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-Behaviorists theorized that children learned their first language through stimulus,  responses and reinforcement.
-Does not explain howdy utterance is produced.

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"In addition, child language researchers noticed that parent typically reinforce their children for the meaning of their utterances, not grammatical correctness."  p. 61

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-Children construct grammar through a process of hypothesis testing.
-Unlike behaviorist theory, this means children create sentences by using rules not just repeating messages.

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"With a finite set of rules, people can generate an infinite number of novel utterances." p. 61

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Caregivers play a critical role in adjusting language to facilitate the use of innate capacities for language acquisition.

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"Rudimentary understandings must be developed and refined over time." p. 63

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Sociological Theory: Interactionism (Sociology Theory & Methods)

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-Audiolingual method provides tape recorded dialogues to students, followed by drills for practicing grammar.
-First students are taught to listen and speak, then read and write.

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"...only 1 or 2 report successful foreign language competence acquired through the audiolingual approach." p.65

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Behaviorist Theory of Second Language Acquisition

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-Creative construction theory
-ELs construct rules in a second lesson similar to those in first language acquisition.

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"Dulay and Burt therefore concluded that second language acquisition is similar, though not identical, to first language acquisition." p.65

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There is a difference between acquiring and learning a second language. Acquisition is natural, and learning is formal. "Krashen claims (1) that learning cannot turn into acquisition and (2) that it is only acquired language that is available for natural, fluent communication." p66.

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A formal study of language leads to an internal grammar editor. For a student to use the monitor, they must have sufficient time, focus on grammatical form, and have explicit knowledge of the rules. The monitoring is easier to use for writing than speaking.

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Language learners acquire the rules of a language in a sequence. some grammar rules are acquired early, some later.

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Second language acquisition. is a result of an understanding of the target language in natural situations. "Krashen suggests that acquirers are able to understand this challenging level of input by using context, background knowledge, and nonlinguistic cues such as gestures and pictures." p67

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The most important affective variables are a low-anxiety learning environment, student motivation to learn the language, self confidence, and self esteem. "People acquire second languages when they obtain comprehensible inout and when their affective filters are low enough to allow the input in [to the language acquisition device]" p.68