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•Source of law, Judicial) 163 U.S. 537 “Separate but not Equal”

This case helped begin the attempts at disaggregating schools/race, so that future children may be able to attend any school regardless of race/ethnicity.

Without this case, I would not have been able to ride the bus to school along with everyone else, including white students, Much less, attend the same schools as everyone else. This case helped mold the way society views itself and each other.

Current State of law: Recently the governor of Louisiana made it public that he was going to pardon Homer Plessy stating, "The purpose of the pardon “is not to erase what happened 125 years ago but to acknowledge the wrong that was done.”

*ABC News Network. (n.d.). ABC News. Retrieved March 1, 2022, from https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/governor-pardon-plessy-separate-equal-ruling-82082906

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•64 F.Supp. 544 (S.D. Cal. 1946), aff'd, 161 F.2d 774 (9th Cir. 1947) (Source of lawFederal/constitutional)

•This Case declared that segregating Mexican children from white schools was unconstitutional and was eventually the future steppingstone to BOE vs Brown.

Without this case holding the courts/states responsible for segregation within our schools, students of all races would still be separated, and the 14th Amendment would not have been upheld to its fullest. Our world would be nothing as it is today without this case. As a teacher/administrator I would be teaching at a school centered around mexican/african only students centered likely around minority studies only.

Current State of the law: There are still a few schools throughout the United States who have some sort of segregation present, such as in Alabama where students and families still feel separated from each other. This case is frequently brought up to remind them of everything that has changed.

TodayShow. (2021, September 21). A Latino family paved the way for school desegregation. it's still 'unknown' history. TODAY.com. Retrieved March 1, 2022, from https://www.today.com/news/latino-family-paved-way-school-desegregation-s-still-unknown-history-rcna2127

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•Source of law, Judicial) 163 U.S. 537 “ Separate but not Equal”

*This case helped begin the attempts at desegregation in  schools/and race, so that future children may be able to attend any school regardless of race/ethnicity.

* As a student this ended "Separate but equal" which would allow me and my future children to attend schools with every race of child. As a teacher/administrator this would set the path to civil rights and the history of, being taught to future students and allowing curriculum that would display the history of civil rights and what led to the world we live in today.

Current State of Law: "The 1954 Brown v. Board of Education ruling laid the foundation for the 1975 federal law (now called the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act) requiring access to a free appropriate public education for all children with disabilities. Before 1975, about one million American children with disabilities were receiving no education from the public school system. Since then, we have made progress in securing quality, integrated educational opportunities for American children with disabilities, but we still have a long way to go – particularly for children with intellectual disabilities."

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•(Source of law, Statutory) (42 U.S.C. § 2000d et seq.)
*This would go on to promote greater equality so that no one could be turned away based on race, religion, color or national origin from being denied by the state, this would include further segregation in schools or anything else funded by the state.
* As a mexican-american woman, finding a job in higher education in an area of my desire would be difficult to attain without this act my future in education would be extremely different.
**Current state of Law: CRA of 1965 has been updated and reiterated, "Civil Rights Act of 1991 was the most complete civil rights legislation since the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The federal law was passed into law by Congress on Nov. 21, 1991, following two years of debate, and prohibited discrimination for job applicants and workers, based on race, gender, religion, color or ethnic characteristics."

Civil Rights Act of 1991: Everything you need to know. UpCounsel. (n.d.). Retrieved March 1, 2022, from https://www.upcounsel.com/civil-rights-act-of-1991

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•A Latinx Resource Guide: Civil Rights Cases and events in the United States: 1946: Mendez v. Westminster. Research Guides. (n.d.). Retrieved February 15, 2022, from https://guides.loc.gov/latinx-civil-rights/mendez-v-westminster

•Every student succeeds act (ESSA). Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) | U.S. Department of Education. (n.d.). Retrieved February 15, 2022, from https://www.ed.gov/ESSA/

•Glavin, C. (2016, October 19). Equal educational opportunities act of 1974. Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974 | K12 Academics. Retrieved February 15, 2022, from https://www.k12academics.com/Federal%20Education%20Legislation/equal-educational-opportunities-act-1974

•H.R.40 - 93rd Congress (1973-1974): Equal Educational Opportunities Act. (1973, January 3). https://www.congress.gov/bill/93rd-congress/house-bill/40

•Legal Information Institute. (n.d.). Plessy v. Ferguson. Legal Information Institute. Retrieved February 15, 2022, from https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/163/537

•Lee, A. M. I. (2021, May 4). What is no child left behind (NCLB)? Understood. Retrieved February 15, 2022, from https://www.understood.org/articles/en/no-child-left-behind-nclb-what-you-need-to-know

•Mendez v. Westminister School Dist., 64 F. supp. 544 (S.D. Cal. 1946). Justia Law. (n.d.). Retrieved February 15, 2022, from https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/64/544/1952972/
*Sixbyfifteen. (2014, May 19). The meaning of Brown vs. Board of Education for children with disabilities. Six by '15 Campaign. Retrieved March 1, 2022, from https://sixbyfifteen.org/2014/05/20/the-meaning-of-brown/#:~:text=The%201954%20Brown%20v.%20Board%20of%20Education%20ruling,public%20education%20for%20all%20children%20with%20disabilities.%20

•U.S. Department of the Interior. (n.d.). 1954: Brown v. Board of Education (U.S. National Park Service). National Parks Service. Retrieved February 15, 2022, from https://www.nps.gov/articles/brown-v-board-of-education.htm

•Wikipedia contributors. (2022, February 14). Civil Rights Act of 1964. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 04:13, February 15, 2022, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&oldid=1071877189

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Equal Educational Opportunities Act 1974

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Equal Educational Opportunities Act 1974

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•(20 U.S.C. § 1701 et seq.) (Source of law, Statutory)

«’prohibits discrimination against faculty, staff, and students, including racial segregation of students, and requires school districts to take action to overcome barriers to students' equal participation.”

*Personally, as a student I am grateful that this act followed the civil rights act of 1964, but this time for students and education. Without this there would be no guarantee of freedoms for students of all races. My children would attend different schools, and they wouldnt know the history of civil rights that they can today.

*Current state Law: Currently, there are several attempts everyday at new freedoms for students currently in enrolled in school. From dress codes to different curriculum in gender studies and cultural studies being offered and looked at.

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George W. Bush’s “No Child Left Behind” 2001-2015

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George W. Bush’s “No Child Left Behind” 2001-2015

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•This event helped make schools now accountable for each student's educational development and success, especially when it came to children of poverty, students of color, and or students who may not speak English very well. Mexican children like others would benefit greatly from the added educational attention. More educational equality in schools.

* For me the NCLBA would affect me greatly as a student, I personally struggled with these standardized tests yearly. This would lead me into wanting to go into higher education and eventually into curriculum changes for our future students and hopefully into the board of education with focus on standardized testing issues.

* Current State of Law: After several issues with parents and students over standardized test, this act was replaced with the "Every Student Succeeds Act," the new law keeps some aspects of No Child Left Behind. For example, states are still required to report on the progress of traditionally underserved kids. This includes kids in special education."

* Lee, A. M. I. (2020, October 22). No child left behind comes to an end with the passage of the Every Student Succeeds Act. Understood. Retrieved March 1, 2022, from https://www.understood.org/articles/en/no-child-left-behind-comes-to-an-end-with-the-passage-of-the-every-student-succeeds-act

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Obama’s “Every Student Succeeds” (Present)

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Obama’s “Every Student Succeeds” (Present)

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• Continues to follow in the footsteps of the original “Elementary and Secondary Education Act” of  1965 to continue the promise of equality for all in Education throughout the United States. Without each of these historical events, I would not have been able to attend public schools the same way others may have, and I would not be able to receive more attention if needed while in class without “NCLB”, these all serve importance in fulfilling the best form of education each child is owed going forward. As a future administrator it is my duty to ensure each student’s education no matter their ethnicity or background. •These are my steppingstones to success.