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https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/mla_style_introduction.html
This website is very helpful as it explains exactly what each citation style is and how to format sources for each style. It also details how to avoid plagiarism and find additional resources for citations.

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https://www.scribbr.com/mla/works-cited/

This website was extremely useful as it guides you in citing in MLA Format and you had the ability to just copy and paste your source into their generator and it does all of the work for you. This cite really helped me understand how to cite and it's really good practice for when I go to college!

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This website provides a various number of helpful and reliable sources. It provides journals, primary sources ,and books. This website also contains a text analyzer that can help you find sources directly relating to your topic.https://www.jstor.org/?refreqid=search%3A9f5b2fba96fc31738b3e26fbf43311d8

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This website is helpful as it goes step by step slowly so the viewer can understand what is going on. It as well includes a sample research paper that you can read and get information on.
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/mla_formatting_and_style_guide/mla_general_format.html

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This website is very resourceful for writing and acknowledging proper evidence and how to do it . The key takeaway was that MLA format is different for an article , book , or other websites

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This is a good website for any type of source. It has very good information on anything you are researching and is really fascinating to readeaxh as well

https://daily.jstor.org/

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A key takeaway from the video was the fact that when people get overly passionate on the topic, you can hear in their voices how into it they sound

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A key takeaway from the video was the fact that when people get overly passionate on the topic, you can hear in their voices how into it they sound

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Eamonn Amad

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https://www.ohiolink.edu/content/how_find_scholarly_articles

This is a good website that shows you how to find  scholarly articles. It is helpful because the rubric states that you must have accurate and credible sites.

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I feel that this can help with mla and helps to understand mla and how to use it and uses different sources. https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/conducting_research/evaluating_sources_of_information/index.html

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https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/mla_formatting_and_style_guide/mla_general_format.html
This resource is really helpful as it lays down all the format you would be needing step by step. As it also includes an sampled research paper for you to read and get more information.

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the number one thing to takeaway is to understand the opposing side as best as you can. something important to remember is to slow your speaking, and make sure your inflection is upwards so that you may be able to deescalate tension when you are in the middle of a heated debate.

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https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/scholarly

This was very useful and helpful for when looking for scholarly sources, popular sources and trade publications. The content featured would allow you to select and use
relevant, credible and sufficient evidence to support your argument(s).

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https://www.jstor.org/

This is a really helpful tool when trying to find peer reviewed scholarly articles. It's a database where you can search for articles on virtually any topic that you are interested in writing about.

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This resource helped me with citations

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MLA is one of the most common citation styles used by students and academics. This quick guide explains how to cite sources according to the 9th edition (the most recent) of the MLA Handbook. You can also use Scribbr's free citation generator to automatically generate references and in-text citations.

An MLA citation has two components:

1. In-text citation: Every time you quote or paraphrase a source, you cite the author and the page number in parentheses.

2. Works Cited: At the end of your paper, you give a full reference for every source you cited, alphabetized by the author's last name.

MLA Works Cited list

The list of Works Cited (also known as the bibliography or reference page) gives full details of every source you cited in your text. Each entry is built from nine core elements:

Following this format, you can create a citation for any type of source-for example, a book, journal article, website, or movie. You only include information that's relevant to the type of source you're citing.

MLA citation examples

Using the interactive tool, you can see what an MLA citation looks like for different source types.

Missing information in MLA citations

Regardless of the source type, the most important elements of any MLA citation are the author, the source title, and the publication date. If any of these are missing from the source, the Works Cited entry will look slightly different.

No author

Start with the source title instead. Alphabetize by the first word (ignoring articles).

"Australia fires: 'Catastrophic' alerts in South Australia and Victoria." BBC News, 20 Nov. 2019, www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-50483410.

No title

Give a brief description of the source. Use sentence case and no italics or quotation marks.

Mackintosh, Charles Rennie. Chair of stained oak. 1897-1900, Victoria and Albert Museum, London.

No date

Leave out the publication date. Add the date you accessed the source at the end of the citation.

"Who are Scribbr Editors?" Scribbr, www.scribbr.com/about-us/editors/. Accessed 10 June 2019.

MLA in-text citations

MLA in-text citations are brief references that direct your reader to the full source entry. You include them every time you quote, block quote, paraphrase or summarize a source.

The in-text citation must match the first word of the Works Cited entry-usually the author's last name. It also includes a page number or range to help the reader locate the relevant passage.

1 author

Give the author's last name.

(Wallace 11-12)

2 authors

Give both author's last names.

(Wallace and Armstrong 11-12)

3+ authors

Name the first author followed by "et al."

(Wallace et al. 11-12)

Corporate author

If a source was created by an organization other than the publisher, use the organization name as author.

(U.S. Global Change Research Program 22)

No author

If the author is the same as the publisher, or if no author is credited, use the source title instead. Format the title the same as in the full Works Cited reference, and shorten if it is more than four words.

("Australia Fires")

Multiple sources by the same author

Include the title (or a shortened version) after the author's name in each source citation.

(Morrison, Beloved, 73)
(Morrison, Sula, 45)

If you already named the author in your sentence, include only the page number in parentheses:

claim that "MLA is the second most popular citation style" in the humanities. According to , social and demographic circumstances still have a major effect on job prospects .

Sources with no page numbers

If the source has no page numbers, you either use an alternative locator, or leave the page number out of the citation:

Audiovisual source (e.g. a movie or YouTube video)

Give the time range of the relevant section.

(Arnold 03:15-03:21).

Source with numbered sections (e.g. an online book)

Give a paragraph, section, or chapter number.

(Smith, par. 38)
(Rowling, ch. 6)

Source with no numbered sections (e.g. a web page)

Leave out the page number.

(Barker)

Tools and resources

Besides the MLA Citation Generator, Scribbr provides many more helpful tools and resources;

Citation generator: Generate flawless APA, MLA, and Harvard citations in seconds

Free plagiarism checker: Detect and correct plagiarism with the most accurate plagiarism checker for students

Paraphrasing tool: Avoid accidental plagiarism and make your text sound better.

Grammar checker: Eliminate pesky spelling and grammar mistakes.

Summarizer: Read more in less time. Distill lengthy and complex texts down to their key points.

AI detector: Find out if your text was written with ChatGPT or any other AI writing tool. ChatGPT 2 & ChatGPT 3 supported.

Proofreading services: Hire a professional editor to improve your writing

Guides and videos: Explore hundreds of articles, bite-sized videos, time-saving templates, and handy checklists that guide you through the process of research, writing, and citation.

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Scribbr MLA Citation Generator | Start citing!

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How to cite in MLA format MLA is one of the most common citation styles used by students and academics. This quick guide explains how to cite sources

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This source sights different sources. It also helped me a lot when I was trying to understand the MLA format and how to actually use it correctly.

https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/mla_formatting_and_style_guide/mla_in_text_citations_the_basics.html

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this is a useful website that can help make mla formant for your sources and also helps with in-text citation in different ways of you do or don't know the author, etc.

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MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page.

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https://www.jstor.org/

The best container of trusty and reputable sources. YOU WILL NOT FIND a non-peer reviewed source on this website. This will heighten your grade on the rubric pertaining sources/accuracy and credibility of the information you chose to use in your research paper.

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https://www.scribbr.com/mla/in-text-citations/
I think this useful because it helps us write the intext citations correctly such as when they are no page numbers given or there are two authors. This will help with the criteria in the rubric "Include MLA Citations (in-text and work cited)".
Take Away from the video- the implied hidden premise, sometimes you really do not know how to reply to someone, and here it explains why, because the ego takes over. Here they explain that the "Yes-But" method would avoid confrontations. Also that one is not right in every argument and changing one's opinion should not make us feel bad.

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This website is useful for understanding and finding research sources as well as helping develop and organize a college level essay. There's also a small guide on the side that can help with any struggles when writing.
https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/scholarly

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This source can help cite your sources using the proper MLA format for works cited page. It also gives students examples of in-text citations and how to use it when writing your research paper.

Takeaway from video:
- You need to know specifically where you agree with someone and where you don’t.
- Taking a pause and making a joke can release any emotions/tension that can come in the way of an argument.

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MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page.

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This resource is great to help you with your MLA citations. All you have to do is insert the information by looking at your source and Scribbr will generate the MLA citation for you. Its also great practice so that In the future you can do it by yourself without the help of Scribbr.

Video takeaway: Crack a joke while being in an argument. This releases some tension and allows the person you're arguing with to know that you are not the enemy. This would allow for a smoother discussion.

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MLA is one of the most common citation styles used by students and academics. This quick guide explains how to cite sources according to the 9th edition (the most recent) of the MLA Handbook. You can also use Scribbr's free citation generator to automatically generate references and in-text citations.

An MLA citation has two components:

1. In-text citation: Every time you quote or paraphrase a source, you cite the author and the page number in parentheses.

2. Works Cited: At the end of your paper, you give a full reference for every source you cited, alphabetized by the author's last name.

MLA Works Cited list

The list of Works Cited (also known as the bibliography or reference page) gives full details of every source you cited in your text. Each entry is built from nine core elements:

Following this format, you can create a citation for any type of source-for example, a book, journal article, website, or movie. You only include information that's relevant to the type of source you're citing.

MLA citation examples

Using the interactive tool, you can see what an MLA citation looks like for different source types.

Missing information in MLA citations

Regardless of the source type, the most important elements of any MLA citation are the author, the source title, and the publication date. If any of these are missing from the source, the Works Cited entry will look slightly different.

No author

Start with the source title instead. Alphabetize by the first word (ignoring articles).

"Australia fires: 'Catastrophic' alerts in South Australia and Victoria." BBC News, 20 Nov. 2019, www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-50483410.

No title

Give a brief description of the source. Use sentence case and no italics or quotation marks.

Mackintosh, Charles Rennie. Chair of stained oak. 1897-1900, Victoria and Albert Museum, London.

No date

Leave out the publication date. Add the date you accessed the source at the end of the citation.

"Who are Scribbr Editors?" Scribbr, www.scribbr.com/about-us/editors/. Accessed 10 June 2019.

MLA in-text citations

MLA in-text citations are brief references that direct your reader to the full source entry. You include them every time you quote, block quote, paraphrase or summarize a source.

The in-text citation must match the first word of the Works Cited entry-usually the author's last name. It also includes a page number or range to help the reader locate the relevant passage.

1 author

Give the author's last name.

(Wallace 11-12)

2 authors

Give both author's last names.

(Wallace and Armstrong 11-12)

3+ authors

Name the first author followed by "et al."

(Wallace et al. 11-12)

Corporate author

If a source was created by an organization other than the publisher, use the organization name as author.

(U.S. Global Change Research Program 22)

No author

If the author is the same as the publisher, or if no author is credited, use the source title instead. Format the title the same as in the full Works Cited reference, and shorten if it is more than four words.

("Australia Fires")

Multiple sources by the same author

Include the title (or a shortened version) after the author's name in each source citation.

(Morrison, Beloved, 73)
(Morrison, Sula, 45)

If you already named the author in your sentence, include only the page number in parentheses:

claim that "MLA is the second most popular citation style" in the humanities. According to , social and demographic circumstances still have a major effect on job prospects .

Sources with no page numbers

If the source has no page numbers, you either use an alternative locator, or leave the page number out of the citation:

Audiovisual source (e.g. a movie or YouTube video)

Give the time range of the relevant section.

(Arnold 03:15-03:21).

Source with numbered sections (e.g. an online book)

Give a paragraph, section, or chapter number.

(Smith, par. 38)
(Rowling, ch. 6)

Source with no numbered sections (e.g. a web page)

Leave out the page number.

(Barker)

Tools and resources

Besides the MLA Citation Generator, Scribbr provides many more helpful tools and resources;

Citation generator: Generate flawless APA, MLA, and Harvard citations in seconds

Free plagiarism checker: Detect and correct plagiarism with the most accurate plagiarism checker for students

Paraphrasing tool: Avoid accidental plagiarism and make your text sound better.

Grammar checker: Eliminate pesky spelling and grammar mistakes.

Summarizer: Read more in less time. Distill lengthy and complex texts down to their key points.

AI detector: Find out if your text was written with ChatGPT or any other AI writing tool. ChatGPT 2 & ChatGPT 3 supported.

Proofreading services: Hire a professional editor to improve your writing

Guides and videos: Explore hundreds of articles, bite-sized videos, time-saving templates, and handy checklists that guide you through the process of research, writing, and citation.

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Scribbr MLA Citation Generator | Start citing!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
How to cite in MLA format MLA is one of the most common citation styles used by students and academics. This quick guide explains how to cite sources

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This resource explains how to properly use MLA format so that you meet the criteria on how to properly cite sources

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Get access to files anywhere through secure cloud storage and file backup for your photos, videos, files and more with Google Drive.

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This resource is amazing for those who are still struggling with the MLA formatting and style. This source goes through all the different sources, and how to sight your sources based on the type of source. This would be helpful for those who are still struggling with exactly why and what MLA formattting is, and on how to do it (make a works sited page.

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MLA Formatting and Style Guide - Purdue OWL® - Purdue University

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MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (9th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.

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MLA work cited page:
This website lets you insert all of your websites/ sources and properly sites them using MLAs proper formatting. When you finish centering all of your sources they will put it in alphabetical order and will even give you the option to copy and paste it into your document. :)

Take away from the video:
-You are not always right when arguing
-Changing your views will not diminish you
-there very good ways of lightening up the tension when making an argument.

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In MLA style, the list of Works Cited (also known as a reference list or bibliography) appears at the end of your paper. It gives full details of every source that you cited in an MLA in-text citation.

Like the rest of an MLA format paper, the Works Cited should be left-aligned and double-spaced with 1-inch margins.

You can use the free Scribbr Citation Generator to create and manage your Works Cited list. Choose your source type and enter the URL, DOI or title to get started.

Generate accurate MLA citations with Scribbr

Formatting the Works Cited page

The Works Cited appears at the end of your paper. The layout is similar to the rest of an MLA format paper:

Title the page Works Cited, centered and in plain text (no italics, bold, or underline).

Alphabetize the entries by the author's last name.

Use left alignment and double line spacing (no extra space between entries).

Use a hanging indent on entries that run over onto additional lines.

Include a header with your last name and the page number in the top right corner.

Creating a hanging indent

If an entry is more than one line long, each line after the first must be indented 0.5 inches. This is called a hanging indent, and it helps the reader see where one entry ends and the next begins.

In Microsoft Word, you can create a hanging indent on all entries at once.

1. Highlight the whole list and right click to open the Paragraph options.

2. Under Indentation > Special, choose Hanging from the drop-down menu.

3. Set the indent to 0.5 inches or 1.27cm.

If you're using Google Docs, the steps are slightly different.

1. Highlight the whole list and click on Format > Align and indent > Indentation options.

2. Under Special indent, choose Hanging from the dropdown menu.

3. Set the indent to 0.5 inches or 1.27cm.

You can also use our free template to create your Works Cited page in Microsoft Word or Google Docs.

Download Word template Copy Google Docs template

Examples of Works Cited entries

MLA provides nine core elements that you can use to build a reference for any source. Mouse over the example below to see how they work.

The Core Elements of a Works Cited entry

Author. "Title of the Source." Title of the Container, Other contributors, Version, Number, Publisher, Location.

You only include the elements that are relevant to the type of source you're citing.

Use the interactive tool to see different versions of an MLA Works Cited entry.

Examples for common source types

The main elements of a book citation are the author, title (italicized), publisher, and year.

Morrison, Toni. The Bluest Eye. Vintage International, 2007.

If there are other contributors (such as editors or translators), or if you consulted a particular volume or edition of a book, these elements should also be included in the citation.

If a book is a collection of chapters by different authors, you should cite the author and title of the specific work. The container gives details of the book, and the location is the page range on which the chapter appears.

Andrews, Kehinde. "The Challenge for Black Studies in the Neoliberal University." edited by Gurminder K. Bhambra et al., Decolonising the University, Pluto Press, 2018, pp. 149-144.

This format also applies to works collected in anthologies (such as poems, plays, or stories).

Journals usually have volume and issue numbers, but no publisher is required. If you accessed the article through a database, this is included as a second container. The DOI provides a stable link to the article.

Salenius, Sirpa. "Marginalized Identities and Spaces: James Baldwin's Harlem, New York." vol. 48, no. 8, Journal of Black Studies, Jul. 2016, pp. 883-902. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021934716658862. Sage Journals,

If there is no DOI, look for a stable URL or permalink instead. Omit the "https://" prefix if using a URL or permalink, but always include it with a DOI.

For websites (including online newspapers and magazines), you usually don't have to include a publisher. The URL is included, with the "https://" prefix removed. If a web page has no publication date, add an access date instead.

Coates, Ta-Nehisi. "The Case for Reparations." Jun. 2014, The Atlantic, www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/06/the-case-for-reparations/361631/.

If a web page has no publication date, add an access date instead.

More MLA citation examples

We also have examples for a wide range of other source types.

Authors and titles in the Works Cited list

There are a few important formatting rules when writing author names and titles in your Works Cited entries.

Author names

Author names are inverted in the Works Cited list. However, when a second author is listed, their name is not inverted. When a source has three or more authors, only the first author is listed, followed by " et al. " (Latin for "and others"). A corporate author may sometimes be listed instead of an individual.

Smith, John.

Smith, John, and David Jones.

Smith, John, et al.

Scribbr.

When no author is listed for a source, the Works Cited entry instead begins with the source title. The in-text citation should always match the first element of the Works Cited entry, so in these cases, it begins with the title (shortened if necessary) instead of the author's last name.

Oxford Classical Dictionary. 4th ed., Oxford UP, 2012.

( Oxford Classical Dictionary)

Source and container titles

The titles of sources and containers are always written in title case (all major words capitalized).

Sources that are part of a larger work (e.g. a chapter in a book, an article in a periodical, a page on a website) are enclosed in quotation marks. The titles of self-contained sources (e.g. a book, a movie, a periodical, a website) are instead italicized. A title in the container position is always italicized.

If a source has no title, provide a description of the source instead. Only the first word of this description is capitalized, and no italics or quotation marks are used.

Kafka, Franz. "The Metamorphosis." The Metamorphosis and Other Stories, . . .

Eliot, George. Middlemarch. . . .

Mackintosh, Charles Rennie. Chair of stained oak. . . .

Ordering the list of Works Cited

Arrange the entries in your Works Cited list alphabetically by the author's last name. See here for information on formatting annotations in an MLA annotated bibliography.

Multiple sources by the same author(s)

If your Works Cited list includes more than one work by a particular author, arrange these sources alphabetically by title. In place of the author element, write three em dashes for each source listed after the first.

Coates, Ta-Nehisi. ---. "The Case for Reparations." ---. Between the World and Me: Notes on the First 150 Years in America. Spiegel and Grau, 2015.
The Atlantic, Jun. 2014, www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/06/the-case-for-reparations/361631/.
The Water Dancer. One World, 2019.

The same applies to works by the same group of authors; replace the author element with three em dashes for subsequent sources.

Note, however, that two sources by "Smith, John, et al." aren't necessarily by the exact same authors; the authors represented by "et al." could be different. Only use the three em dashes if the group of authors is exactly the same in each case; otherwise, repeat the author name and "et al."

One author in combination with different coauthors

Sometimes, multiple entries will start with the same author, but in combination with different coauthors. Works by the author alone should come first, then works by two authors, and finally works by three or more authors (i.e., entries containing "et al.").

Within this, sources with two authors are alphabetized by the second author's last name, while sources using "et al." are instead alphabetized by the title of the source.

Smith, John. . . .
Smith, John, and Emma Jones. . . .
Smith, John, and David Wilson. . . .
Smith, John, et al. . . .

Sources with no author

If there is no author, alphabetize the source based on the title of the work. Ignore articles ( the, a, and an) for the purposes of alphabetization. If a title begins with a number, alphabetize it as you would if the number was spelled out.

Proofread my paper

Frequently asked questions about the Works Cited

How should I format the Works Cited page?

According to MLA format guidelines, the Works Cited page(s) should look like this:

Running head containing your surname and the page number.

The title, Works Cited, centered and in plain text.

List of sources alphabetized by the author's surname.

Left-aligned.

Double-spaced.

1-inch margins.

Hanging indent applied to all entries.

How do I apply a hanging indent?

To apply a hanging indent to your reference list or Works Cited list in Word or Google Docs, follow the steps below.
Microsoft Word:

1. Highlight the whole list and right click to open the Paragraph options.

2. Under Indentation > Special, choose Hanging from the dropdown menu.

3. Set the indent to 0.5 inches or 1.27cm.

Google Docs:

1. Highlight the whole list and click on Format > Align and indent > Indentation options.

2. Under Special indent, choose Hanging from the dropdown menu.

3. Set the indent to 0.5 inches or 1.27cm.

When the hanging indent is applied, for each reference, every line except the first is indented. This helps the reader see where one entry ends and the next begins.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the "Cite this Scribbr article" button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

McCombes, S. (2022, June 16). MLA Works Cited | 2021 Guidelines & Free Template. Scribbr. Retrieved November 15, 2023, from https://www.scribbr.com/mla/works-cited/

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In MLA style, the list of Works Cited (also known as a reference list or bibliography) appears at the end of your paper. It gives full details of every

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This source will not only make our MILA Works Cited page the best it can be, but this website also gives students tools to perfect their paper that fits into the top rubric criteria. For example, this website allows me to practice MILA format so that when I am writing my paper I have already perfected the MILA format.

One takeaway I found is to ask questions so that you can defuse the situation and or to get too the root of that individuals opinion.

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In MLA style, when you refer to a source, you use a parenthetical citation in the main text. Footnotes and endnotes can be used for two purposes:

Bibliographic notes: mentioning additional sources that are relevant to your point

Content notes: adding extra information or explanation that doesn't fit into the main text

Footnotes appear at the bottom of the relevant page, while endnotes appear at the very end of the paper. MLA permits the use of either type.

If you want to direct the reader to additional sources that add further support or context to your point, but are not directly discussed in the text, you can reference them in a footnote or endnote. This is called a bibliographic note.

Example

1. For further discussion of Australia's early publishing industry, see Crittenden 5-11 and Kent 17-34.

However, if you quote, paraphrase, or otherwise mention the source in the main text, you should use an in-text citation.

If you want to add background information, elaborate on an explanation, or make additional comments that would interrupt the flow of your text, you can also use a footnote or endnote for this purpose. This is called a content note.

Content notes usually also refer to other sources, but they include more detail or evaluation than bibliographic notes.

Example

4. For an insightful exploration of how "deep time" figured in 19th-century British science, see Sera-Shriar. The relation between geology and industrial modernity is also elaborated by Taylor, who traces the connections between James Watt's steam engine and James Hutton's geological discoveries (35-36).

However, long content notes can be distracting for readers, so use them sparingly, and keep them as brief as possible. If a piece of information is essential to your point, you should include it in the main text.

Both footnotes and endnotes are indicated by superscript numbers. They usually appear at the end of a sentence after the period.

If you need to use a footnote in the middle of a sentence, place the number directly after a punctuation mark (with the exception of the dash, where the number comes before).

Example

Four main factors have been determined possible characteristics of any successful fictional work: ⁶ popularity, enduring fame, commercial success and scholarly appeal. Each of the case studies must possess at least one of these. ⁷

The footnote or endnote itself begins with the corresponding number, followed by a period and a space. It should be the same font as the rest of your document, but a smaller font size.

Example

7. Grabianowski and "100 Best Novels" support the selection of these four case studies, all of which are considered successful works by these sources.

Your word processing program should allow you to automatically insert footnotes.

Formatting the endnotes page

If you are using endnotes, list them on a separate page directly before the Works Cited list. The title, Notes, appears centred at the top of the page. Like the rest of an MLA format paper, the endnotes should be double-spaced.

If you refer to a source in a footnote or endnote, you must include it in the Works Cited list. The note should mention the author's last name, which begins the Works Cited entry. If there is no author you mention the title instead.

Example

Grabianowski, Ed. "The 21 Best-Selling Books of All Time." How Stuff Works. Discovery Communications, 2012.

"100 Best Novels." Modern Library. Random House, 2012.

You can easily create your Works Cited list using our free MLA citation generator.

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MLA Footnotes and Endnotes | Types, Format and Citations

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In MLA style, when you refer to a source, you use a parenthetical citation in the main text. Footnotes and endnotes can be used for two purposes: Bibliographic notes: mentioning additional sources that are relevant to your point Content notes: adding extra information or explanation that doesn't fit into the main text Footnotes appear at the bottom of the relevant page, while endnotes appear at the very end of the paper.

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This source is good to help with MLA style formatting.  It's teaches you how to do all In-Text citations and stuff and would be helpful for people still struggling with that.

Takeaway: Not there to fight and take a deep breath before u start.

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MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page.

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We can use this source to properly insert in-text citations. This helped me properly attribute, and cite sources and place them in the document. In relation to the rubric, the website allows for the proper formatting in MLA to be pasted directly into the document in alphabetical order.

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An MLA in-text citation provides the author's last name and a page number in parentheses.

If a source has two authors, name both. If a source has more than two authors, name only the first author, followed by " et al. "

If the part you're citing spans multiple pages, include the full page range. If you want to cite multiple non-consecutive pages at the same time, separate the page numbers with commas.

Number of authors

Example

1 author

(Moore 37)

2 authors

(Moore and Patel 48-50)

3+ authors

(Moore et al. 59, 34)

Each in-text citation must correspond to a full reference in the list of Works Cited. You can create and save your citations with the free Scribbr Citation Generator.

Generate accurate MLA citations with Scribbr

Where to include an MLA in-text citation

Place the parenthetical citation directly after the relevant quote or paraphrase, and before the period or other punctuation mark (except with block quotes, where the citation comes after the period).

If you have already named the author in the sentence, add only the page number in parentheses. When mentioning a source with three or more authors outside of parentheses, use "and others" or "and colleagues" in place of "et al."

MLA in-text citation examples

MLA is the second most popular citation style (Smith and Morrison 17-19).

According to Smith and Morrison, MLA is the second most popular citation style (17-19).

APA is by far "the most used citation style in the US" (Moore et al. 74), but it is less dominant in the UK (Smith 16).

Moore and colleagues state that APA is more popular in the US than elsewhere (74).

Combining citations

If a sentence is supported by more than one source, you can combine the citations in a single set of parentheses. Separate the two sources with a semicolon.

Livestock farming is one of the biggest global contributors to climate change (Garcia 64; Davies 14).

Consecutive citations of the same source

If you cite the same source repeatedly within a paragraph, you can include the full citation the first time you cite it, then just the page number for subsequent citations.

MLA is the second most popular citation style (Smith and Morrison 17-19). It is more popular than Chicago style, but less popular than APA (21).

You can do this as long as it remains clear what source you're citing. If you cite something else in between or start a new paragraph, reintroduce the full citation again to avoid ambiguity.

Citing sources with no author

For sources with no named author, the in-text citation must match the first element of the Works Cited entry. This may be the name of an organization, or the title of the source.

If the source title or organization name is longer than four words, shorten it to the first word or phrase in the in-text citation, excluding any articles ( a, an, and the). The shortened title or organization name should begin with the word the source is alphabetized by in the Works Cited.

Follow the general MLA rules for formatting titles: If the source is a self-contained work (e.g. a whole website or an entire book), put the title in italics; if the source is contained within a larger whole (e.g. a page on a website or a chapter of a book), put the title in quotation marks.

Full source title or organization name

In-text citation

Amnesty International Report 2017/2018: The State of the World's Human Rights
( Amnesty International Report 187)

"Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions"

("Sources")

"A Quick Guide to Proofreading"

("Quick Guide")

National Academy of Sciences and the Royal Academy

(National Academy 24)

Citing sources with no page numbers

If a source does not have page numbers but is divided into numbered parts (e.g. chapters, sections, scenes, Bible books and verses, Articles of the Constitution, or timestamps), use these numbers to locate the relevant passage.

If the source does not use any numbering system, include only the author's name in the in-text citation. Don't include paragraph numbers unless they are explicitly numbered in the source.

Source type

What to do

Example

Source divided into numbered parts

Add a comma after the author and give a paragraph, section, or chapter number with a relevant abbreviation.

(Luxemburg, ch. 26)

Play with numbered lines

Include the act, scene, and line numbers, separated by periods, instead of a page number.

( Shakespeare 1.2.95)

Audiovisual source

Include the time range as displayed in the media player.

(Wynn 10:23-45)

Source with no numbered divisions

Include only the author's name (or, if there is no author, the shortened title).

(Rajaram)

Note that if there are no numbered divisions and you have already named the author in your sentence, then no parenthetical citation is necessary.

Citing different sources with the same author name

If your Works Cited page includes more than one entry under the same last name, you need to distinguish between these sources in your in-text citations.

Multiple sources by the same author

If you cite more than one work by the same author, add a shortened title to signal which source you are referring to.

Citing multiple sources by the same author
(Butler, Gender Trouble 27)
(Butler, "Performative Acts" 522)

In this example, the first source is a whole book, so the title appears in italics; the second is an article published in a journal, so the title appears in quotation marks.

Different authors with the same last name

To distinguish between different authors with the same last name, use the authors' initials (or, if the initials are the same, full first names) in your in-text citations:

Citing different authors with the same last name
(A. Butler 19)
(J. Butler 27)

Citing sources indirectly

Sometimes you might want to cite something that you found quoted in a secondary source. If possible, always seek out the original source and cite it directly.

If you can't access the original source, make sure to name both the original author and the author of the source that you accessed. Use the abbreviation "qtd. in" (short for "quoted in") to indicate where you found the quotation.

Example of an indirect citation in MLA
Marx defines "the two primary creators of wealth" as "labour-power and the land" (qtd. in Luxemburg, ch. 26).

In these cases, only the source you accessed directly is included in the Works Cited list.

Frequently asked questions about MLA in-text citations

Some source types, such as books and journal articles, may contain footnotes (or endnotes) with additional information. The following rules apply when citing information from a note in an MLA in-text citation:

To cite information from a single numbered note, write "n" after the page number, and then write the note number, e.g. (Smith 105n2)

To cite information from multiple numbered notes, write "nn" and include a range, e.g. (Smith 77nn1-2)

To cite information from an unnumbered note, write "un" after the page number, with a space in between, e.g. (Jones 250 un)

How do I cite a source with no author or page numbers in MLA?

If a source has no author, start the MLA Works Cited entry with the source title. Use a shortened version of the title in your MLA in-text citation.

If a source has no page numbers, you can use an alternative locator (e.g. a chapter number, or a timestamp for a video or audio source) to identify the relevant passage in your in-text citation. If the source has no numbered divisions, cite only the author's name (or the title).

If you already named the author or title in your sentence, and there is no locator available, you don't need a parenthetical citation:

Rajaram argues that representations of migration are shaped by "cultural, political, and ideological interests."

The homepage of The Correspondent describes it as "a movement for radically different news."

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the "Cite this Scribbr article" button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

McCombes, S. (2022, May 19). MLA In-text Citations | A Complete Guide (9th Edition). Scribbr. Retrieved May 22, 2023, from https://www.scribbr.com/mla/in-text-citations/

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A complete guide to MLA in-text citations

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An MLA in-text citation provides the author's last name and a page number in parentheses. If a source has two authors, name both. If a source has more than two authors, name only the first author, followed by " et al. " If the part you're citing spans multiple pages, include the full page range.

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MLA In- Text Citations

We can use this resource to  understand how to cite our sources and how we include it in out research paper. It also explains hot to use MLA In- Text Citations as well. In the rubric, you have to follow the criteria and make sure to cite all of your evidence or you will lose points. This is also good to know for future papers as well.

Video takeaway: You are not there for a fight and don't let your emotions get in the way.

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MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page.

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Include MLA Citations (in-text & works cited)
This resource helped me understand and contextualize how to use sources and cite them in a work cited properly.
My Takeaway from the Video:
An argument is not a fight, and doesn't have to be emotionally involved.

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This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

Summary:
Evaluating sources of information is an important step in any research activity. This section provides information on evaluating bibliographic citations, aspects of evaluation, reading evaluation, print vs. online sources, and evaluating Internet sources.

Evaluating sources means recognizing whether the information you read and include in your research is credible. Despite the large amount of information available, both in print and online, not all of it is valid, useful, or accurate. Evaluating sources of information that you might include in your writing is an important step in any research process.

When writing research papers, not only will you be searching for information, but you will be evaluating the sources for credibility. You have to decide where to look, how to recognize credible sources, and how to cross-check your information. Learning how to evaluate effectively is a skill you need both for your course papers and for your life.

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Introduction - Purdue OWL® - Purdue University

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice. Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission.

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MLA In-Text Citations: The Basics//Purdue Writing Lab.

You can use this resource to help verify if all In-Text citations made throughout your research papers are done correctly and accurately.

video takeaway: When presenting arguments allow yourself to take a deep breath and remind yourself you are not there to fight. Take pauses and crack jokes to reduce tensions between yourself and other people present.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page.

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Select and Use Evidence

We can use this resource to access numerous databases that can help us find credible sources. For the research paper we must have 10 credible sources and use them throughout our paper to support our argument.

My takeaway from the video: take a deep breath before you speak when an argument begins to become heated. Taking this pause allows for an opportunity to reduce the tension in the room.

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Written by Scribendi

Has this ever happened to you? While looking for websites for research, you come across a research paper site that claims to connect academics to a peer-reviewed article database for free.

Intrigued, you search for keywords related to your topic, only to discover that you must pay a hefty subscription fee to access the service. After the umpteenth time being duped, you begin to wonder if there's even such a thing as free journal articles .

Subscription fees and paywalls are often the bane of students and academics, especially those at small institutions who don't provide access to many free article directories and repositories.

Whether you're working on an undergraduate paper, a PhD dissertation, or a medical research study, we want to help you find tools to locate and access the information you need to produce well-researched, compelling, and innovative work.

Below, we discuss why peer-reviewed articles are superior and list out the best free article databases to use in 2022.

Why Peer-Reviewed Scholarly Journal Articles Are More Authoritative

Determining what sources are reliable can be challenging. Peer-reviewed scholarly journal articles are the gold standard in academic research. Reputable academic journals have a rigorous peer-review process.

The peer review process provides accountability to the academic community, as well as to the content of the article. The peer review process involves qualified experts in a specific (often very specific) field performing a review of an article's methods and findings to determine things like quality and credibility.

Peer-reviewed articles can be found in peer-reviewed article databases and research databases, and if you know that a database of journals is reliable, that can offer reassurances about the reliability of a free article. Peer review is often double blind, meaning that the author removes all identifying information and, likewise, does not know the identity of the reviewers. This helps reviewers maintain objectivity and impartiality so as to judge an article based on its merit.

Where to Find Peer-Reviewed Articles

Peer-reviewed articles can be found in a variety of research databases. Below is a list of some of the major databases you can use to find peer-reviewed articles and other sources in disciplines spanning the humanities, sciences, and social sciences.

What Are Open Access Journals?

An open access (OA) journal is a journal whose content can be accessed without payment. This provides scholars, students, and researchers with free journal articles . OA journals use alternate methods of funding to cover publication costs so that articles can be published without having to pass those publication costs on to the reader.

Some of these funding models include standard funding methods like advertising, public funding, and author payment models, where the author pays a fee in order to publish in the journal. There are OA journals that have non-peer-reviewed academic content, as well as journals that focus on dissertations, theses, and papers from conferences, but the main focus of OA is peer-reviewed scholarly journal articles.

The internet has certainly made it easier to access research articles and other scholarly publications without needing access to a university library, and OA takes another step in that direction by removing financial barriers to academic content.

Choosing Wisely

Features of Legitimate OA Journals

There are things to look out for when trying to decide if a free publication journal is legitimate:

Features of Illegitimate OA Journals

There are predatory publications that take advantage of the OA format, and they are something to be wary of. Here are some things to look out for:

How to Find Scholarly Articles

Identify Keywords

Keywords are included in an article by the author. Keywords are an excellent way to find content relevant to your research topic or area of interest. In academic searches, much like you would on a search engine, you can use keywords to navigate through what is available to find exactly what you're looking for.

Authors provide keywords that will help you easily find their article when researching a related topic, often including general terms to accommodate broader searches, as well as some more specific terms for those with a narrower scope. Keywords can be used individually or in combination to refine your scholarly article search.

Narrow Down Results

Sometimes, search results can be overwhelming, and searching for free articles on a journal database is no exception, but there are multiple ways to narrow down your results. A good place to start is discipline.

What category does your topic fall into (psychology, architecture, machine learning, etc.)? You can also narrow down your search with a year range if you're looking for articles that are more recent.

A Boolean search can be incredibly helpful. This entails including terms like AND between two keywords in your search if you need both keywords to be in your results (or, if you are looking to exclude certain keywords, to exclude these words from the results).

Consider Different Avenues

If you're not having luck using keywords in your search for free articles, you may still be able to find what you're looking for by changing your tactics. Casting a wider net sometimes yields positive results, so it may be helpful to try searching by subject if keywords aren't getting you anywhere.

You can search for a specific publisher to see if they have OA publications in the academic journal database. And, if you know more precisely what you're looking for, you can search for the title of the article or the author's name.

Download Our Free Research Database Roundup PDF

The Top 21 Free Online Journal and Research Databases

Navigating OA journals, research article databases, and academic websites trying to find high-quality sources for your research can really make your head spin. What constitutes a reliable database? What is a useful resource for your discipline and research topic? How can you find and access full-text, peer-reviewed articles?

Fortunately, we're here to help. Having covered some of the ins and outs of peer review, OA journals, and how to search for articles, we have compiled a list of the top 21 free online journals and the best research databases. This list of databases is a great resource to help you navigate the wide world of academic research.

These databases provide a variety of free sources, from abstracts and citations to full-text, peer-reviewed OA journals. With databases covering specific areas of research and interdisciplinary databases that provide a variety of material, these are some of our favorite free databases, and they're totally legit!

CORE is a multidisciplinary aggregator of OA research. CORE has the largest collection of OA articles available. It allows users to search more than 219 million OA articles. While most of these link to the full-text article on the original publisher's site, or to a PDF available for download, five million records are hosted directly on CORE.

CORE's mission statement is a simple and straightforward commitment to offering OA articles to anyone, anywhere in the world. They also host communities that are available for researchers to join and an ambassador community to enhance their services globally. In addition to a straightforward keyword search, CORE offers advanced search options to filter results by publication type, year, language, journal, repository, and author.

CORE's user interface is easy to use and navigate. Search results can be sorted based on relevance or recency, and you can search for relevant content directly from the results screen.

Collection: 219,537,133 OA articles

Other Services: Additional services are available from CORE, with extras that are geared toward researchers, repositories, and businesses. There are tools for accessing raw data, including an API that provides direct access to data, datasets that are available for download, and FastSync for syncing data content from the CORE database.

CORE has a recommender plug-in that suggests relevant OA content in the database while conducting a search and a discovery feature that helps you discover OA versions of paywalled articles. Other features include tools for managing content, such as a dashboard for managing repository output and the Repository Edition service to enhance discoverability.

Good Source of Peer-Reviewed Articles: Yes

Advanced Search Options: Language, author, journal, publisher, repository, DOI, year

Functioning as a research and publishing network, ScienceOpen offers OA to more than 74 million articles in all areas of science. Although you do need to register to view the full text of articles, registration is free. The advanced search function is highly detailed, allowing you to find exactly the research you're looking for.

The Berlin- and Boston-based company was founded in 2013 to "facilitate open and public communications between academics and to allow ideas to be judged on their merit, regardless of where they come from." Search results can be exported for easy integration with reference management systems.

You can also bookmark articles for later research. There are extensive networking options, including your Science Open profile, a forum for interacting with other researchers, the ability to track your usage and citations, and an interactive bibliography. Users have the ability to review articles and provide their knowledge and insight within the community.

Good Source of Peer-Reviewed Articles: Yes

Advanced Search Options: Content type, source, author, journal, discipline

A multidisciplinary, community-curated directory, the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) gives researchers access to high-quality peer-reviewed journals. It has archived more than two million articles from 17,193 journals, allowing you to either browse by subject or search by keyword.

The site was launched in 2003 with the aim of increasing the visibility of OA scholarly journals online. Content on the site covers subjects from science, to law, to fine arts, and everything in between. DOAJ has a commitment to "increase the visibility, accessibility, reputation, usage and impact of quality, peer-reviewed, OA scholarly research journals globally, regardless of discipline, geography or language."

Information about the journal is available with each search result. Abstracts are also available in a collapsible format directly from the search screen. The scholarly article website is somewhat simple, but it is easy to navigate. There are 16 principles of transparency and best practices in scholarly publishing that clearly outline DOAJ policies and standards.

Good Source of Peer-Reviewed Articles: Yes

Advanced Search Options: Subject, journal, year

The Education Resources Information Center (ERIC) of the Institution of Education Sciences allows you to search by topic for material related to the field of education. Links lead to other sites, where you may have to purchase the information, but you can search for full-text articles only. You can also search only peer-reviewed sources.

The service primarily indexes journals, gray literature (such as technical reports, white papers, and government documents), and books. All sources of material on ERIC go through a formal review process prior to being indexed. ERIC's selection policy is available as a PDF on their website.

The ERIC website has an extensive FAQ section to address user questions. This includes categories like general questions, peer review, and ERIC content. There are also tips for advanced searches, as well as general guidance on the best way to search the database. ERIC is an excellent database for content specific to education.

Good Source of Peer-Reviewed Articles: Yes

Advanced Search Options: Boolean

The arXiv e-Print Archive is run by Cornell University Library and curated by volunteer moderators, and it now offers OA to more than one million e-prints.

There are advisory committees for all eight subjects available on the database. With a stated commitment to an "emphasis on openness, collaboration, and scholarship," the arXiv e-Print Archive is an excellent STEM resource.

The interface is not as user-friendly as some of the other databases available, and the website hosts a blog to provide news and updates, but it is otherwise a straightforward math and science resource. There are simple and advanced search options, and, in addition to conducting searches for specific topics and articles, users can browse content by subject. The arXiv e-Print Archive clearly states that they do not peer review the e-prints in the database.

Good Source of Peer-Reviewed Articles: No

Advanced Search Options: Subject, date, title, author, abstract, DOI

The Social Science Research Network (SSRN) is a collection of papers from the social sciences community. It is a highly interdisciplinary platform used to search for scholarly articles related to 67 social science topics. SSRN has a variety of research networks for the various topics available through the free scholarly database.

The site offers more than 700,000 abstracts and more than 600,000 full-text papers. There is not yet a specific option to search for only full-text articles, but, because most of the papers on the site are free access, it's not often that you encounter a paywall. There is currently no option to search for only peer-reviewed articles.

You must become a member to use the services, but registration is free and enables you to interact with other scholars around the world. SSRN is "passionately committed to increasing inclusion, diversity and equity in scholarly research," and they encourage and discuss the use of inclusive language in scholarship whenever possible.

Collection: 1,058,739 abstracts; 915,452 articles

Good Source of Peer-Reviewed Articles: Yes

Advanced Search Options: Term, author, date, network

Public Library of Science (PLOS) is a big player in the world of OA science. Publishing 12 OA journals, the nonprofit organization is committed to facilitating openness in academic research. According to the site, "all PLOS content is at the highest possible level of OA, meaning that scientific articles are immediately and freely available to anyone, anywhere."

PLOS outlines four fundamental goals that guide the organization: break boundaries, empower researchers, redefine quality, and open science. All PLOS journals are peer-reviewed, and all 12 journals uphold rigorous ethical standards for research, publication, and scientific reporting.

PLOS does not offer advanced search options. Content is organized by topic into research communities that users can browse through, in addition to options to search for both articles and journals. The PLOS website also has resources for peer reviewers, including guidance on becoming a reviewer and on how to best participate in the peer review process.

Collection: 12 journals

Good Source of Peer-Reviewed Articles: Yes

Advanced Search Options: None

OpenDOAR, or the Directory of Open Access Repositories, is a comprehensive resource for finding free OA journals and articles. Using Google Custom Search, OpenDOAR combs through OA repositories around the world and returns relevant research in all disciplines.

The repositories it searches through are assessed and categorized by OpenDOAR staff to ensure they meet quality standards. Inclusion criteria for the database include requirements for OA content, global access, and categorically appropriate content, in addition to various other quality assurance measures. OpenDOAR has metadata, data, content, preservation, and submission policies for repositories, in addition to two OA policy statements regarding minimum and optimum recommendations.

This database allows users to browse and search repositories, which can then be selected, and articles and data can be accessed from the repository directly. As a repository database, much of the content on the site is geared toward the support of repositories and OA standards.

Collection: 5,768 repositories

Other Services: OpenDOAR offers a variety of additional services. Given the nature of the platform, services are primarily aimed at repositories and institutions, and there is a marked focus on OA in general. Sherpa services are OA archiving tools for authors and institutions.

They also offer various resources for OA support and compliance regarding standards and policies. The publication router matches publications and publishers with appropriate repositories.

There are also services and resources from JISC for repositories for cost management, discoverability, research impact, and interoperability, including ORCID consortium membership information. Additionally, a repository self-assessment tool is available for members.

Good Source of Peer-Reviewed Articles: No

Advanced Search Options: Name, organization name, repository type, software name, content type, subject, country, region

The Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE) is operated by the Bielefeld University Library in Germany, and it offers more than 240 million documents from more than 8,000 sources. Sixty percent of its content is OA, and you can filter your search accordingly.

BASE has rigorous inclusion requirements for content providers regarding quality and relevance, and they maintain a list of content providers for the sake of transparency, which can be easily found on their website. BASE has a fairly elegant interface. Search results can be organized by author, title, or date.

From the search results, items can be selected and exported, added to favorites, emailed, and searched in Google Scholar. There are basic and advanced search features, with the advanced search offering numerous options for refining search criteria. There is also a feature on the website that saves recent searches without additional steps from the user.

Collection: 276,019,066 documents; 9,286 content providers

Good Source of Peer-Reviewed Articles: Yes

Advanced Search Options: Author, subject, year, content provider, language, document type, access, terms of reuse

Run by Indiana University, the Digital Library of the Commons (DLC) Repository is a multidisciplinary journal repository that allows users to access thousands of free and OA articles from around the world. You can browse by document type, date, author, title, and more or search for keywords relevant to your topic.

DCL also offers the Comprehensive Bibliography of the Commons, an image database, and a keyword thesaurus for enhanced search parameters. The repository includes books, book chapters, conference papers, journal articles, surveys, theses and dissertations, and working papers. DCL advanced search features drop-down menus of search types with built-in Boolean search options.

Searches can be sorted by relevance, title, date, or submission date in ascending or descending order. Abstracts are included in selected search results, with access to full texts available, and citations can be exported from the same page. Additionally, the image database search includes tips for better search results.

Good Source of Peer-Reviewed Articles: No

Advanced Search Options: Author, date, title, subject, sector, region, conference

The CIA World Factbook is a little different from the other resources on this list in that it is not an online journal directory or repository. It is, however, a useful free online research database for academics in a variety of disciplines.

All the information is free to access, and it provides facts about every country in the world, which are organized by category and include information about history, geography, transportation, and much more. The World Factbook can be searched by country or region, and there is also information about the world's oceans.

This site contains resources related to the CIA as an organization rather than being a scientific journal database specifically. The site has a user interface that is easy to navigate. The site also provides a section for updates regarding changes to what information is available and how it is organized, making it easier to interact with the information you are searching for.

Collection: 266 countries

Good Source of Peer-Reviewed Articles: No

Advanced Search Options: None

Paperity boasts its status as the "first multidisciplinary aggregator of OA journals and papers." Their focus is on helping you avoid paywalls while connecting you to authoritative research. In addition to providing readers with easy access to thousands of journals, Paperity seeks to help authors reach their audiences and help journals increase their exposure to boost readership.

Paperity has journal articles for every discipline, and the database offers more than a dozen advanced search options, including the length of the paper and the number of authors. There is even an option to include, exclude, or exclusively search gray papers.

Paperity is available for mobile, with both a mobile site and the Paperity Reader, an app that is available for both Android and Apple users. The database is also available on social media. You can interact with Paperity via Twitter and Facebook, and links to their social media are available on their homepage, including their Twitter feed.

Good Source of Peer-Reviewed Articles: Yes

Advanced Search Options: Title, abstract, journal title, journal ISSN, publisher, year of publication, number of characters, number of authors, DOI, author, affiliation, language, country, region, continent, gray papers

The dblp Computer Science Bibliography is an online index of major computer science publications. dblp was founded in 1993, though until 2010 it was a university-specific database at the University of Trier in Germany. It is currently maintained by the Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz Center for Informatics.

Although it provides access to both OA articles and those behind a paywall, you can limit your search to only OA articles. The site indexes more than three million publications, making it an invaluable resource in the world of computer science. dblp entries are color-coded based on the type of item.

dblp has an extensive FAQ section, so questions that might arise about topics like the database itself, navigating the website, or the data on dblp, in addition to several other topics, are likely to be answered. The website also hosts a blog and has a section devoted to website statistics.

Good Source of Peer-Reviewed Articles: Yes

Advanced Search Options: None

EconBiz is a great resource for economic and business studies. A service of the Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, it offers access to full texts online, with the option of searching for OA material only. Their literature search is performed across multiple international databases.

EconBiz has an incredibly useful research skills section, with resources such as Guided Walk, a service to help students and researchers navigate searches, evaluate sources, and correctly cite references; the Research Guide EconDesk, a help desk to answer specific questions and provide advice to aid in literature searches; and the Academic Career Kit for what they refer to as Early Career Researchers.

Other helpful resources include personal literature lists, a calendar of events for relevant calls for papers, conferences, and workshops, and an economics terminology thesaurus to help in finding keywords for searches. To stay up-to-date with EconBiz, you can sign up for their newsletter.

Good Source of Peer-Reviewed Articles: Yes

Advanced Search Options: Title, subject, author, institution, ISBN/ISSN, journal, publisher, language, OA only

BioMed Central provides OA research from more than 300 peer-reviewed journals. While originally focused on resources related to the physical sciences, math, and engineering, BioMed Central has branched out to include journals that cover a broader range of disciplines, with the aim of providing a single platform that provides OA articles for a variety of research needs. You can browse these journals by subject or title, or you can search all articles for your required keyword.

BioMed Central has a commitment to peer-reviewed sources and to the peer review process itself, continually seeking to help and improve the peer review process. They're "committed to maintaining high standards through full and stringent peer review." They publish the journal Research Integrity and Peer Review, which publishes research on the subject.

Additionally, the website includes resources to assist and support editors as part of their commitment to providing high-quality, peer-reviewed OA articles.

Other Services: BMC administers the International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN) registry. While initially designed for registering clinical trials, since its creation in 2000, the registry has broadened its scope to include other health studies as well.

The registry is recognized by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, as well as the World Health Organization (WHO), and it meets the requirements established by the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform.

The study records included in the registry are all searchable and free to access. The ISRCTN registry "supports transparency in clinical research, helps reduce selective reporting of results and ensures an unbiased and complete evidence base."

Good Source of Peer-Reviewed Articles: Yes

Advanced Search Options: Author, title, journal, list

A multidisciplinary search engine, JURN provides links to various scholarly websites, articles, and journals that are free to access or OA. Covering the fields of the arts, humanities, business, law, nature, science, and medicine, JURN has indexed almost 5,000 repositories to help you find exactly what you're looking for.

Search features are enhanced by Google, but searches are filtered through their index of repositories. JURN seeks to reach a wide audience, with their search engine tailored to researchers from "university lecturers and students seeking a strong search tool for OA content" and "advanced and ambitious students, age 14-18" to "amateur historians and biographers" and "unemployed and retired lecturers."

That being said, JURN is very upfront about its limitations. They admit to not being a good resource for educational studies, social studies, or psychology, and conference archives are generally not included due to frequently unstable URLs.

Collection: 5,064 indexed journals

Other Services: JURN has a browser add-on called UserScript. This add-on allows users to integrate the JURN database directly into Google Search. When performing a search through Google, the add-on creates a link that sends the search directly to JURN CSE. JURN CSE is a search service that is hosted by Google.

Clicking the link from the Google Search bar will run your search through the JURN database from the Google homepage. There is also an interface for a DuckDuckGo search box; while this search engine has an emphasis on user privacy, for smaller sites that may be indexed by JURN, DuckDuckGo may not provide the same depth of results.

Good Source of Peer-Reviewed Articles: Yes

Advanced Search Options: Google search modifiers

Dryad is a digital repository of curated, OA scientific research data. Launched in 2009, it is run by a not-for-profit membership organization, with a community of institutional and publisher members for whom their services have been designed. Members include institutions such as Stanford, UCLA, and Yale, as well as publishers like Oxford University Press and Wiley.

Dryad aims to "promote a world where research data is openly available, integrated with the scholarly literature, and routinely reused to create knowledge." It is free to access for the search and discovery of data. Their user experience is geared toward easy self-depositing, supports Creative Commons licensing, and provides DOIs for all their content.

Note that there is a publishing charge associated if you wish to publish your data in Dryad. When searching datasets, they are accompanied by author information and abstracts for the associated studies, and citation information is provided for easy attribution.

Good Source of Peer-Reviewed Articles: No

Advanced Search Options: No

Run by the British Library, the E-Theses Online Service (EThOS) allows you to search over 500,000 doctoral theses in a variety of disciplines. All of the doctoral theses available on EThOS have been awarded by higher education institutions in the United Kingdom.

Although some full texts are behind paywalls, you can limit your search to items available for immediate download, either directly through EThOS or through an institution's website. More than half of the records in the database provide access to full-text theses.

EThOS notes that they do not hold all records for all institutions, but they strive to index as many doctoral theses as possible, and the database is constantly expanding, with approximately 3,000 new records added and 2,000 new full-text theses available every month. The availability of full-text theses is dependent on multiple factors, including their availability in the institutional repository and the level of repository development.

Good Source of Peer-Reviewed Articles: No

Advanced Search Options: Abstract, author's first name, author's last name, awarding body, current institution, EThOS ID, year, language, qualifications, research supervisor, sponsor/funder, keyword, title

PubMed is a research platform well-known in the fields of science and medicine. It was created and developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM). It has been available since 1996 and offers access to "more than 33 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books."

While PubMed does not provide full-text articles directly, and many full-text articles may be behind paywalls or require subscriptions to access them, when articles are available from free sources, such as through PubMed Central (PMC), those links are provided with the citations and abstracts that PubMed does provide.

PMC, which was established in 2000 by the NLM, is a free full-text archive that includes more than 6,000,000 records. PubMed records link directly to corresponding PMC results. PMC content is provided by publishers and other content owners, digitization projects, and authors directly.

Good Source of Peer-Reviewed Articles: No

Advanced Search Options: Author's first name, author's last name, identifier, corporation, date completed, date created, date entered, date modified, date published, MeSH, book, conflict of interest statement, EC/RN number, editor, filter, grant number, page number, pharmacological action, volume, publication type, publisher, secondary source ID, text, title, abstract, transliterated title

A unique and easy-to-use resource, Semantic Scholar defines itself not just as a research database but also as a "search and discovery tool." Semantic Scholar harnesses the power of artificial intelligence to efficiently sort through millions of science-related papers based on your search terms.

Through this singular application of machine learning, Semantic Scholar expands search results to include topic overviews based on your search terms, with the option to create an alert for or further explore the topic. It also provides links to related topics.

In addition, search results produce "TLDR" summaries in order to provide concise overviews of articles and enhance your research by helping you to navigate quickly and easily through the available literature to find the most relevant information. According to the site, although some articles are behind paywalls, "the data [they] have for those articles is limited," so you can expect to receive mostly full-text results.

Other Services: Semantic Scholar supports multiple popular browsers. Content can be accessed through both mobile and desktop versions of Firefox, Microsoft Edge, Google Chrome, Apple Safari, and Opera.

Additionally, Semantic Scholar provides browser extensions for both Chrome and Firefox, so AI-powered scholarly search results are never more than a click away. The mobile interface includes an option for Semantic Swipe, a new way of interacting with your research results.

There are also beta features that can be accessed as part of the Beta Program, which will provide you with features that are being actively developed and require user feedback for further improvement.

Good Source of Peer-Reviewed Articles: Yes

Advanced Search Options: Field of study, date range, publication type, author, journal, conference, PDF

Zenodo, powered by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), was launched in 2013. Taking its name from Zenodotus, the first librarian of the ancient library of Alexandria, Zenodo is a tool "built and developed by researchers, to ensure that everyone can join in open science." Zenodo accepts all research from every discipline in any file format.

However, Zenodo also curates uploads and promotes peer-reviewed material that is available through OA. A DOI is assigned to everything that is uploaded to Zenodo, making research easily findable and citable. You can sort by keyword, title, journal, and more and download OA documents directly from the site.

While there are closed access and restricted access items in the database, the vast majority of research is OA material. Search results can be filtered by access type, making it easy to view the free articles available in the database.

Good Source of Peer-Reviewed Articles: Yes

Advanced Search Options: Access, file type, keywords

Check out our roundup of free research databases as a handy one-page PDF.

How to Find Peer-Reviewed Articles

There are a lot of free scholarly articles available from various sources. The internet is a big place. So how do you go about finding peer-reviewed articles when conducting your research? It's important to make sure you are using reputable sources.

The first source of the article is the person or people who wrote it. Checking out the author can give you some initial insight into how much you can trust what you're reading. Looking into the publication information of your sources can also indicate whether the article is reliable.

Aspects of the article, such as subject and audience, tone, and format, are other things you can look at when evaluating whether the article you're using is valid, reputable, peer-reviewed material. So, let's break that down into various components so you can assess your research to ensure that you're using quality articles and conducting solid research.

Check the Author

Peer-reviewed articles are written by experts or scholars with experience in the field or discipline they're writing about. The research in a peer-reviewed article has to pass a rigorous evaluation process, so it's a foregone conclusion that the author(s) of a peer-reviewed article should have experience or training related to that research.

When evaluating an article, take a look at the author's information. What credentials does the author have to indicate that their research has scholarly weight behind it? Finding out what type of degree the author has-and what that degree is in-can provide insight into what kind of authority the author is on the subject.

Something else that might lend credence to the author's scholarly role is their professional affiliation. A look at what organization or institution they are affiliated with can tell you a lot about their experience or expertise. Where were they trained, and who is verifying their research?

Identify Subject and Audience

The ultimate goal of a study is to answer a question. Scholarly articles are also written for scholarly audiences, especially articles that have gone through the peer review process. This means that the author is trying to reach experts, researchers, academics, and students in the field or topic the research is based on.

Think about the question the author is trying to answer by conducting this research, why, and for whom. What is the subject of the article? What question has it set out to answer? What is the purpose of finding the information? Is the purpose of the article of importance to other scholars? Is it original content?

Research should also be approached analytically. Is the methodology sound? Is the author using an analytical approach to evaluate the data that they have obtained? Are the conclusions they've reached substantiated by their data and analysis? Answering these questions can reveal a lot about the article's validity.

Format Matters

Reliable articles from peer-reviewed sources have certain format elements to be aware of. The first is an abstract. An abstract is a short summary or overview of the article. Does the article have an abstract? It's unlikely that you're reading a peer-reviewed article if it doesn't. Peer-reviewed journals will also have a word count range. If an article seems far too short or incredibly long, that may be reason to doubt it.

Another feature of reliable articles is the sections the information is divided into. Peer-reviewed research articles will have clear, concise sections that appropriately organize the information. This might include a literature review, methodology, and results in the case of research articles and a conclusion.

One of the most important sections is the references or bibliography. This is where the researcher lists all the sources of their information. A peer-reviewed source will have a comprehensive reference section.

An article that has been written to reach an academic community will have an academic tone. The language that is used, and the way this language is used, is important to consider. If the article is riddled with grammatical errors, confusing syntax, and casual language, it almost definitely didn't make it through the peer review process.

Also consider the use of terminology. Every discipline is going to have standard terminology or jargon that can be used and understood by other academics in the discipline. The language in a peer-reviewed article is going to reflect that.

If the author is going out of their way to explain simple terms, or terms that are standard to the field or discipline, it's unlikely that the article has been peer reviewed, as this is something that the author would be asked to address during the review process.

Publication

The source of the article will be a very good indicator of the likelihood that it was peer reviewed. Where was the article published? Was it published alongside other academic articles in the same discipline? Is it a legitimate and reputable scholarly publication?

A trade publication or newspaper might be legitimate or reputable, but it is not a scholarly source, and it will not have been subject to the peer review process. Scholarly journals are the best resource for peer-reviewed articles, but it's important to remember that not all scholarly journals are peer reviewed.

It's helpful to look at a scholarly source's website, as peer-reviewed journals will have a clear indication of the peer review process. University libraries, institutional repositories, and reliable databases (and you now might have a list of some legit ones) can also help provide insight into whether an article comes from a peer-reviewed journal.

Common Research Mistakes to Avoid

Research is a lot of work. Even with high standards and good intentions, it's easy to make mistakes. Perhaps you searched for access to scientific journals for free and found the perfect peer-reviewed sources, but you forgot to document everything, and your references are a mess. Or, you only searched for free online articles and missed out on a ground-breaking study that was behind a paywall.

Whether your research is for a degree or to get published or to satisfy your own inquisitive nature, or all of the above, you want all that work to produce quality results. You want your research to be thorough and accurate.

To have any hope of contributing to the literature on your research topic, your results need to be high quality. You might not be able to avoid every potential mistake, but here are some that are both common and easy to avoid.

Sticking to One Source

One of the hallmarks of good research is a healthy reference section. Using a variety of sources gives you a better answer to your question. Even if all of the literature is in agreement, looking at various aspects of the topic may provide you with an entirely different picture than you would have if you looked at your research question from only one angle.

Not Documenting Every Fact

As you conduct your research, do yourself a favor and write everything down. Everything you include in your paper or article that you got from another source is going to need to be added to your references and cited.

It's important, especially if your aim is to conduct ethical, high-quality research, that all of your research has proper attribution. If you don't document as you go, you could end up making a lot of work for yourself if the information you don't write down is something that later, as you write your paper, you really need.

Using Outdated Materials

Academia is an ever-changing landscape. What was true in your academic discipline or area of research ten years ago may have since been disproven. If fifteen studies have come out since the article that you're using was published, it's more than a little likely that you're going to be basing your research on flawed or dated information.

If the information you're basing your research on isn't as up-to-date as possible, your research won't be of quality or able to stand up to any amount of scrutiny. You don't want all of your hard work to be for naught.

Relying Solely on Open Access Journals

OA is a great resource for conducting academic research. There are high-quality journal articles available through OA, and that can be very helpful for your research. But, just because you have access to free articles, that doesn't mean that there's nothing to be found behind a paywall.

Just as dismissing high-quality peer-reviewed articles because they are OA would be limiting, not exploring any paid content at all is equally short-sighted. If you're seeking to conduct thorough and comprehensive research, exploring all of your options for quality sources is going to be to your benefit.

Digging Too Deep or Not Deep Enough

Research is an art form, and it involves a delicate balance of information. If you conduct your research using only broad search terms, you won't be able to answer your research question well, or you'll find that your research provides information that is closely related to your topic but, ultimately, your findings are vague and unsubstantiated.

On the other hand, if you delve deeply into your research topic with specific searches and turn up too many sources, you might have a lot of information that is adjacent to your topic but without focus and perhaps not entirely relevant. It's important to answer your research question concisely but thoroughly.

Different Types of Scholarly Articles

Different types of scholarly articles have different purposes. An original research article, also called an empirical article, is the product of a study or an experiment. This type of article seeks to answer a question or fill a gap in the existing literature.

Research articles will have a methodology, results, and a discussion of the findings of the experiment or research and typically a conclusion.

Review articles overview the current literature and research and provide a summary of what the existing research indicates or has concluded. This type of study will have a section for the literature review, as well as a discussion of the findings of that review. Review articles will have a particularly extensive reference or bibliography section.

Theoretical articles draw on existing literature to create new theories or conclusions, or look at current theories from a different perspective, to contribute to the foundational knowledge of the field of study.

10 Tips for Navigating Journal Databases

1. Use the right academic journal database for your search, be that interdisciplinary or specific to your field. Or both!

2. If it's an option, set the search results to return only peer-reviewed sources.

3. Start by using search terms that are relevant to your topic without being overly specific.

4. Try synonyms, especially if your keywords aren't returning the desired results.

5. Even if you've found some good articles, try searching using different terms.

6. Explore the advanced search features of the database(s).

7. Learn to use Booleans (AND, OR, NOT) to expand or narrow your results.

8. Once you've gotten some good results from a more general search, try narrowing your search.

9. Read through abstracts when trying to find articles relevant to your research.

10. Keep track of your research and use citation tools. It'll make life easier when it comes time to compile your references.

7 Frequently Asked Questions

1. How Do I Get Articles for Free?

Free articles can be found through free online academic journals, OA databases, or other databases that include OA journals and articles. These resources allow you to access free papers online so you can conduct your research without getting stuck behind a paywall.

Academics don't receive payment for the articles they contribute to journals. There are often, in fact, publication fees that scholars pay in order to publish. This is one of the funding structures that allows OA journals to provide free content so that you don't have to pay fees or subscription costs to access journal articles.

2. How Do I Find Journal Articles?

Journal articles can be found in databases and institutional repositories that can be accessed at university libraries. However, online research databases that contain OA articles are the best resource for getting free access to journal articles that are available online.

Peer-reviewed journal articles are the best to use for academic research, and there are a number of databases where you can find peer-reviewed OA journal articles. Once you've found a useful article, you can look through the references for the articles the author used to conduct their research, and you can then search online databases for those articles, too.

3. How Do I Find Peer-Reviewed Articles?

Peer-reviewed articles can be found in reputable scholarly peer-reviewed journals. High-quality journals and journal articles can be found online using academic search engines and free research databases. These resources are excellent for finding OA articles, including peer-reviewed articles.

OA articles are articles that can be accessed for free. While some scholarly search engines and databases include articles that aren't peer reviewed, there are also some that provide only peer-reviewed articles, and databases that include non-peer-reviewed articles often have advanced search features that enable you to select "peer review only." The database will return results that are exclusively peer-reviewed content.

4. What Are Research Databases?

A research database is a list of journals, articles, datasets, and/or abstracts that allows you to easily search for scholarly and academic resources and conduct research online. There are databases that are interdisciplinary and cover a variety of topics.

For example, Paperity might be a great resource for a chemist as well as a linguist, and there are databases that are more specific to a certain field. So, while ERIC might be one of the best educational databases available for OA content, it's not going to be one of the best databases for finding research in the field of microbiology.

5. How Do I Find Scholarly Articles for Specific Fields?

There are interdisciplinary research databases that provide articles in a variety of fields, as well as research databases that provide articles that cater to specific disciplines. Additionally, a journal repository or index can be a helpful resource for finding articles in a specific field.

When searching an interdisciplinary database, there are frequently advanced search features that allow you to narrow the search results down so that they are specific to your field. Selecting "psychology" in the advanced search features will return psychology journal articles in your search results. You can also try databases that are specific to your field.

If you're searching for law journal articles, many law reviews are OA. If you don't know of any databases specific to history, visiting a journal repository or index and searching "history academic journals" can return a list of journals specific to history and provide you with a place to begin your research.

6. Are Peer-Reviewed Articles Really More Legitimate?

The short answer is yes, peer-reviewed articles are more legitimate resources for academic research. The peer review process provides legitimacy, as it is a rigorous review of the content of an article that is performed by scholars and academics who are experts in their field of study. The review provides an evaluation of the quality and credibility of the article.

Non-peer-reviewed articles are not subject to a review process and do not undergo the same level of scrutiny. This means that non-peer-reviewed articles are unlikely, or at least not as likely, to meet the same standards that peer-reviewed articles do.

7. Are Free Article Directories Legitimate?

Yes! As with anything, some databases are going to be better for certain requirements than others. But, a scholarly article database being free is not a reason in itself to question its legitimacy.

Free scholarly article databases can provide access to abstracts, scholarly article websites, journal repositories, and high-quality peer-reviewed journal articles. The internet has a lot of information, and it's often challenging to figure out what information is reliable.

Research databases and article directories are great resources to help you conduct your research. Our list of the best research paper websites is sure to provide you with sources that are totally legit.

List of Free Research Databases

About the Author

Scribendi's in-house editors work with writers from all over the globe to perfect their writing. They know that no piece of writing is complete without a professional edit, and they love to see a good piece of writing transformed into a great one. Scribendi's in-house editors are unrivaled in both experience and education, having collectively edited millions of words and obtained numerous degrees. They love consuming caffeinated beverages, reading books of various genres, and relaxing in quiet, dimly lit spaces.

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21 Legit Research Databases for Free Journal Articles in 2022 | Scribendi

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Written by Scribendi Has this ever happened to you? While looking for websites for research, you come across a research paper site that claims to connect academics to a peer-reviewed article database for free. Intrigued, you search for keywords related to your topic, only to discover that you must pay a hefty subscription fee to access the service.

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Google Classroom Scavenger Hunt Directions:

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Google Classroom Scavenger Hunt Directions:

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First: Read the revised Research Paper Rubric linked here.

Second: Find one useful resource (a video/link to a website/information from a powerpoint/s (peardeck)/ nearpod) posted on our Google Classroom Page; look under Stream or Classwork for this information and post it here as a link or a screenshot.

Third: Explain how you and your classmates can use the resource to aid in the writing of your research paper and meet a specific criteria/s from the Research Paper Rubric.

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Create a new document and edit with others at the same time -- from your computer, phone or tablet. Get stuff done with or without an internet connection. Use Docs to edit Word files. Free from Google.

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To watch after you've completed the scavenger hunt. After watching, write a key takeway or something that stood out to you.

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To watch after you've completed the scavenger hunt. After watching, write a key takeway or something that stood out to you.

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How To Argue With Someone Who's Emotional