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6) Is there any Chilean broadcasting company similar to SBS?

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6) Is there any Chilean broadcasting company similar to SBS?

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There has been a number of Chilean broadcasting on TV in which unique dishes and landscapes are shown as chilean diversity, however, these TV shows are merely an external image of what the real diversity of Chile is. Chile is more than just dishes and landscapes. Here we have a great variety of cultures which we are taught only from a occidental perspective in schools. It’s necessary that the Chilean government make a new public policy in which the main objective must be multiculturalism and interculturalism, that means, we need to accept and learn from each other; to break the political and national walls that have maintained the division between different classes

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5)What is the role of foreign languages in SBS?

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5)What is the role of foreign languages in SBS?

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The role of foreign languages in SBS is the search of understanding and communication between the great number of perspectives and cultures of the world, and at the same time, it promotes the diversity of Australian society.

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4)What measures and factors have contributed to make Australia a multicultural country?

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4)What measures and factors have contributed to make Australia a multicultural country?

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Multiculturalism as a public policy has been a measure adopted by the Australian government that has contributed to make Australia a multicultural country. SBS is another measure to improve this diversity in the country.

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3)What is SBS mission? What kind of programs does SBS broadcast?

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3)What is SBS mission? What kind of programs does SBS broadcast?

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The mission of SBS is to form a society where harmony, equality and respect are the main values of life. The programs broadcasted by SBS are multilingual which seek to inform, educate and entertain the citizens of Australia in order to reflect the cultural diversity.

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2)What did Australia look like in the 1970s? What was the Australian way of life?

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2)What did Australia look like in the 1970s? What was the Australian way of life?

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In the 1970s, diversity was not part of Australia as its society was thought to be comprised only by Australians and migrants, neglecting indigenous people from being part of the traditional identity. All of these was incited in schools where a British and an anglocentric view of life were taught.

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1) What has been the role of SBS in contributing to cultural diversity?

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1) What has been the role of SBS in contributing to cultural diversity?

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The role of SBS has been the search “to counter prejudice, racism, discrimination, and stereotyping."

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5) Why is cockney accent mentioned in the interview?

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5) Why is cockney accent mentioned in the interview?

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It is mentioned, because foreigners tend to think that Australians always talk exaggerating this kind of accent, which is not true. Actually, some TV shows portray this, so they are encouraging the creation of stereotypes

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Cockney's not a language it is only a slang
And was originated inna England
The first place it was used was over East London...

Smiley Culture, 'Cockney Translation' (1984)

The British rapper Smiley Culture, whose lyrics compared the differing if synonymous languages of black and white East Enders-and which today have been conflated in the new lexis known as Multi-Ethnic London English-was only partially correct. Cockney may not be a fully-fledged language, although it certainly boasts a proportion of the 'rules' of grammar and spelling (albeit phonetically) that underpin such linguistic formations, but for all that it is so heavily identified with slang, and especially that tourist delight, Cockney rhyming slang, it is if anything a dialect. London's own.

What is Cockney?

The word has resolutely resisted any simple etymology. It is first noted in 1362, when it meant a 'cock's egg'-that is, a defective one. However there was an alternative use, first recorded in Chaucer and defined in the second edition of the OED (1989) as 'a mother's darling'; a cockered child, pet, minion; 'a child tenderly brought up'; hence, a squeamish or effeminate fellow, 'a milksop'. Hence the equation, presumably coined by self-aggrandizing countrymen, of the weakling with the townsman, a use initially recorded in 1521. And from the general to the specific: in 1600 appeared the first such usage, in which the reference is not merely to the working-class Londoner, with which it would henceforth be allied, but to a Bow-bell Cockney.

What is a Cockney? One who has been born within the sound of Bow bells, a reference not, as often believed, to the eastern suburb of Bow, but to the church of Saint Mary le Bow, Cheapside, in the City of London. Further to a study carried out in 2000 to see how far the Bow Bells could be heard, it was estimated that they would have been audible six miles to the east, five to the north, three to the south, and four to the west, an area that covers Bethnal Green, Whitechapel, Spitalfields, Stepney, Wapping, Limehouse, Poplar, Millwall, Hackney, Hoxton, Shoreditch, Bow, and Mile End, as well as Bermondsey, south of the River Thames. Given the post-war emigration of many Cockneys to Essex, that area can now be seen as substantially larger. Nor were the original Cockneys invariably working class. All sorts of individuals would once have spoken the London dialect, even if the great push for linguistic 'purity' during the seventeenth and eighteenth century prohibited such 'vulgarisms' from the aspirant middle class.

The OED's first recorded use of Cockney language is dated 1776. But it has been suggested that a Cockney style of speech is much older, with Matthews offering examples from the sixteenth century onwards (William Matthews, Cockney Past and Present, 1938). Shakespeare is among those he quotes, although his Cockneyisms are far from East Enders. Indeed, early Cockney is primarily a matter of pronunciation, as reverse-engineered from the recorded spelling of words such as frust (thrust), farding (farthing), anoder (another), and so on.

The nineteenth century saw the first wholesale attempt to record Cockney as it was spoken. The low-life episodes of Pierce Egan's Life in London (1821) take his heroes deep into the East End and its speech. London's great chronicler Charles Dickens, notably with Sam Weller and his father, is unsurprisingly keen on setting down the sound of Cockney speech, most obviously in the substitution of 'v' for 'w' and vice versa. The pioneering sociologist Henry Mayhew recorded his impoverished or criminal interviewees in much the same style. Dickens at least offers an implied moral judgement on those who drop their aitches and reverse their v's and w's: irrespective of their background 'virtuous' characters, such as Oliver Twist and Nancy, never stray from standard English. It is left to Sykes and the Dodger to display the author's underworld knowledge. Yet 'Dickensian' Cockney was short-lived. By the century's end a new school of Cockney novelists-notably William Pett Ridge, Edwin Pugh, and Arthur Morrison-had emerged. It is 'their' Cockneyisms that are far more like what one hears today. At much the same time London's music hall was dominated by stars such as Albert Chevalier, Gus Elen, Marie Lloyd or Bessie Bellwood, all of whom promoted themselves as embodying the lives of the Cockneys who made up their audiences. Moreover they did so with songs imbued with that audience's home-grown language.

Rhyming slang

If there is a stereotype of what the world sees as 'typically Cockney' then it is undoubtedly rhyming slang. While the creation myths of that lexis differ, it was certainly popular among the early nineteenth-century Cockney costermongers.

The original rhyming slang, which was a conscious attempt to mystify the uninitiated, depended on the omission of the rhyming element, for example: 'Barnet fair' / 'hair' (1857) to (1931); 'china plate' / 'mate' (1880) to (1925); 'Hampstead Heath' / 'teeth' (1887) to Hampsteads (1932); and 'Sweeney Todd' / 'flying squad' (1938) to (1967). However this was by no means a rule, and there exist a number of terms in which the entire compound is pronounced - hence Adam-and-Eve / 'believe' (1925), / 'say so' (1936), or / 'thief' (1903). Rhyming slang persists today, though how 'Cockney' such artificial constructs as 'Posh and Becks: sex' or 'Germaine Greer: beer' may be is at best debatable. Like Routemaster buses and black cabs, it is an essential part of London's tourist-orientated image.

Cockney survives, but not without change. If one can elicit a single pattern then it is the movement beyond purely working-class speech. (1989) has been adopted by a growing spectrum of the otherwise middle-class and reasonably well-heeled young, As an accent it resembles the more formal concept of Estuary English which was first recorded in 1984 and defined by the OED as 'a type of accent identified as spreading outwards from London, mainly into the south-east of England, and containing features of both received pronunciation and such regional accents as Cockney'. And since then, at least among the under-thirties, both working- and middle-class, there is Multi-Ethnic London English, a dialect that reflects the city's multicultural makeup, and blends terms from mainstream slang, the Caribbean and American rap, and of course London's own Cockney.

Further reading on Cockney

Julian Franklyn, The Cockney: a Survey of London Life and Language (1953)

Jonathon Green, Cassell Book of Rhyming Slang (2000)

William Matthews, Cockney Past and Present. A Short History of the Dialect of London (1938)

Peter Wright, Cockney Dialect and Slang (1981)

The opinions and other information contained in the OED blog posts and comments do not necessarily reflect the opinions or positions of Oxford University Press.

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Cockney's not a language it is only a slang And was originated inna England The first place it was used was over East London... Smiley...

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4) Why is Kate Winslet’s representation of Australian accent mentioned in the interview?

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4) Why is Kate Winslet’s representation of Australian accent mentioned in the interview?

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It is mentioned in order to make an example of a terrific and magnificent representation of the Australian accent.

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3) Which factors influence different forms of Australian accents?

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3) Which factors influence different forms of Australian accents?

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One of the factors that influence different forms of Australian accents is the position of the tongue.
Also, exists a socio-economic factor which can make the accents sound different.
McPherson mentions how people from the bush tend to speak with a broader Australian accent which makes vowels sound more expressive.

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2) According to McPherson, what are some incorrect popular representations of Australian accents?

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2) According to McPherson, what are some incorrect popular representations of Australian accents?

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A couple of The Simpsons’ episodes, that represent the Australian as a exaggerated cockney accent.

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1) What are some key features of an Australian accent? Are they different from the ones mentioned by Adams Hills?

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1) What are some key features of an Australian accent? Are they different from the ones mentioned by Adams Hills?

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According to Mcpherson, some key features of an Australian accent are the rising inflection where the tone goes up, the nasal sound, the hesitation sound. Adam Hills also mentions that the Australian accent has a rising intonation which it seems like people are seeking for approval.

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 5. What is the role of the landscape/the desert in relation to gay culture in Australia?

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 5. What is the role of the landscape/the desert in relation to gay culture in Australia?

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It represents the freedom, specifically; the top of the desert represents the achievement of the main goal, after they have overcome all the adversities.

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4. What do the aborigines and the drag queens have in common?

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4. What do the aborigines and the drag queens have in common?

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What they have in common is the joy that represents them and the passion for the music. That they have. Although they like different styles of music (tribal music and disco music) that didn’t really matter at the moment of spending a great time together.

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3. How are aborigines portrayed in this scene?

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3. How are aborigines portrayed in this scene?

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Aborigines are portrayed as people who live in the nature (outback), also as people that don’t discriminate foreigners and people who keep strong ties to their values and costumes (e.g. music and tribal dances).

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2. What does the scene in which Felicia is singing opera on top of the bus represent?

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2. What does the scene in which Felicia is singing opera on top of the bus represent?

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It represents the freedom of demonstrating who they are, no caring about other’s opinions. In fact, Felicia mentions that she likes to see people get hot-headed, showing no consideration at all for the people that can offense them.

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1. How did they feel as they saw their bus with an anti-gay slogan?

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1. How did they feel as they saw their bus with an anti-gay slogan?

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They felt very disappointed, sad and angry at the same time. Even though they were “used to” these kinds of discrimination, it still hurts.

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VIDEO: "Australia's History and Aboriginal History"

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VIDEO: "Australia's History and Aboriginal History"

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Australia's History & Aboriginal History

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The Bush portrayed in the movie "The Proposition"

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The Bush portrayed in the movie "The Proposition"

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In the movie "The Preposition" the Bush is portrayed as a dark and dangerous place where no civilized activity exists and conflict is the main characteristic.

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5) To what extent is the representation of Crocodile Dundee different to the Chilean huaso?

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5) To what extent is the representation of Crocodile Dundee different to the Chilean huaso?

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In our opinion, both are very similar and it can be examplified in the following aspects: The roguery that represents them, the use of slang, the particular sense of humor and being good natured.
However, they have their differences as well, and the most significant one is the perception that each of them has about the nature.
The main character of Cocodrile Dundee lives a wild life, surrounded by the bush and the outback, on the other hand, the Chilean huaso, even though it has certain closeness with the nature, it's not so representative and clear in comparison with Australian people.

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4) Why do you think this movie represents a dimension of Australian identity?

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4) Why do you think this movie represents a dimension of Australian identity?

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We think this movie represents a dimension of Australian identity because it shows different aspects of the Aboriginal people’s lifestyles, that is the connection with nature, animals, music, stars, wildlife. The movie represents an Australian identity which today people from the cities see as a thing of the past, as a legend, but in reality, it’s the true origin of the country.

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3)How is aboriginality represented in this movie?

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3)How is aboriginality represented in this movie?

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Aboriginal people are represented just the way we knew they were: Connected with the nature, enjoying tribal music, unworried about the banalities. In simple words, they are represented free, just like before the arrival of the conquerors.

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Watching the scene extracts of the movie "The Crocodile Dundee", we can describe the bush as the place Aboriginal people have a connection with; they feel it through music and dances just as it is showed in clip 2. Also, the bush has no limited time; it’s infinite, with no end and no western-calendar settings.

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1) How is Australian masculinity represented in this movie?

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1) How is Australian masculinity represented in this movie?

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Australian masculinity is very clear to distinguish in the movie.
Men are represented as very rough and rogue people.
In the movie, the main character flirts with the woman and shows her how to calm down a water buffalo.
Also, men are shown as people who are very acquainted with the bush, because it seems like they can live very well in the nature

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The Bush portrayed in "Clancy of the Overflow"

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The Bush portrayed in "Clancy of the Overflow"

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In the poem Clancy of the Overflow, the bush is portrayed as a lifestyle inserted in a natural environment, where no human intervention is present. Drovers and sharers are the inhabitants of this place and people treat kindly one another, unlike the townfolks as it represented in the poem.

"As the stock are slowly stringing, Clancy rides behind them singing,for the drover’s life has pleasures that the townsfolk never know." (Banjo Paterson)

Also, the bush is described as a magic place where all the natural elements can grow, are worshiped, and have a special connotation as it is seen in the following verse:

"In the murmur of the breezes and the river on its bars,and he sees the vision splendid of the sunlit plains extended,and at night the wond’rous glory of the everlasting stars." (Banjo Paterson)
It’s a place where “seasons come and go”, unlike the town with its rushy and nervous lifestyle and the “round eternal of the cash-book and the journal”.

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R: The first sydneysiders were the Gadigal people who were part of the Eora Nation.

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2. When did the first British fleet arrive?

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2. When did the first British fleet arrive?

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R:The first British fleet arrived in 1788 at the Port Jackson.

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R: Eora refers to the word “here” or “from this place”

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4. What is the suburb Redfern known for?

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4. What is the suburb Redfern known for?

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R: The suburb Redfern is known for being the place where activism took place when Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people gathered around to demand civil and land rights over the 20th century.

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R:The word Barani in Sydney’s Aboriginal language means “yesterday”

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6. Why is the term Barani referred to in the text?

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6. Why is the term Barani referred to in the text?

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R: In the text, the term Barani is mentioned because it has a strong relationship with the past of the Aboriginal People

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7. Do you think that this text properly represents aboriginal history or is it whitewashed?

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7. Do you think that this text properly represents aboriginal history or is it whitewashed?

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R: We think the text is mostly whitewashed because the text only refers to the facts in a general way, for instance, it doesn’t talk about the atrocities that aboriginal people had to live. Also, we can notice that in the text words like invasion, oppression, strangers, diseases, end of aboriginal life, are not mentioned.

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8. What was the most significant event? 

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8. What was the most significant event? 

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R: The most significant event was definitely the arrival of the first Britisth fleet and the colonizers to Sydney, because it marked the lives of the aboriginal people forever. All the things that they knew were transformed by the influence of the British.

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How to do an Australian accent with VCA Senior Lecturer Leith McPherson