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A wave is a disturbance that moves from one location to another in a medium.

The most well-known waves are those that move on water's surface, but sound, light, and the motion of subatomic particles are also examples.

Waves transfer energy from one point to another without permanently displacing the medium's particles.

It's a disturbance or oscillation that passes through space-time and is followed by energy transfer.

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𝑩. 𝑻𝒚𝒑𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒂𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏; 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒖𝒔𝒔 𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒉, 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒆𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒔

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𝑩. 𝑻𝒚𝒑𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒂𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏; 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒖𝒔𝒔 𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒉, 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒆𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒔

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Ground Waves

-Long wavelength radio waves.

-Ground wave is a type of radio propagation which is also known as a surface   wave.

-Used for transmissions with a low frequency spectrum, typically less than 2 MHz. This method of propagation makes use of large antennas, the order of which is equal to the wavelength of the waves, and propagates through the ground or troposphere. This approach is not used to send signals over long distances. It induces extreme attenuation, which worsens as the frequency of the waves rises.

· EXAMPLE

· AM
FM

Television broadcasting

SKY WAVES

-Medium wavelength.

-This type of radio waves include radiated energy that travels in the lower few miles of the earth’s atmosphere.

-A highly gain and horizontally polarized antenna is thus highly recommended.

-Used to propagate electromagnetic waves with a frequency range of 2–30 MHz. Making use of the ionosphere, which is named for the presence of charged ions between 60 and 300 kilometers above the earth's surface. Within a narrow frequency range, these ions serve as a reflecting medium for radio or communication waves. We use the ionosphere's property for long-distance transmission of wave data.

EXAMPLES

Amateur Radio

CB Radio
International Broadcasts

SPACE WAVES

-Short wavelength.

-Above 30 MHz neither ground nor sky wave propagation operates
-Used for contact over a direct line of sight, also known as LoS. This method of propagation is used in space satellite communication and very high-frequency waves. It entails transmitting a signal from the transmitter to the receiver in a straight line. We must ensure that the height of the transmission tower is sufficient to prevent waves from colliding with the earth's curvature over long distances.

· EXAMPLES

TV/RADAR communication
Satellite communications

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𝑪. 𝑻𝒚𝒑𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒖𝒔𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍/𝒎𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒎; 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒖𝒔𝒔 𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒉, 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒆𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒔

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𝑪. 𝑻𝒚𝒑𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒖𝒔𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍/𝒎𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒎; 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒖𝒔𝒔 𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒉, 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒆𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒔

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· MECHANICAL WAVES

-These waves required a medium for propagation or to travel.

-Their speed depends on the medium in which it travels.
-They are produced when the part of medium oscillates and enforce the  adjacent regions to oscillate also, in this way energy is propagated.

EXAMPLES

Sound waves
Water waves                                                                                                                    Vibration of string

TYPES OF MECHANICAL WAVES

· TRANSVERSE WAVES

-Waves in which particles of the medium move vertically in the direction of the wave.

· LONGITUDINAL WAVES

- Waves in which particles move horizontally in the direction of the wave.

· SURFACE WAVES
-Waves in which particles move along the boundary between two medium.
MATTER WAVES
Matter waves are also called De Broglie waves.
-A moving particle carries energy from one place to another in the form of kinetic energy.

EXAMPLES

Waves associated with electron
Waves associated with ball

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

· -The waves which require no material medium for their propagation are called electromagnetic waves.
-These waves propagate out in space due to the oscillation of electric and magnetic fields.
-These types of waves are generated through the coupling of an electric field and magnetic field.
-To both the electric and magnetic field, these waves are perpendicular in direction and are also perpendicular to each other.

EXAMPLES

Light waves
Heat waves
Radio waves
X-ray waves

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𝑬. 𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒆𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑳𝒐𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒘𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒔

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𝑬. 𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒆𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑳𝒐𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒘𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒔

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Compression - the highest density point on a medium through which a longitudinal wave is moving.

Rarefaction - is the lowest density point on a medium through which a longitudinal wave is moving.

Wavelength - the wavelength is the spatial period of a periodic wave—the distance over which the wave's shape repeats.

Examples of Longitudinal Waves:

Sound and Ultrasound Waves

Tsunami Waves

Seismic P Waves

Vibrating Mobile phone

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𝑭.𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑴𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑾𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒔

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𝑭.𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑴𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑾𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒔

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𝑮. 𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑾𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒔

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𝑮. 𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑾𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒔

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The frequency of electromagnetic waves can be divided into a number of categories. The electromagnetic spectrum is what we call this.

Radio waves, microwaves, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and Gamma rays are also examples of electromagnetic waves.

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𝑯. 𝑾𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒔; 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒆𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒔

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𝑯. 𝑾𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒔; 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒆𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒔

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Amplitude- A wave is a type of energy transport. The amplitude of a wave is its height, which is generally measured in meters. It is proportional to the amount of energy transported by a wave.
Wavelength- A wavelength is the distance between similar points in adjacent cycles of crests of a wave. In addition, it is measured in meters.
Period- A wave's length is the amount of time it takes a particle on a medium to complete one complete vibrational loop. Since the interval is a unit of time, it is measured in seconds or minutes.
Frequency- A wave's frequency is the number of waves that travel through a given point in a given amount of time. The hertz (Hz) unit of frequency is equal to one wave per second.
Speed- The speed of an object refers to how quickly it travels and is normally expressed as the distance traveled divided by the time it takes to travel. The distance traveled by a given point on the wave (crest) in a given interval of time is referred to as the wave's speed.

EXAMPLES

1. Amplitude- How much a radio wave moves back and forth.

2. Wavelength- When the food is heated in microwave ovens.

3. Period- The Earth in its orbit around the Sun.

4. Frequency- If the pendulum length is shortened, the clock will run faster, and if it is lengthened, the clock will run more slowly.

5. Speed- Someone cleaning a room in 10 minutes.

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Red with White Checkered and Books Fundraiser Ticket (1)

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𝑮𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅 𝑾𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒔

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𝑮𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅 𝑾𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒔

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𝑭. 𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑴𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑾𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒔

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𝑭. 𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑴𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑾𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒔

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A mechanical wave is an example of a sound wave. In a vacuum, sound waves are unlikely to disperse.

Examples of Mechanical waves include slinky waves, water waves, stadium waves, and jump rope waves, many of which require a medium to occur.

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𝑫. 𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒆𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒔  𝒐𝒇 𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆 𝒘𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒔

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𝑫. 𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒆𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒔  𝒐𝒇 𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆 𝒘𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒔

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Crest -  is a point on a surface wave where the displacement of the medium is at a maximum.

Amplitude -  the maximum displacement or distance moved by a point on a vibrating body or wave measured from its equilibrium position.

Trough - the lowest point below the rest position.

Wavelength - the wavelength is the spatial period of a periodic wave—the distance over which the wave's shape repeats.

Examples of Transverse Wave:

Wave movement in the sea

Vibration when playing a guitar

Radio and light waves

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𝑰.  𝑾𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒔; 𝒃𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔

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𝑰.  𝑾𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒔; 𝒃𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔

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Frequency

Are used in standard broadcast radio and television, shortwave radio, navigation, and air traffic control, and even remote-controlled toys.

Wavelength

Is the distance between identical points in the adjacent cycles of a waveform signal propagated in space or along a wire. In wireless systems, this length is usually specified in meters, centimeters, or millimeters,  in the case of infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, and gamma radiation. Wavelength is inversely related to frequency, which refers to the number of wave cycles per second. The higher the frequency the shorter the wavelength

Amplitude

Amplitude modulation is a process by which the wave signal is transmitted by modulating the amplitude of the signal. It is often called AM and is commonly used in transmitting a piece of information through a radio carrier wave.

Period

A wave period gives you a lot more information about swell, which is a measure of the time, in seconds, between successive wave crests passing through a stationary point. Than just how long you’ll have to wait before the next wave lands on your head. Primarily, it provides a deep insight into the underlying energy contained in a swell. The shorter the period, the weaker and slower the swell, and the closer to the surface it travels.

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𝑱. 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑹𝒆𝒇𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: 𝑫𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏, 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒚 𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒃𝒆𝒉𝒊𝒏𝒅, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒑𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒖𝒔𝒂𝒈𝒆

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𝑱. 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑹𝒆𝒇𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: 𝑫𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏, 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒚 𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒃𝒆𝒉𝒊𝒏𝒅, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒑𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒖𝒔𝒂𝒈𝒆

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Total internal refraction, in physics, complete reflection of a ray of light within a medium such as water or glass from the surrounding surfaces back into the medium. The phenomenon occurs if the angle of incidence is greater than a certain limiting angle, called the critical angle. In general, total internal reflection takes place at the boundary between two transparent media when a ray of light in a medium of higher index of refraction approaches the other medium at an angle of incidence greater than the critical angle.

When a light wave passes through a boundary between two materials of different refractive indices, a part of the wave will be refracted at the surface of the boundary and another part will be reflected

It is usually used in many optical instruments like microscopes, telescopes, binoculars, etc.

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𝑲. 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒖𝒔𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒓𝒆𝒈𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒎;  𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒓 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒔(𝒘𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉𝒔 & 𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒔)  𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔(𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒊𝒆𝒔)/𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔.

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𝑲. 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒖𝒔𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒓𝒆𝒈𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒎;  𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒓 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒔(𝒘𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉𝒔 & 𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒔)  𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔(𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒊𝒆𝒔)/𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔.

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Gamma Rays

X-Rays

Ultra Violet (UV)

Visible

Infrared

Microwaves

Radio waves

1. Gamma ray

Wavelength: 1x10-6 nm

Frequency: 3x1023  Hz

Gamma rays are ionizing electromagnetic radiation, obtained by the decay of an atomic nucleus. They are produced by the hottest and most energetic objects in the universe, such as neutrons, stars and pulsars,  supernova explosions. Gamma waves are generated by nuclear explosions, lightning, and the less dramatic of radioactive decay.

Gamma ray can be used in medical applications including the valuable imaging technique of Position of Emission Tomography (PET) and radiation therapies. It can be also used to sterilize human tissue graft:connective tissue allograft, such as bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, dura mater, skin, heart valves and corneas, which are widely used for reconstructive surgery. Gamma irridiation can be applied in food, food sterilization by using gamma irradiation. The process of using ionizing radiation to destroy microorganisms namely bacteria, by exposing the food to it.

Other applications: food packaging, bottle teats for premature babies, syringes, surgical gloves

2. X-rays

Wavelength: 1nm

Frequency: 3x1017Hz

It has a very high frequency waves, and carry a lot of energy. They will pass through most substances this makes them useful in medicine and industry to see inside things. X-ray machines are used by doctors to see inside people, it works by firing a beam of electrons at a certain object or target. X-ray will be produced, if there is enough energy to fire the electrons, They can easily pass through soft tissues, but not so easily bones. X-rays are also used in airports for security checks, to inspect your bag or luggage

3. Ultra Violet (UV)

Wavelength: 100 nm

Frequency: 3x1015 Hz

Sunlight is the greatest source of UV radiation, it is an energetic light that is widely used in medical and industrial processes for a variety of purposes, such as phototherapy, killing bacteria, creating fluorescent scents, curing inks and resins, suntanning. However, too much exposure to UV radiation is damaging to living tissue.

3.Visible

Visible(red)

Wavelength:  700 nm

frequency :4.3x1013 Hz

Visible(blue)

Wavelength: 400 nm

Frequency: 7.5x 1014 Hz

They are the only electromagnetic waves we can see. Each color have different wavelength. Violet has the shortest wavelength, while red has the longest. They make white light when they are seen together. The Sun is a natural source for visible light waves and our eyes see the reflection of this sunlight off the objects around us.

We often use visible light images to see clouds and to help predict the weather. Because we are blind to many wavelengths of light, it is important to use instruments that can detect different wavelengths of light to help us to study the Earth and the Universe.

4.Infrared

Wavelength: 10000 nm

Frequency: 3x1013 Hz

IR light is used by electrical heaters, cookers for cooking food. IR is a type of electromagnetic radiation, a continuum of frequencies when atoms absorb and then release energy. Infrared light is a type of radiant energy that’s invisible to human eyes but we can feel as heat. One of the most useful applications of the Infrared light is in sensing and detection. All objects on Earth emit IR radiation in the form of heat. This can be detected by electronic sensors, such as those used in night vision goggles and infrared cameras.

5.Microwaves

Wavelength: 1cm

Frequency: 30 GHz

The microwave region of the EM spectrum is generally considered to overlap with the highest frequency (shortest wavelength) radio waves. As the case for all EM waves, microwaves travel in a vacuum at the speed of light. One of the most common uses of microwaves is to heat food quickly. Microwave ovens are also used mostly for point-to-point communication systems to convey all types of information, including voice, data and videos in both analog and digital formats. Another important application of microwaves is radar. Prior to World War II, British engineers found that short wavelength radio waves could be bounced off distant objects like ship and aircraft.

Common applications of microwaves include simple motion detectors, radar guns for speed - limit enforcement, radar altimeters and weather radar that can track the 3D motion of water droplets in the atmosphere. These applications are called active sensing, because microwaves are transmitted, and the reflected signals are received and analyzed. Many of these observations are conducted by satellites. Looking either back at the Earth or out into space.

6. Radio waves

Wavelength: 100m - 100 km

Frequency: 3MHz - 3kHz

Like all other electromagnetic waves, radio waves travel at the speed of light. Naturally occuring radio waves are made by lightning or by astronomical objects. Artificially generated radio waves are used for fixed and mobile radio communication, broadcasting, radar and other navigation systems, communication satellites, computer networks. Best known for their use in communication technologies, such as television, mobile phones and radios. These devices receive radio waves and convert them to mechanical vibrations in the speaker to create sound waves.

AM radio waves: Waves used to carry commercial radio signal between 540 and 1600 kHz. Information is carried by amplitude variation, while the frequency remains constant.

Fm radio waves: Waves used to carry commercial radio signals between 88 and 108 MHz. Information is carried by frequency modulation, while the signal amplitude remains constant.

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𝑳. 𝑪𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒂 𝑽𝒆𝒏𝒏 𝑫𝒊𝒂𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒎 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑳𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕

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𝑳. 𝑪𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒂 𝑽𝒆𝒏𝒏 𝑫𝒊𝒂𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒎 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑳𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕

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𝑴. 𝑾𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅 𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝒄𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒌? 𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒕𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒅? 𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓 𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒅?

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𝑴. 𝑾𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅 𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝒄𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒌? 𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒕𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒅? 𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓 𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒅?

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The period is 60 seconds for the second hand, 3,600 seconds in the minute hand and 43,200 in each hour hand. That is, how long it takes for each hand to return to the same position.

So the frequency of the second hand is 16.667 x 10^-3 hertz.

The frequency of the minute hand is 27.778 x 10^-4 hertz.

The frequency of the hour hand is 23.148 x 10^-6 hertz.

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𝑹. 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒖𝒔𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈/ 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒄𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑳𝑨𝑺𝑬𝑹 𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔

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𝑹. 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒖𝒔𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈/ 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒄𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑳𝑨𝑺𝑬𝑹 𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔

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- The term "LASER" originated as an acronym for "Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation".

-Laser is a device that stimulates molecules to emit light at particular wavelengths. The emission generally covers an extremely limited range visible, infrared, or ultraviolet wavelength.

-Laser light has various unique properties such as coherence, monochromacity, directionality, and high intensity. Lasers are used in various applications.

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𝑵. 𝑯𝒐𝒘 𝒅𝒐𝒆𝒔 𝒂 𝒉𝒖𝒎𝒂𝒏 𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒆𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒅𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒔𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒔? 𝑮𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒂 𝒅𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒆𝒅 𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒄𝒆𝒔𝒔.

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𝑵. 𝑯𝒐𝒘 𝒅𝒐𝒆𝒔 𝒂 𝒉𝒖𝒎𝒂𝒏 𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒆𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒅𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒔𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒔? 𝑮𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒂 𝒅𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒆𝒅 𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒄𝒆𝒔𝒔.

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Sound waves puncture the outer ear and migrate to the eardrum through the ear canal, which is a narrow passageway.

The eardrum vibrates when sound waves enter, and the vibrations are transmitted to three tiny bones in the middle ear. These three bones are known as the malleus, incus, and stapes

Sound waves are amplified or raised by the bones in the middle ear before being sent to the cochlea, a fluid-filled snail-shaped structure in the inner ear. An elastic partition runs from the beginning to the end of the cochlea, splitting it into two sections. The basilar membrane is named for the fact that it acts as the foundation, or ground floor, for key hearing structures.

Once the vibrations cause the fluid inside the cochlea to ripple, traveling wave forms along the basilar membrane. Hair cells, which are sensory cells that sit on top of the basilar membrane, ride the wave. Hair cells at the wide end of the snail-shaped cochlea hear higher-pitched noises, such as a child crying. Sounds with a lower pitch, such as a big dog barking those nearest to the core sense them.

Stereocilia, microscopic hair-like projections that perch on top of hair cells, collide with an overlying structure and bend as the hair cells move up and down. The tips of the stereocilia have pore-like channels that open up when the stereocilia bend. As a consequence, chemicals rush through the cells, producing an electrical signal

The auditory nerve carries this electrical signal to the brain, which transforms it into a sound that we can perceive and understand.

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𝑶. 𝑰𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒇𝒚 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒖𝒔𝒔 𝒔𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒔’ 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒔.

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𝑶. 𝑰𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒇𝒚 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒖𝒔𝒔 𝒔𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒔’ 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒔.

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There are five main characteristics of sound: the wavelength, frequency, amplitude, time period, and velocity.

WAVELENGTH:
-Wavelength can be defined as the distance between two successive crests or troughs of wave.
-Wavelength itself is a longitudinal wave that shows the compressions and rarefactions of the sound wave.

FREQUENCY:
-Number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit of time.
-Low-frequency sounds produce sound waves less often that high-frequency sounds.

AMPLITUDE:
-The amplitude of a wave defines the maximum displacement of the particles disturbed by the sound wave as it passes through a medium.
-A large amplitude indicates a large sound wave.

TIME PERIOD:
-Each complete wave cycle begins with a trough and ends at the start of the next trough.
-The time period of a sound wave is the amount of time required to create a complete wave cycle.
-Each vibration from the sound source produces a wave’s worth of sound.

VELOCITY:
-it tells us how fast the wave is moving and is expressed as meters per second.

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𝑷. 𝑾𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓 𝒑𝒖𝒓𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒃𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒔 𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈? 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒖𝒔𝒔.

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𝑷. 𝑾𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓 𝒑𝒖𝒓𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒃𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒔 𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈? 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒖𝒔𝒔.

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-Sounds can cure prostate cancer- Researchers at the Princess Grace Hospital in London have been working on a system that uses sound to destroy cancer cells, and they say that it can cure cancer. High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU), which uses only sound waves to heat up and destroy the targeted cells, was used to successfully kill prostate cancer cells in their research patients. After a year, 92 percent of the 159 men who were treated with this technology had no recurrence of prostate cancer. The operation took only about 5 hours to complete. More testing is needed before this exciting technology can be used by doctors to set the course and reliability.

-Sounds can boil water- Peter Davey a saxophonist and tinker from New Zealand, claims to have invented the Sonic Boiler, a small system that uses sound waves to boil water almost instantly. Simply put the Sonic Boiler into contained water, and it will boil it in seconds. Since no steam is created, the amount of cold water you start with is the amount you’ll drink until it’s boiled.

-Echolocation- Echolocation is a physiological process that locates distant or invisible objects by using sound waves transmitted back to the emitter (such as a bat) (such as prey). Echolocation is used for orientation, obstacle avoidance, food procurement, and social interactions. High-frequency sounds are used by bats and dolphins to see their surroundings by listening to the reverberation of the atmosphere and forming a mental image of where they are.

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𝑴𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝑾𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒔

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𝑴𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝑾𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒔

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𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑾𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒔

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𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑾𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒔

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𝑸. 𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒔 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑶𝒑𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒔. 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒓 𝒔𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓𝒍𝒚𝒊𝒏𝒈.

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𝑸. 𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒔 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑶𝒑𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒔. 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒓 𝒔𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓𝒍𝒚𝒊𝒏𝒈.

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ACOUSTICS

-It is the science that deals with the study of sound and its production, transmission, and effects.

Acoustician - is a scientist or researcher who studies acoustics.

Acoustical Engineering - someone working in the field of acoustics technology.

The main application of acoustics is to make the speech or music sound as good as possible. It is done by reducing sound barriers and increasing factors that help in proper transmission of sound waves. Initially, acoustics was used only in industries which are based on sound like an auditorium, theatre but today, the application of acoustics has spread to many fields like medicine, warfare, architectural industries, etc.

Acoustic Energy

It is the disturbance of energy in a form of a wave that passes through matter.

The energy concerning the mechanical vibrations from its components

Any acoustic event has the following stages.

Cause or  Generating Mechanism

Acoustic wave propagation

Reception Effect

Transduction Process - The process in which some other form of energy is converted into sonic energy producing a sound wave. Wave propagation is the key process in any acoustic event. Sound propagates in liquids as a pressure wave and in solids as longitudinal or transverse waves.

Types of Acoustics

Environmental Noise - Environmental Acoustics is concerned with vibration and noise caused by roadways.

Musical Acoustics - Musical acoustics is concerned with the study of physics of music i.e., how sounds are used to make music.

Ultrasounds - Ultrasounds are the sounds with a frequency greater than the human audible limit.
Infrasounds - Infrasounds are the sounds with a frequency of less than 20 Hz.

Vibration and Dynamics - It is the study of how mechanical systems vibrate and interact with their environment.

OPTICS

Ibn al-Haitham - is called as the father of optics and describer of vision theory.

Is the branch of physics which is concerned with light and it’s behavioural pattern and properties.

Is used to describe the behavior of visible light, infrared light, and the ultraviolet. Imaging is done with the help of a system called an image forming an optical system.

In physics, the term light also refers to electromagnetic radiation of different kinds of wavelengths, whether it is visible to the naked eye or not. Hence, by this, the gamma rays, microwaves,  X-rays, and radio waves are also types of light.

Optics is the study of the wave properties of light, which can be grouped into 3 categories:

Interference

Diffraction

Polarization

DIFFERENCES:

Acoustic waves are more closely related to sound waves and are mostly involved in what you refer to as mechanical waves. Optics, on the other hand, is concerned with electromagnetic phenomena such as light. They both rely on the amount of wave a medium releases, which decreases as it encounters resistance, and their waves bounce, but the difference is that sound can pass through anything if it is strong enough, while optics can only pass through gas, liquid, and small solids, as well as thin mediums or clear, translucent things (glass). In addition, optics can be seen when sounds can be heard, and optics travels faster in the air while slower in water.

In conclusion, The fields of acoustics and optics are completely different. Certain phenomena, such as distortion, diffraction, and standing wave formation, can appear to be identical, but acoustics deals with sound waves, or more broadly, mechanical waves, while optics deals with electromagnetic waves, or light.

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𝑼𝒍𝒕𝒓𝒂 𝑽𝒊𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒕 (𝑼𝑽)

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𝑼𝒍𝒕𝒓𝒂 𝑽𝒊𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒕 (𝑼𝑽)