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A wave is a repeating and periodic disturbance that moves energy from one location to another in a regular and organized way. The substance that a wave moves through is called the medium. The medium moves back and forth repeatedly, returning to its original position while the wave travels along the medium and does not stay in one place.

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B. Types of Waves according to the propagation; discuss each, give examples.

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B. Types of Waves according to the propagation; discuss each, give examples.

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1.       Ground waves are electromagnetic waves refer to propagation of radio waves parallel to and adjacent to the surface of the Earth, following the curvature of the Earth. Energy is lost in propagation of radio waves and attenuated as it passes over the surface.(ex. Radio)

2.       Sky Waves (Ionospheric Wave)

The energy radiated by an antenna, that is sky wave, would be wasted energy as far as radio communication is concerned if it is continued on its path and did not return to earth but under certain conditions it is reflected from the ionosphere. Sky waves may undergo reflection and refraction or both.(ex. Satellite communication)

3.       Space Waves

The radio waves having high frequencies are basically called as space waves. These waves have the ability to propagate through atmosphere, from transmitter antenna to receiver antenna. These waves can travel directly or can travel after reflecting from earth’s surface to the troposphere surface of earth. So, it is also called as Tropospherical Propagation. .(Ex. Microwave Radio Link)

4.       Broadcast Fading Zone

An appreciable portion of Ionospheric wave is returned to earth during night time which extends the service area of the station well beyond that covered by surface wave. Due to these fluctuations in ionosphere, fluctuation also produced in reflected wave relative to surface wave resulting in severe fading of combined wave.(Ex. the experience of stopping at a traffic light and hearing an FM broadcast degenerate into static, while the signal is reintegrated if the vehicle moves only a fraction of a meter.)

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C. Types of waves according to the usage of material/medium; discuss each, give examples

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C. Types of waves according to the usage of material/medium; discuss each, give examples

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MECHANICAL WAVE

A mechanical wave is the disturbance in matter and is responsible for the transfer of energy through a medium. It requires a medium in order to transport their energy from one location to another. Sound waves are one of the examples of the mechanical wave.

TRANSVERSE WAVE

A transverse wave is a wave in which particles of the medium move in perpendicular (right angle) to the direction that the wave moves. Examples: vibrations in a guitar string, ripples on the surface of water and light waves.

LONGITUDINAL WAVE

A longitudinal wave is a wave in which particles of the medium vibrate or move parallel to the direction that the wave moves or where the waves travel. Examples: tsunami waves, Earthquake (Seismic-P waves), and sound waves.

SURFACE WAVE

A surface wave is a wave in which particles of the medium move in a circular motion. It is created by the friction between wind and surface water. There are two types of surface waves, Love waves and Rayleigh waves. Example: ocean waves

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE

Electromagnetic waves are created as a result of fusion or vibrations between an electric field and a magnetic field. A changing magnetic field will induce a changing electric field and vice-versa that will result in the forming of electromagnetic waves.  It can travel not only through air and solid materials, but also through the vacuum of space because it doesn’t need a medium to propagate. There are different types of electromagnetic waves: microwave, x-ray, radio waves, tv waves, visible light waves,  infrared waves, ultraviolet waves, and gamma rays.

MATTER WAVE

Matter wave (De Broglie wave) is the set of waves that represent the behavior of an elementary particle or the atoms and molecules. It is the wave function for a material particle. It has the ability to exist both as a particle and a wave. Matter waves can propagate in a vacuum. Also, it represents the probability of finding a particle in space. An example of it is a beam of electrons can be diffracted just like any other beam of electromagnetic radiation.

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D. Parts and examples  of Transverse waves.

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D. Parts and examples  of Transverse waves.

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PART OF TRANSVERSE WAVE:

Crest-Highest peek of the wave

Trough-Lowest peek of the wave

Amplitude-maximum displacement of a point on the vibration from the resting point.

Wave Length-the distance between one point of a crest/trough to another point of crest/trough

Resting Point-it is the position of the wave if it has no movement

EXAMPLES:

Human wave

Guitar strings

Ocean waves

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E. Parts and examples of Longitudinal waves.

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E. Parts and examples of Longitudinal waves.

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Parts of Longitudinal Waves:

Compression - is a region in a longitudinal wave where the particles are closest together.

Rarefaction - is a region in a longitudinal wave where the particles are furthest apart.

Wave Length - The wavelength in a longitudinal wave is the distance between two consecutive points that are in phase.
- The wavelength in a longitudinal wave refers to the distance between two consecutive Compressions or between two consecutive Rarefactions.

Amplitude - The amplitude is the maximum displacement from a position of rest.

Period - The period of a wave is the time taken by the wave to move one wavelength.

Frequency - The frequency of a wave is the number of wavelengths per second.

Examples of longitudinal waves include:

Sound waves

Ultrasound waves

Seismic P-waves

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A mechanical wave is a disturbance in matter that transfers energy through the matter. A mechanical wave starts when matter is disturbed. There are three types of mechanical waves: transverse, longitudinal, and surface waves.
• In a transverse wave, particles of the medium vibrate up and down perpendicular to the direction of the wave.
• In a longitudinal wave, particles of the medium vibrate back and forth parallel to the direction of the wave.
• In a surface wave, particles of the medium vibrate both up and down and back and forth, so they end up moving in a circle.

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Radio Waves - Radio waves are the lowest-frequency waves in the EM spectrum. Radio waves can be used to carry other signals to receivers that subsequently translate these signals into usable information. Many objects, both natural and man-made, emit radio waves. Anything that emits heat emits radiation across the entire spectrum, but in different amounts. Stars, planets and other cosmic bodies emit radio waves. Radio and television stations and cell phone companies all produce radio waves that carry signals to be received by the antennae in your television, radio or cell phone.

Microwaves - Microwaves are the second-lowest frequency waves in the EM spectrum. Whereas radio waves can be up to miles in length, microwaves measure from a few centimeters up to a foot. Due to their higher frequency, microwaves can penetrate obstacles that interfere with radio waves such as clouds, smoke and rain. Microwaves carry radar, landline phone calls and computer data transmissions as well as cook your dinner.

Infrared Waves - Infrared waves are in the lower-middle range of frequencies in the EM spectrum, between microwaves and visible light. The size of infrared waves ranges from a few millimeters down to microscopic lengths. The longer-wavelength infrared waves produce heat and include radiation emitted by fire, the sun and other heat-producing objects; shorter-wavelength infrared rays do not produce much heat and are used in remote controls and imaging technologies.

Visible Light Rays - Visible light waves let you see the world around you. The different frequencies of visible light are experienced by people as the colors of the rainbow. The frequencies move from the lower wavelengths, detected as reds, up to the higher visible wavelengths, detected as violet hues. The most noticeable natural source of visible light is, of course, the sun. Objects are perceived as different colors based on which wavelengths of light an object absorbs and which it reflects.

Ultraviolet Waves-Ultraviolet waves have even shorter wavelengths than visible light. UV waves are the cause of sunburn and can cause cancer in living organisms. High-temperature processes emit UV rays; these can be detected throughout the universe from every star in the sky. Detecting UV waves assists astronomers, for example, in learning about the structure of galaxies.

X-rays - X-rays are extremely high-energy waves with wavelengths between 0.03 and 3 nanometers -- not much longer than an atom. X-rays are emitted by sources producing very high temperatures like the sun's corona, which is much hotter than the surface of the sun.X-rays are commonly used in imaging technology to view bone structures within the body.

Gamma Rays - Gamma waves are the highest-frequency EM waves, and are emitted by only the most energetic cosmic objects such pulsars, neutron stars, supernova and black holes. Terrestrial sources include lightning, nuclear explosions and radioactive decay. Gamma wave wavelengths are measured on the subatomic level and can actually pass through the empty space within an atom. Gamma rays can destroy living cells; fortunately, the Earth's atmosphere absorbs any gamma rays that reach the planet.

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H. Wave Properties; definition and examples

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H. Wave Properties; definition and examples

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Amplitude

The amplitude of a wave is the measure of the maximum displacement of the medium or wave from its rest position. It can be computed by measuring the height of the wave from the resting position. One example is the loudness of a sound. It can be computed by y = A sin(B(x + C)) + D whereas, amplitude is A, period is 2π/B, phase shift is C (positive is to the left), vertical shift is D.

Frequency

The frequency (f) of a wave is the number of waves passing a point in a given or certain amount of time. It is measured in Hertz (Hz) by counting the number of crests or troughs that pass the point in a time period. X-ray is one of the examples of a wave with high frequency, meanwhile radio wave is an example of a wave with low frequency. It can be computed by f = 1/T (1 divided by period) or f = v/λ (speed divided by wavelength).

Wavelength

Wavelength of a wave is the distance between two successive crests. It can be measured between the two consecutive crests of a wave. It is represented by the Greek letter lambda (λ). Red is the color of a longest wavelength and violet for the shortest wavelength. Radio waves have the longest wavelength, while gamma-ray have the shortest wavelength. It can be computed by λ = v/f (speed divided by frequency).

Speed

The speed of a wave is how fast the wave travels in a certain amount of time. The speed of a wave depends on frequency, medium, wavelength, and temperature. It can be computed by v = fλ ( frequency times wavelength).

Period

The period of a wave is the time between wave crests. It is measured in time units. It is the time it takes to complete one cycle. The period and frequency are closely related to each other. It is inversely proportional to the frequency, the higher the frequency of a wave, the lower the wave period. An example is the period of orbit of the Earth around the Sun is 365 days; thus, it takes 365 days for the Earth to complete a cycle. It can be computed by T = 1/f (1 divided by frequency) or T =  λ/v (wavelength divided by speed).

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I. Wave Properties; benefits and applications

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I. Wave Properties; benefits and applications

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Frequency

Frequency is a measure of how many waves pass a point in a certain amount of time. The higher the frequency, the closer the waves are together and the greater the energy carried by the waves will be.

Wavelength

Wavelength which is represented by λ (lambda) measures (in meters) the distance between two successive crests or troughs of the wave. The wavelength can be measured at other points on the wave as well as long as the distance is the same

Amplitude

Amplitude is a measure of the distance between a line through the middle of a wave and a crest or trough. The greater the force that produces a wave, the greater the amplitude of the wave and the greater the energy carried by the wave. The highest point of a transverse wave is the crest and the lowest point is called a trough.​ In a transverse wave the higher the wave, the higher the amplitude. Sounds with greater amplitude will be louder; light with greater amplitude will be brighter.

Speed

Speed is a measure of the distance a wave travels in an amount of time. The speed of a wave is determined by the type of wave and the nature of the medium. As a wave enters a different medium, the wave’s speed changes. Waves travel at different speeds in different media. All frequencies of electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed in empty space.

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I. Wave Properties; benefits and application

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I. Wave Properties; benefits and application

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Radio Waves Can Be Used For televisions,radio stations,and cell phone signals.because Radio Waves Aren't blocked by sunlight,clouds, and rain,they are very useful to scientists studying space.

Microwaves,You Are Probably Most Familiar with them when you heat your food up in a wave,but they have a lot more uses including weather forecasting and cell phones Microwaves can even pass through clouds, which make the man excellent wavelength for transmitting satellite communications.

Infrared Waves remote control uses lightwaves just beyond the visible spectrum of light infrared light waves to change channels on your TV.Many objects in space are also too cool and faint to be detected in visible light but can be detected in the infrared.

X-ray is commonly used when you wanna check if there are problems in your bones.This is beneficial for us here on Earth, because  x rays  are  so  energetic  that  they  would  harm  almost  every  living  thing  on  earth! telescopes  with  x ray detectors must be positioned above Earth's atmosphere.such Measurements can provide clues about the composition,temperature, and density of distant objects

Scientists can use  gamma rays to determine the elements on other planets.This data can help scientists look for geologically important elements such as hydrogen,magnesium,silicon, oxygen,iron,titanium,sodium, and calcium.

Although  UV waves are invisible to the human eye,some animals,such as bumblebees, reptiles,and handsome birds,can see them.in fact,humans used this knowledge to create bug zappers, UV light that attracts insects and lures them into a trap!

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J. Total Internal Reflection:  Definition, property principle behind and  practical usage-

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J. Total Internal Reflection:  Definition, property principle behind and  practical usage-

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Total internal reflection
It is the complete reflection of a ray of light within the medium that can be water or a glass from its surrounding surface back to its medium. Phenomenon can occur if the angle of the incidence is greater than a certain limit of an angle that is called critical angle. Total internal reflection can take place at the boundary between the two transparent media when a ray of light is in a medium of a higher index of refraction when it approaches the other medium at an angle of an incidence greater than the critical angle. Total internal reflection is the reflection of an indecent light, which can hit an medium boundary at the angle that is greater than the critical angle, that is relative to the surface.
In water air surface then the critical angle is 48.5 because of indices of refraction that depends on wavelength. The angle of an incidence  can be greater than the critical angle. The ray of light travels through a denser medium to a rare medium. The optical phenomenon can occur in a number of waves, sound waves and electromagnetic waves.
A doctor can look inside of a patient using an endoscope. Endoscope is a long tube that guides the light in the patient and can guide the reflected light back out in a given image. The phenomenon of the total internal reflection of light can be used in many optical instruments that can be telescopes, binoculars, microscopes, spectoscope, periscopes and many more. The phenomenon of mirage can be identified or explained by the basis of total internal reflection.

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K. Total Internal Reflection: Definition, properly principle behind and practical usage.

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K. Total Internal Reflection: Definition, properly principle behind and practical usage.

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Total internal reflection, in physics, complete reflection of a ray of light within a medium such as water or glass from the surrounding surfaces back into the medium. The phenomenon occurs if the angle of incidence is greater than a certain limiting angle, called the critical angle. In general, total internal reflection takes place at the boundary between two transparent media when a ray of light in a medium of higher index of refraction approaches the other medium at an angle of incidence greater than the critical angle. For a water-air surface the critical length is 48.5. Because indices of refraction depend on wavelength, the critical angle (and hence the angle of total internal reflection) will vary slightly with wavelength and, therefore, with color. At all angles less than the critical angle, both refraction and reflection occur in varying proportions.

Glass prisms can be shaped to produce total internal reflection and as such are employed in binoculars, periscopes, telescopes, and other optical instruments. Light rays may be conducted over long, twisting paths by multiple total internal reflection in glass or plastic rods or fibers. See also fibre  optics.

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L. Create a Venn Diagram for the similarities and differences of Sounds and Light.

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L. Create a Venn Diagram for the similarities and differences of Sounds and Light.

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M. What is the frequency of the second hand of a clock? The minute hand? The hour hand?

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M. What is the frequency of the second hand of a clock? The minute hand? The hour hand?

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The frequency (f) of a wave is the number of full wave forms generated per second. This is the same as the number of repetitions per second or the number of oscillations per second.

Time Period (T) is the number of seconds per waveform, or the number of seconds per oscillation.  It is clear that frequency and period are reciprocals.

The frequency of the motion is reciprocal of the time period. The expression of the frequency is given as follows: f=1/T (where T is the time period)

Well, the period is 60 seconds for the second hand, 3,600 seconds for the minute hand and 43,200 seconds for the hour hand. That is, how long it takes for each hand to return to the same position.

The frequency is one divided by the period.

So the frequency of the second hand is 1/60 Hz or 16.667 x 10^-3 hertz.

The frequency of the minute hand is 1/3600 Hz or 27.778 x 10^-4 hertz.

The frequency of the hour hand is 1/43200 Hz or 23.148 x 10^-6 hertz.

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N. How does a human ear receive and detect sounds? Give a detailed explanation of the process.

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N. How does a human ear receive and detect sounds? Give a detailed explanation of the process.

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The human ear is a meticulous organ that is responsible for our sense of hearing, but how do we hear? How does the human ear turn sound waves in the air into electrical signals that go to our brains?

1. When sound waves travel in the air, it enters the outer ear and then travels through a slim passageway called the ear canal or the EAM (External Auditory Meatus), which leads to the eardrum or the tympanic membrane.

2. The vibrations that the incoming sound waves in the air causes the eardrum to vibrate. The eardrum is connected to three small bones or ossicles in the middle ear, namely malleus, incus, and stapes.

3. The ossicles amplify the sound vibrations and pass them to the cochlea, a spiral  snail-shaped structure filled with fluid (perilymph and endolymph) in the inner ear.

4. The cochlea has an elastic partition called the basilar membrane which runs from the beginning to the end, it splits the cochlea into an upper and lower part, and also serves as the base on which the sensory organs of hearing are located.

5. When the sound vibrations cause the fluid inside the cochlea to ripple, a traveling wave happens along the basilar membrane.

6. The sensory cells (hair cells) that are sitting on top of the basilar membrane ride the wave. The 12,000 outer hair cells amplify low-level sound that enters the cochlea. The hair cells near the end of the cochlea detect high pitched sounds, like a whistle, while hair cells near the center detect low pitched sounds such as thunder.

7. As the hair cells move up and down with the wave, the mechanosensing organelles called stereocilia sitting atop the hair cells bump against an overlying structure that causes them to bend.

8. The bending causes small pores called ion channels to open and release chemicals (neurotransmitters) that rushes to the cell, and create an electrical signal.

9. The auditory nerve carries this signal to the brain. Our brain interprets this signal as a sound that we recognize.

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O. Identify and discuss sounds’ different characteristics.

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O. Identify and discuss sounds’ different characteristics.

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There are five main characteristics of sound waves: wavelength, amplitude, frequency, time period, and velocity.

WAVELENGTH - indicates the distance that wave travels before it repeats itself. The wavelength itself is a longitudinal wave that shows the compressions and rarefactions of the sound wave.

AMPLITUDE -  defines the maximum displacement of the particles disturbed by the sound wave as it passes through a medium. A large amplitude indicates a large sound wave.

FREQUENCY - indicates the number of sound waves produced each second. Low-frequency sounds produce sound waves less often than high-frequency sounds.

TIME PERIOD - is the amount of time required to create a complete wave cycle. Each vibration from the sound source produces a wave’s worth of sound. Each complete wave cycle begins with a trough and ends at the start of the next trough.

VELOCITY - tells us how fast the wave is moving and is expressed as meters per second.

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P. What are the other purposes and benefits of sounds aside from hearing? Discuss.

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P. What are the other purposes and benefits of sounds aside from hearing? Discuss.

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HIGH INTENSITY FOCUSED ULTRASOUND

High Intensity Focused Ultrasound or HIFU is used as a prostate cancer treatment that uses ultrasound waves to pinpoint, heat and kill malignant cells targeting the prostate glands. Ultrasound is also widely used to provide imaging of the fetus during a pregnancy. In HIFU, the sound waves are produced at a higher intensity and a highly focused form. Multiple beams of HIFU are directed towards a tissue in the prostate that requires treatment causing the temperature to rise and destroy the tissue from the heat.

1.ECHOLOCATION

Echolocation is a technique used by bats, dolphins and other animals to determine the location of other objects through the reflection of sounds. It is an ability adapted by humans too, by actively producing sounds, they detect their environment and determine whether an object is nearby.

2. NAVIGATION

Sound navigation and ranging is a system using sound propagation underwater. It is used to navigate, communicate with or detect other objects underwater, such as other vessels. It is used for exploring and mapping the ocean because under the water, sound waves travel farther than radar waves.

3. STABILIZING BRAIN WAVES

A brainwave spectral analysis, which detects and reflects baseline brain electrical activity as well as evaluating synaptic actions in the cerebral cortex is used to monitor the effects of listening to music on the brain. Comparing the periods of silence and music, listening to music recruited new areas of the brain into the active processes, such as the posterior part of the precuneus, which also had an increase in cerebral blood flow. Scientists have found that while listening to Wolfgang Mozart’s Sonata K448, there are improvements in spatial performance. A few brainwave patterns correlating to this improvement are lowered theta power in the left temporal area; increased beta range in the left temporal, the left frontal, and the right temporal regions; increased alpha 1 power left temporally.

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Q. Differentiate Acoustics from Optics. Provide the areas of their studies underlying. 

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Q. Differentiate Acoustics from Optics. Provide the areas of their studies underlying. 

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Both acoustics and optics are entirely separate disciplines. We may accept that certain phenomena are similar, such as distortion, diffraction, and standing wave forming, but acoustics is concerned with sound waves, or more generally, mechanical waves, while optics is concerned with electromagnetic waves, or light.

Acoustics
Mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids are studied in this branch of physics. It's a science that aims to make systems more audible.

Optics
It is a field of physics concerned with the behavior and properties of light, as well as its relationships with matter and the creation of instruments to use or detect it. The behavior of visible, ultraviolet, and infrared light is generally defined by optics.

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R. Discuss the meaning/ process and importance of LASER applications.

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R. Discuss the meaning/ process and importance of LASER applications.

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Laser means “Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation" lasers has a different variety such as military use, entertainment use, medical use etc. Laser simulates atoms and molecules to emit a light at a certain wavelength and produces annn narrow beam of radditattopm

Military Use - they use lasers to shut down drones and

different military crafts.

Medical Use - lasers are really common in the medical field, dentistry and other treatments such as tumor treatments, scar treatment and skin care.

Astronomy use  - they use larger telescopes and use lasers to see for a better resolution feedback of information received.

Industrial Use - they use barcode scanners to reflect the information embedded in it. Lasers can also make precision cuts on certain products such as cutters, knives, scissors etc. The last one is laser printers this is also part of the industrial use of lasers.

Entertainment Use - lasers can be used for lighting purposes such as concerts, laser pointers and for arcades ( a good example for this is the laser tag ).