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Classification of English Morphemes (make the chart)

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Classification of English Morphemes (make the chart)

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Rules of Word Formation (Derivation and Inflection)

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Rules of Word Formation (Derivation and Inflection)

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INFLECTION is the morphological system for making word forms of words, whereas DERIVATION is one of the morphological systems for making new words. Derivation is formally similar to inflection because both processes make use of affixation. Intuitively speaking, the products of inflection are all manifestations of the same word, whereas derivation creates new words. Inflection does not change the syntactic category of the word to which it applies, whereas derivation may do so. For instance, while both boek book and boeken book-s  are nouns, derivation may change word class: groen green is an adjective, but the diminutive word groentje beginner, greenhorn is a noun. Hence, the formation of diminutives belongs to derivation. The same holds for the noun dijk dike which has a corresponding derived verb bedijken to provide with a dike.
Given this difference between inflection and derivation, inflectional morphemes occur in a peripheral position with respect to derivational morphemes. In the past participle of the verb ge-de-compon-eer-d decomposed the inflectional prefix ge- which derives past participles occurs before the verbalizing prefix de-, and the inflectional suffix -d follows the derivational suffix -eer.

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A Base is a word form that other morphemes can attach to. Bases include both roots and stems.
A Root is the core of a word. A root can be free or bound.
A Stem is a root with some modifications to it. They are usually derivational in nature.
What does Derivational mean?
•	Derivational morphemes are different from inflectional morphemes.
•	Derivational morphemes are morphemes that allow us to derive, or pull out, new words with new meanings or parts of speech from another word.
Examples of derivational morphemes are:
•	-er, which allows us to turn a verb into a noun meaning one who does something
•	-ify which allows us to turn an adjective into a verb meaning make something become something (simplify, amplify)
And there are Inflectional Morphemes:
Inflectional morphemes are morphemes that provide grammatical alterations without changing the core meaning.
Examples include:
•	-s, which allows us to make cat plural but still refers to the animal
•	-ed which allows us to make a verb refer to past time, but still refers to an action

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A word in linguistics is the smallest content that can convey meaning. A word can always stand on its own and maintain its meaning. For example the  word “historical” can stand alone and has the meaning of a past event.
In linguistics a morpheme is the smallest component of a word that has a semantic meaning. When looking at semantic meaning you are looking at the smallest linguistic sound within a word that has meaning. For example when looking at “prehistorical” the morpheme would be “pre” meaning “before” in terms of the word history.
As opposed to a word a morpheme may or may not stand alone. We saw that the word “historical” can stand alone and has meaning. “Pre” is a morpheme in “prehistorical” however “pre” cannot stand alone. This is not always the case however as there are instances in which they can stand alone and maintain their meaning and context.
A morpheme is a unit of language, but not necessarily a word.
A morpheme might be a word, or might be part of a word.  It is "a small unit of language that contains meaning."  A morpheme that is not a word would be an affix.  An affix is a prefix or a suffix.  A prefix appears at the beginning of a root word, and an affix appears at the end of a word.
An example of a morpheme is –ed.  This is a suffix.  If you put it on the root word talk, for example, it will become talked.  It changes the meaning of the word.  Yet –ed is not a wordby itself.
Consider the morpheme house.  It can be part of a word, like doghouse.  It can also be a small word by itself.

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Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning in a language. They are commonly classified as either free morphemes, which can occur as separate words or bound morphemes, which can't stand alone as words.

Many words in English are made up of a single free morpheme. For example, each word in the following sentence is a distinct morpheme: "I need to go now, but you can stay." Put another way, none of the nine words in that sentence can be divided into smaller parts that are also meaningful.

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Morphemes are the smallest units in a language that have meaning. They can be classified as free morphemes, which can stand alone as words, or bound morphemes, which must be combined with another morpheme to form a complete word. Bound morphemes typically appear as affixes in the English language.
Examples of Free Morphemes
Free morphemes are considered to be base words in linguistics. Base words that can stand alone (such as “book”) are known as free bases, while bound bases (including Latin roots like “ject”) are not individual words in English. Most free morphemes can be modified by affixes to form complex words. Combining two free morphemes creates a compound word (like “mailbox”), while free morphemes modified by affixes are complex words (like “runner”).

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morphology is the study of words, how they are formed, and their relationship to other words in the same language. It analyzes the structure of words and parts of words, such as stems, root words, prefixes, and suffixes. Morphology also looks at parts of speech, intonation and stress, and the ways context can change a word's pronunciation and meaning. Morphology differs from morphological typology, which is the classification of languages based on their use of words, and lexicology, which is the study of words and how they make up a language's vocabulary

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Content = information, meaning

Function = necessary words for grammar

In other words, content words give us the most important information while function words are used to stitch those words together.

Content Word Types

Content words are usually nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. A noun tells us which object, a verb tells us about the action happening, or the state. Adjectives give us details about objects and people and adverbs tell us how, when or where something is done. Nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs give us important information required for understanding.

While nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs are the most important content words, there are a few other words that are also key to understanding. These include negatives like no, not and never; demonstrative pronouns including this, that, these and those; and question words like what, where, when, how and why.

Function Word Types

Function words help us connect important information. Function words are important for understanding, but they add little meaning beyond defining the relationship between two words. Function words include auxiliary verbs, prepositions, articles, conjunctions, and pronouns. Auxiliary verbs are used to establish the tense, prepositions show relationships in time and space, articles show us something that is specific or one of many, and pronouns refer to other nouns.

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A morpheme is the smallest unit of a word that cannot be analyzed further. Thus, a morpheme may be represented by a single sound, a single syllable, or two or three or four syllables. Sound units combine to form morphemes, then combine into form words, finally combine into form phrases and sentences. This changes are caused by the decomposition of words into morphemes illustrates one of the fundamental properties of human language which is called discreteness.

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Phonology is a branch of linguistics that studies how languages or dialects systematically organize their sounds. The term also refers to the sound system of any particular language variety. At one time, the study of phonology only related to the study of the systems of phonemes in spoken languages

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In linguistics, morphology is the study of words, how they are formed, and their relationship to other words in the same language. It analyzes the structure of words and parts of words, such as stems, root words, prefixes, and suffixes. Morphology also looks at parts of speech, intonation and stress, and the ways context can change a word's pronunciation and meaning. Morphology differs from morphological typology, which is the classification of languages based on their use of words, and lexicology, which is the study of words and how they make up a language's vocabulary.

While words, along with clitics, are generally accepted as being the smallest units of syntax, in most languages, if not all, many words can be related to other words by rules that collectively describe the grammar for that language. For example, English speakers recognize that the words dog and dogs are closely related, differentiated only by the plurality morpheme "-s", only found bound to noun phrases. Speakers of English, a fusional language, recognize these relations from their innate knowledge of English's rules of word formation. They infer intuitively that dog is to dogs as cat is to cats; and, in similar fashion, dog is to dog catcher as dish is to dishwasher. By contrast, Classical Chinese has very little morphology, using almost exclusively unbound morphemes ("free" morphemes) and depending on word order to convey meaning. (Most words in modern Standard Chinese ["Mandarin"], however, are compounds and most roots are bound.) These are understood as grammars that represent the morphology of the language. The rules understood by a speaker reflect specific patterns or regularities in the way words are formed from smaller units in the language they are using, and how those smaller units interact in speech. In this way, morphology is the branch of linguistics that studies patterns of word formation within and across languages and attempts to formulate rules that model the knowledge of the speakers of those languages.