.S
-Coined the term "containment"

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State Department official George Kennan, using the pseudonym "Mr. X," publishes an article entitled "The Sources of Soviet Conduct" in the July edition of Foreign Affairs. The article focused on Kennan's call for a policy of containment toward the Soviet Union and established the foundation for much of America's early Cold War foreign policy.

In February 1946, Kennan, then serving as the U.S. charge d'affaires in Moscow, wrote his famous "long telegram" to the Department of State. In the missive, he condemned the communist leadership of the Soviet Union and called on the United States to forcefully resist Russian expansion. Encouraged by friends and colleagues, Kennan refined the telegram into an article, "The Sources of Soviet Conduct," and secured its publication in the July edition of Foreign Affairs. Kennan signed the article "Mr. X" to avoid any charge that he was presenting official U.S. government policy, but nearly everyone in the Department of State and White House recognized the piece as Kennan's work. In the article, Kennan explained that the Soviet Union's leaders were determined to spread the communist doctrine around the world, but were also extremely patient and pragmatic in pursuing such expansion.

In the "face of superior force," Kennan said, the Russians would retreat and wait for a more propitious moment. The West, however, should not be lulled into complacency by temporary Soviet setbacks. Soviet foreign policy, Kennan claimed, "is a fluid stream which moves constantly, wherever it is permitted to move, toward a given goal." In terms of U.S. foreign policy, Kennan's advice was clear: "The main element of any United States policy toward the Soviet Union must be that of a long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies."

Kennan's article created a sensation in the United States, and the term "containment" instantly entered the Cold War lexicon. The administration of President Harry S. Truman embraced Kennan's philosophy, and in the next few years attempted to "contain" Soviet expansion through a variety of programs, including the establishment of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949. Kennan's star rose quickly in the Department of State and in 1952 he was named U.S. ambassador to Russia. By the 1960s, with the United States hopelessly mired in the Vietnam War, Kennan began to question some of his own basic assumptions in the "Mr. X" article and became a vocal critic of U.S. involvement in Vietnam. In particular, he criticized U.S. policymakers during the 1950s and 1960s for putting too much emphasis on the military containment of the Soviet Union, rather than on political and economic programs.

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"Mr. X" article appears in Foreign Affairs - Jul 01, 1947 - HISTORY.com

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State Department official George Kennan, using the pseudonym "Mr. X," publishes an article entitled "The Sources of Soviet Conduct" in the July edition of Foreign Affairs. The article focused on Kennan's call for a policy of containment toward the Soviet Union and established the foundation for much of America's early Cold War foreign policy.