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Update financial plan every year
Meet with a financial planner around age 30
Meet with financial advisor yearly
Use retirement calculator

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Photo credit: © iStock/stevecoleimages

For a working person, the golden years of retirement can be both easy and difficult to imagine. We may fantasize about international adventures or beachside escapes, but rarely do we lay the groundwork for realizing our retirement dreams financially. There are, after all, more immediate concerns: job, kids, mortgage payments, car payments - the list goes on. Amid this daily grind, it's easy to put retirement savings on the back burner, especially when it's 15, 20 or 30 years off. Indeed, surveys have repeatedly shown that the average American retirement savings is too low and that significant numbers of Americans in their 30s, 40s and even 50s have no retirement savings at all.
Do you need help planning for your retirement? Find a financial advisor near you with our free online matching tool, or call 1-888-217-4199.

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Needless to say, the save-nothing approach is not recommended. At its best, retirement is a time when the stresses of years one through sixty-five (or so) fade, leaving room for relaxation, delectation and grandchildren. If money is scarce, however, financial anxiety could crowd these pleasures out. Want to know how to retire comfortably? Start saving.

On the other hand, just as it's unwise to save nothing at all, it's unrealistic to try and save every penny that isn't already dedicated to paying bills or buying groceries. For most retirees, there are other sources of retirement income besides savings, Social Security being chief among them. The common assumption is that some savings, in addition to Social Security and a less expensive lifestyle (no more kids in the house, no more commuting costs) will all add up to financial security in our sunset years. To put it another way: it's common to assume that if we save in good faith, things will work themselves out. For some, that may turn out to be true, but such success stories are more a result of good luck than a sound retirement strategy.

That phrase - sound retirement strategy - is where many of us lose interest. It is loaded with negative connotations: expensive investment advisors, large stacks of documents and complex spreadsheets, to name a few. But a sound retirement savings plan doesn't have to be complicated. It can be boiled down to one simple question: How much do I need to save to retire? By putting away a percentage of your income every month from now until you retire, you can do away with the financial anxieties far too many seniors find themselves facing. A retirement calculator can help.

How Much Do I Need to Retire?

To figure out exactly what it will take to retire in comfort, it's important to consider what kind of lifestyle you expect to lead in retirement. Do you hope to travel? To Paris, or someplace a little cheaper? How often do you want to eat out? Go to the movies? The beach? Do you want to move closer to the beach? The grandchildren? These questions may seem trivial now, but they can help give you an idea about the income you'll need in the future. If you're set on seeing the Eiffel tower, the Pyramids at Giza and the Taj Mahal, you're going to need a sizeable nest egg to draw upon. On the other hand, if you expect to live a rather low-key lifestyle, with far fewer expenses than you currently have, you won't need to save quite as much.

How much have I saved thus far?

How many years until I retire?

What's my annual income (and how much of that do I want to replace)?

The important thing is to be realistic. Don't shortchange your future self by assuming you can live off of canned tuna and scrambled eggs. While some costs will likely go down in retirement, others may go up. Specifically healthcare costs are likely to rise in retirement. So it's best to have a cushion for unpredictable costs like that. Plus, retirement is your reward for decades of hard work: treat yourself accordingly.

Saving for Retirement: Where Are You Now?

Whether you plan to live lavishly or frugally, you'll need to have a certain amount of money saved by the time you retire. Think of this figure as a mountain summit, reachable by several different paths. If you've done everything right so far, that summit is still in plain view; you've followed the most direct and least difficult path, and all you need to do is continue on in the same direction. If, however, your savings aren't where they should be, it's as if you've wandered in the wrong direction-you'll need to recalibrate and start climbing in order to reach the summit.

To determine your current financial coordinates, you need to answer three questions:

The answers to those questions will determine how much work you have to do to reach that mountaintop. If you've saved plenty and you're still young, great-you're well on your way. If you've saved nothing and your sixties are just around the corner, not so much. Let's check out some examples using our retirement calculator to see how this works in reality.

Starting Early

Let's begin with a best case scenario: you're 25, and you've only been working a few years before you decide to get smart about your retirement. You live in a mid-sized city, let's say Tulsa (Oklahoma!) where you earn $45,000 per year. You currently have $5,000 in your savings account, and by saving $100 per month you manage to put another $5,000 in your 401(k). Your employer has promised to match 100% of your contributions to the retirement savings account, up to 5% of your total income.

After thinking it over, you decide that you would be comfortable living a lifestyle similar to your current one in retirement. Assuming a rate of return on your investments around 4%, you would have to save about $176 per month from now until you turn 67 to retire comfortably. Not bad! If you continue on your current path, however, you'll be over $260,000 short of your retirement goal when the time comes.

Getting an early start on retirement savings can make a big difference in the long run. By saving an extra $76 per month, the 25 year old in the example above can close the $265,261 shortfall projected by SmartAsset's retirement calculator.

Ample Funds

Let's try another one. You've just turned 40, and it suddenly dawns on you that you've not been focusing on your eventual retirement. Fortunately, you've been able to put away some solid savings over the years: you've got $25,000 in the bank and another $12,000 stored in a traditional IRA. You now live in Pittsburgh, where you earn $75,000 per year.

Now that you're older and wiser, you're a little bit more optimistic about your investments, and so you assume a 5% annual return. You also plan on living fairly modestly once you retire, and think your budget will be a bit trimmer than it is today. Under this scenario, you'd only have to save about 7.5% of your income, or about $469 per month, from now until your 67th birthday - less than you are already saving!

The Pittsburgh resident in the example above is right on track for a happy retirement. SmartAsset's retirement calculator projects she'll have a savings surplus if she stays on her current course.

A Little Late

You're 54 and you've saved sporadically over the course of your career. All told, you've got $50,000 in savings, most of it in your bank account, and because of your laissez faire attitude toward your investments, you don't expect to ever earn more than 4%. As a talent agent in Los Angeles, you're self-employed and have never bothered to set up a retirement account. You make $100,000 and your spouse makes $70,000 for a total of $170,000 a year, and you've already agreed that you will both keep working until you hit 70.

When you do retire, however, you're going to live lavishly-smoked salmon for breakfast, choice cuts of steak for dinner. Bad news: to pull all of that off, you'll need to save $2,907 every month from now until you retire. That's about 20% of your monthly income. Compare that to the 5% per month you've been saving up until now. If you stay on that course, you'll have a savings shortfall of $660,000 when you retire.

The Los Angeles couple in the example above put off the important retirement decisions for too long. SmartAsset's retirement calculator projects a retirement shortfall of $660,118 if they don't ramp up the savings ASAP.

The Best Laid Plans

In the above scenarios, our hypothetical subjects kept their savings in one of a variety of retirement savings options, in either a savings account, a 401(k) or a traditional IRA. There are many ways you can invest the money you set aside for retirement, depending on your goals. The rate of return your money earns depends on the risk you are willing to take on, the success of your particular investment strategy and, to a certain extent, luck. For example, an economic downturn can hurt your investments, at least in the short run. So too can changes in the inflation rate, and other economic events.

All of which is to say: the unexpected can happen, and often does. The best you can do is to develop a solid plan based on the information you have now. Don't let retirement savings statistics get you down. A retirement calculator can help you see how you are doing so far and what you need to change to make your retirement goals. By setting goals and meeting them, you give yourself the opportunity for a rich and rewarding retirement.

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Best Retirement Calculator (2020) - See How Much You'll Need - SmartAsset

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For a working person, the golden years of retirement can be both easy and difficult to imagine. We may fantasize about international adventures or beachside escapes, but rarely do we lay the groundwork for realizing our retirement dreams financially. There are, after all, more immediate concerns: job, kids, mortgage payments, car payments - the list goes on.

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Work for as long as I can (at least full retirement age of 67) to collect full social security benefits
Depend on investments, 401k, IRA Roth, and social security for retirement
Pay off medical school debt within 5 years of graduation

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You can start receiving your Social Security retirement benefits as early as age 62. However, you are entitled to full benefits when you reach your full retirement age. If you delay taking your benefits from your full retirement age up to age 70, your benefit amount will increase.

If you start receiving benefits early, your benefits are reduced a small percent for each month before your full retirement age.

To find out how much your benefit will be reduced if you begin receiving benefits from age 62 up to your full retirement age, use the chart below and select your year of birth. This example is based on an estimated monthly benefit of $1000 at full retirement age.

Full Retirement and Age 62 Benefit By Year Of Birth

A $1000 retirement benefit would be reduced to

The retirement benefit is reduced by

A $500 spouse's benefit would be reduced to

The spouse's benefit is reduced by

1. If you were born on January 1st, you should refer to the previous year.

2. If you were born on the 1st of the month, we figure your benefit (and your full retirement age) as if your birthday was in the previous month. If you were born on January 1st, we figure your benefit (and your full retirement age) as if your birthday was in December of the previous year.

3. You must be at least 62 for the entire month to receive benefits.

4. Percentages are approximate due to rounding.

5. The maximum benefit for the spouse is 50 percent of the benefit the worker would receive at full retirement age. The percent reduction for the spouse should be applied after the automatic 50 percent reduction. Percentages are approximate due to rounding.

Before You Make Your Decision

There are advantages and disadvantages to taking your benefit before your full retirement age. The advantage is that you collect benefits for a longer period of time. The disadvantage is your benefit will be reduced. Each person's situation is different. It is important to remember:

If you delay your benefits until after full retirement age, you will be eligible for delayed retirement credits that would increase your monthly benefit.

That there are other things to consider when making the decision about when to begin receiving your retirement benefits.

If you decide to delay your benefits until after age 65, you should still apply for Medicare benefits within three months of your 65th birthday. If you wait longer, your Medicare medical insurance (Part B) and prescription drug coverage (Part D) may cost you more money.

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Benefits Planner: Retirement | Retirement Age and Benefit Reduction | SSA

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When considering early retirement, it is important to understand that starting retirement benefits early will reduce your benefit. Use the Retirement age chart to determine your reduction if you begin receiving benefits before your full retirement age.

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Work with a financial counselor to pay off student loans
Work with a financial planner
Choose a life insurance policy

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Develop plan for paying off student loans
Emergency fund of at least one year's living expenses
Pay off mortgage before retiring
529 plans for future children

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Introduction

Medical school student debt is a burden that follows many physicians well into their career. Fortunately, there are sound financial strategies that can help you pay your debt off more quickly and reduce the overall amount you'll end up paying. This guide will help you:

1. Understand your options

2. Learn how other physicians are paying off debt

3. Know when and where to get help

How does your debt compare?

Most physicians finish residency with more than $150,000 in medical school student loans, and nearly half (48%) say they owe more than $200,000. It's not uncommon for new doctors to carry student loan debt of $300,000 or more.

A 2019 medical school debt survey conducted by Weatherby Healthcare produced similar findings. Of the physicians surveyed who were still carrying medical school debt, 49% said they still owed more than $200,000, and 32% had more than $250,000 in medical school debt remaining.

How much medical school debt do you have remaining?

Most (59%) expect to be paying off their loans for at least more six years, and 34% believe it will be more than 10 years before their medical school debt is eliminated.

When do you expect to have paid off all medical school debt?

However, the survey's finding also shed a ray of hope for those physicians who are aggressive in their debt repayment strategies. Of the respondents who had already paid off their medical school loans (35%), a majority were able to do so relatively quickly. Nearly three-quarters (74%) were medical school debt-free in five years or less, while 47% had paid off their loans in two years or less.
Read the full Weatherby Healthcare 2019 medical school debt report
Understanding your medical school debt repayment options

Every physician's circumstances are unique and there are many different ways to eliminate medical school debt. Which strategy is best for you will depend on factors such as:

Here's a summary of the most common repayment options along with insights on when and why you should consider them.

Federal student loan consolidation

If you have multiple federal loans, it may be helpful to consolidate them. However, it's not a requirement.

Usually, you only need to consolidate your loans if you plan to pursue Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF). Even then, you're not required in all circumstances to consolidate your loans to qualify for PSLF. However, it may be a good idea to consolidate your loans right out of medical school for a few reasons:

1. It will automatically convert all federal loans to a qualified loan type that will work for all forgiveness and income-driven programs, including PSLF.

2. It allows you to choose the loan servicer

Jan Miller, president of Miller Student Loan Consulting, cautions against consolidating if you are an attending physician and have already been making qualified payments.

"If you're three or four years into your career, and you've already been making qualified payments, you want to pause before you consolidate," Miller says. "By consolidating, you may cancel your qualified payments and have to start from scratch."

If you consolidate with the intent to pursue Public Service Loan Forgiveness, Miller recommends choosing FedLoan as the loan servicer. "There are a dozen loan servicers who manage the debt but only one of them actually administers the Public Service Loan Forgiveness Program and that's FedLoan," he says. "You can still be in Public Service Loan Forgiveness with any of the other loan servicers, but you will have to report your qualified payments to FedLoan, so why not cut out the middleman?"

Private loan refinancing

If Public Service Loan Forgiveness isn't your preferred option, refinancing with a private lender like SoFi or CommonBond may be a better choice. Refinancing with a private lender means changing your federal loans into a bank loan with a lower rate and/or better repayment terms.

If private loan refinancing makes sense, you can apply for loan forbearance during residency and refinance once you become an attending physician. This means you won't have to make payments while your earnings are low during residency, and you'll have more favorable terms when your income is higher as an attending.

This option is attractive to many physicians because it's a simple, easy approach. You just apply for deferment once a year and then refinance when you're ready. You pay the loan off just like you would your house or your car.

Refinancing makes sense when you expect to have a high income as an attending. "If your annual income is going to be 70% or more of the amount of debt, then it's a good solution," Miller says. "Especially if you have a strong debt-to-income ratio."

Another advantage of private loans is they can also be refinanced more than once during the lifetime of the loan.

Joy Sorensen Navarre, president and founder of Navigate, a consulting firm that specializes in medical student debt, recommends reviewing your loans annually. "Some physicians think you can only refinance once and then you're stuck - but you're not," Navarre says. "Interest rates are changing every month, so it's a best practice to shop for interest rates on an annual basis, even if you've already refinanced. Interest rates may have dropped or your financial underwriting as an attending might be stronger and you can qualify for a better interest rate."

Public Service Loan Forgiveness

Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF) is a good option if you plan to stay in the nonprofit world working for a hospital or university once you become an attending physician. This federal program forgives the remaining loan balance tax free after 10 years of service of working full-time for a qualified employer. PSLF is not an option if you plan to work for a private practice or a for-profit group.

The total savings can be significant, especially if you have a higher student loan balance. However, for physicians with lower student debt, it may not be the best option.

"Your qualified payment total is going to land somewhere between $100,000 and $200,000 typically, so if you don't have any more debt than that, it doesn't make sense to do it," Miller says. You can estimate your total loan cost under PSLF by multiplying the qualified payment amount by 120 (the number of required monthly payments over 10 years of service).

In addition to working full-time for a qualified employer, you must have PSLF-qualified Direct Loans and be enrolled in an income-driven repayment program that will determine your qualified payments.

The most common income-driven programs are:

Revised Pay As You Earn Repayment Plan (REPAYE Plan)

Pay As You Earn Repayment Plan (PAYE Plan)

Income-Based Repayment Plan (IBR Plan)

Income-Contingent Repayment Plan (ICR Plan)

Deciding which of the four income-driven programs to use depends on your situation, according to Miller. "Whether or not you're married, whether or not your spouse has student loans themselves, and how old your loans are can all affect your decision," Miller says. "Not all programs are available for all people, not all programs are suitable for all people, and there's no one-size-fits-all solution."

An experienced student loan consultant can help you select the right program for your individual needs and circumstances.

Income-driven plans

Whether or not you qualify for Public Service Loan Forgiveness, you can still enroll in an income-driven plan. These plans will forgive the remaining balance after 20 or 25 years, depending on the plan, and your payment size depends on your debt-to-income ratio.

If your income is lower compared to your debt, an income-drive plan is a good option. For example, if you make $150,000-$175,000 and you owe $500,000, income-driven plans will often outperform even the best refinance despite the cost of the forgiveness tax you will pay at the end of the program.

"As a general rule, anybody who owes twice what their attending yearly salary is or more is a good candidate," Miller says. "You will likely save more money in one of the income-driven programs than you would if you were to just to pay it off outright."

However, when your income is high compared to your debt - for example, if you owe $300,000 and you will make $300,000 as an attending - you will be able to pay off the loan before you ever receive any forgiveness, so a refinance may be a better option.

Unlike the PSLF program, income-driven plans do not forgive your remaining loan balance tax free at the end of the program, so make sure to reserve a portion of your income to pay taxes at the end of the program.

"With a higher starting loan balance, you will still come out ahead even with the taxes, because of the lower cumulative payments," Miller says. "You may only pay a couple of hundred thousand out of pocket and then a tax payment of another hundred thousand or so - that's still only $300,000 on a $400,000 loan. No refinance could ever beat that."

Medical school debt repayment strategies

With so many options, your repayment strategy should be determined by your individual situation and career priorities. Here are four medical school debt repayment strategies to consider when evaluating your options.

Strategy 1: Keep debt payments low and invest the difference

Using an income-driven plan is a way to keep your payments low so you can have increased cash flow for other priorities.

For example, a pediatrician expects to earn $175,000 per year as an attending and has a loan balance of $400,000. In full repayment, a $400,000 loan will yield a payment of between $3,500 and $5,000 per month depending on the interest rate and how long it takes to pay off the loan. An income-driven plan will lower the payments to the low $1,000s, which frees up $3,000 per month that can be used toward other financial objectives, such as paying off other debt, contributing to retirement savings, or investing.

"If you use the programs smartly, you can take advantage of the lowest payment in the income-driven plan. Don't pay a dime extra and instead take the extra cash flow and move it and invest it," Miller says. "As long as you hedge against the taxes at the end, you could put yourself in a very nice position. It usually only takes a few hundred dollars a month to prepare for the tax costs. That still leaves you a lot of extra cash to move elsewhere, especially if you've got a strong return."

Strategy 2: Work locum tenens or per diem and make higher loan payments

A strategy employed by many early career physicians is to work locum tenens or per diem shifts and apply the extra earnings toward paying off student loans more quickly.

Dr. Gary Trewick

Dr. Gary Trewick, a hospitalist specializing in internal medicine, started out with over $500,000 in student loan debt and paid off all but about $70,000 in three years by working locum tenens full-time.

"I had multiple recruiters working on my behalf at all times, maximizing the number of days I could work in a month without burning myself out," Dr. Trewick says. "And always taking the highest rate, within reason, I could achieve."

Dr. Trewick worked about 20 days a month, compared to the typical 14-16 days per month most hospitalists work.

Dr. Bankim Patel, a hospitalist who graduated in June of 2018, decided to work locum tenens initially as well. "I realized I can set a goal for myself and pay down my student debt between one to two years after graduating rather than waiting out the 10-20 years," Dr. Patel says.

He plans on doing locums work for a year or two and then start looking for a permanent job. "For where I am in my career and at my age, I think maximizing my flexibility and my opportunity and the financial return, locums is the best thing for I would say the next one or two years at least," he says.

Dr. Melissa Macaraeg, a pediatrician, initially considered doing Public Service Loan Forgiveness, but ultimately opted to do locum tenens and per diem work instead. "The hardest part about PSLF was that it had to be a perm job, and I was just really tired after residency - a little burned out. I could earn more as a per diem and locums. It would come with more responsibility, but I could pay it off that way quicker than I could do with the PSLF. Paying off $200,000 is a lot of money, but nothing is going to come second to my own mental health."

Strategy 3: Wait to refinance until you're sure of your plan

It's common for physicians to make irreversible mistakes during the transition stage when they are still planning out their career path. Once you refinance federal student loans with a private lender, you close the door on loan forgiveness options.

"Two-thirds of the healthcare systems in the U.S. employ doctors who would qualify for Public Service Loan Forgiveness," Joy Navarre says. "A physician who's working locum tenens, for example, still has the door open for that 10-year program of Public Service Loan Forgiveness. They might be tempted to refinance their loans, but that would be a mistake because they're going to pay twice as much on their student loans than if they waited and kept the door open for Public Service Loan Forgiveness."

Jan Miller agrees: "Make sure you get some advice first before you refinance. Once you refinance you've forfeited all federal programs forever. You have a loan with a bank and that's the end of it. You always want to put yourself in a good position in case nonprofit work comes up that you can take advantage of. You never know where life is going to take you, including your medical career."

Strategy 4: Live modestly until loans are paid off

Dr. Ashita Gehlot and her husband, Dr. Hevil Shah, are both physicians. She's an OB/GYN and he is a neonatologist. Carrying medical school debt for two physicians is a huge burden, but the couple focused on paying down their loans as quickly as possible by living modestly for the first few years of their career.

"We were really able to hit our loans hard and probably next year we're both going to be clean slate for everything," Dr. Ashita Gehlot says.

She admits the temptation is there to live a more extravagant lifestyle, but having a plan in place has helped them achieve their goals. "Once we laid everything out and put pen to paper and looked at what our assets were, it made us realize that the faster that this burden was lifted the better."

Good communication and a willingness to negotiate are critical for this approach to be successful, Gehlot asserts. "You've got to be brutally honest in this conversation," she says. "But be kind to each other when you're talking about money. You don't have to be mean, because everybody has needs and sometimes what one person thinks is important may not be what you think is important. Keep your ears and eyes open and learn to adapt and learn to negotiate."

Dr. Hevil Shah (left) and Dr. Ashita Gehlot (right)

Dr. Gehlot and her spouse have found a good balance that allows them to live comfortably but modestly. "I think we have figured out a good balance for us but it's not like we're missing out on the really fun things on life. We still have a good time."

Dr. Macaraeg likes taking the middle ground where she lives modestly, but still enjoys her attending salary. "I did work in another country for two months and then I took a vacation for another four weeks and then now I'm just working hard again in my per diem job," she says. "If I had stuck to the, 'only live like a resident at all times,' taking a vacation twice a year like I did in residency, I probably would have driven myself crazy. I keep my budget but now my budget is just a little bit bigger. I pay off things faster and I can justify taking a trip that I wouldn't necessarily take or buy something I wouldn't necessarily buy if I were a resident, but I can justify it now because I stuck to a budget and I paid down extra and I saved up extra."

"Living comfortably but below your means for the first three to five years really contributes to the long-term enjoyment of your life," Gehlot says. "You're not dependent on this huge mountain of debt that's hanging over you."

When to get help

Help is available for physicians who want guidance in determining which debt repayment strategy to pursue, and it's best to get advice early on in the process.

Dr. Bankim Patel

Dr. Bankim Patel recommends starting early. "If you can initiate that conversation with yourself as early as you can it will help you direct what's going to happen later on," he says. "You can still do some things while you're in still in residency, like start a retirement account."

Joy Navarre identifies several points at which it's a good idea to consult with a professional. "It makes sense in the last couple of months of medical school and any time during residency, then once you have an offer for your full attending position."

Navarre also recommends regular follow-up consultations. "Once you're a couple years into your loan repayment strategy just check in and make sure you are on track," she says. "Things are always changing; individuals' lives are changing, the loan programs are changing, the interest rates are changing, so really this is the kind of project that deserves check-ins regularly."

Even if you are well into your career, you may benefit from consulting with a loan repayment expert. "Recently I spoke to a woman who is the director of a residency program. It's been 15 years since her residency program, but we ended up saving her $40,000 on her student loans because of something she had missed," Navarre says. "A lot of people have a set-it-and-forget-it mindset, which is fabulous. I love it when people get to that place, but if you set it and forget it and never check on it you could be missing some opportunities."

Weighing opportunities vs. cost

The decisions you'll make when determining how to pay off your medical school loans have long-term consequences, so it's important to consider how each strategy will affect your career and financial future.

"Are you making any sacrifices in your overall career? It's not all about dollars and cents; it's about what works for you," Miller says.

"You are unique and so you need a unique plan that is going to work for you and change as you change," Navarre says. "You have to be willing to spend the time and figure it out yourself or find someone you want to work with to help build that plan with you."

For additional help in paying off your medical school debt, check out these helpful resources:

Interested in learning more about working locum tenens? Call 954.343.3050 to speak with a Weatherby Healthcare consultant or view locum tenens job opportunities.

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How to pay off medical school debt: A comprehensive guide

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Medical school student debt is a burden that follows many physicians well into their career. Fortunately, there are sound financial strategies that can help you pay your debt off more quickly and reduce the overall amount you'll end up paying.

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Continue saving for 401k and IRA Roth accounts
Take more risks financially and invest in the stock markets

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Stock Market For Beginners | How to Invest in 2020 [Full Guide]

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24 year-old in graduate school
Renting apartment
Full time job with benefits
401k, IRA Roth, and Savings account