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Continent- a principal/ HUGE landmass on earth, earth has 7

Latitude – parallel lines around the earth

Longitude – lines that run from the North Pole to the South Pole

Hemispheres - two parts of the earth divided by the equator (Northern & Southern)

Prime Meridian – the line that connects the North Pole and the South Pole

Equator – imaginary line that divides the earth

Map Key (or legend) – explains the symbols on the map

Scales – used on maps as a tool for measuring distance

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nomad – person who regularly moves from place to place in search of food

domestication – to tame animals and plants for human use

specialization – the development of different kinds of jobs

civilization – complex society with cities, organized government, art, religion, class divisions, and a writing system

irrigation -  method of bringing water to a field from another place to water crops

city-state - independent state made up of a city and the surrounding land and villages

cuneiform - Sumerian system of writing made up of wedge-shaped markings

division of labor/specialization of labor – different types of jobs to fit the skills of each person

agriculture – growing crops for human use or farming

ziggurat – a temple built for worship in ancient Mesopotamia

Hammurabi’s Code – collection of laws created by Hammurabi that covered almost every aspect of daily life

Mesopotamia – land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

Sumer – a city in Mesopotamia

Babylon – a city on the Euphrates River that was home to Hammurabi

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Tigris & Euphrates flooded leaving fertile soil

Unpredictable flooding

Crops were irrigated

Irrigation is a method of bringing water to a field from another place to water crops

Farmers could grow plenty of food

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Sumer Religion – polytheistic (many gods).

Built temples called ziggurats to honor their gods

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Three classes of people: Upper, Middle, & Lower

Upper – king, priests, government officials, & scribes

Middle – artisans, merchants, farmers, & fishers

Lower - slaves

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Sumer’s greatest invention was a writing called cuneiform

A few people learned to write. They were called scribes. Scribers were record keepers.

Invented the sailboat, wheel, bronze, levees & number system based on 60.

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this is cuneiform the mesopotamia writing system.

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Hammurabi later became king. Created the Babylonian Empire

An empire is a group of many different lands under one ruler

Known for Hammurabi’s code. It was the first set of laws ever written down.

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Papyrus – reed plant of the Nile Valley; used to make a form of paper

Hieroglyphics – system of writing made up of thousands of picture symbols developed by the ancient Egyptians

Pharaoh – all powerful king in ancient Egypt

Deity – god or goddess

Agriculture - growing crops for human use or farming

Irrigation - method of bringing water to a field from another place to water crops

Domestication - to tame animals and plants for human use

Nile River Valley– river that supported the Egyptian civilization

Dynasty – a line of rulers from one family

Pyramid – a tomb built for Egyptian pharaohs

Mummy – a body tightly wrapped in linen strips

Polytheistic- Belief in more than one god

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Two narrow strips of farmland along the sides of the Nile River Valley

Successful

near river

Surrounded

by deserts

Longest river in the world- 4000 miles

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The Nile River has a delta

Delta – area of fertile soil at the mouth of the river

natural borders:

1. Deserts (Sahara is the largest of world; west of the Nile River)

2. Cataracts (wild rapids)

3. Delta marshes

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After embalming the Pharaoh's body was made into a mummy

Thought to protect Egypt after death

The mummy was put into a tomb or pyramid

Inside the pyramid were objects that the pharaoh would need in the afterlife

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1. Pharaohs

2. Upper Class (nobles, priests, & gov’t officials)

3. Middle Class (artisans, traders, scribes, shopkeepers)

4. Farmers & Herders (largest group)

5. Unskilled Workers (did physical labor & lived in the city

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Papyrus – a reed plant that grew along the Nile River Valley

Papyrus was used for baskets, sandals, river rafts, & paper

Used geometry to survey land

Hieroglyphics – Egyptian system of writing made up of picture symbols

Each symbol stood for an object or idea. Some stood for sounds like the alphabet.

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Scribes wrote in

hieroglyphics. Few

people could read & write

Hieroglyphics – Egyptian system of writing made up of picture symbols

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Early on there was 2 kingdoms

(Upper & Lower)

United into one kingdom by 4000 B.C.

(Narmer)

A dynasty was developed. A line of rulers from one family.

Theocracy- political ruler and religious ruler same person

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Monotheism – the belief in one god

Torah –first 5 chapters of the Old Testament

Covenant – agreement

Prophet – person who claims to be instructed by God to share God’s word

Sabbath – weekly day of worship and rest for Jews (Saturday)

Synagogue - Jewish house of worship

Messiah – in Judaism, a deliverer sent by God

Rabbi – Jewish leader and teacher of the Torah

Judaism – monotheistic religion of the Jews

Moses – a prophet of God who was given the Ten Commandments

Abraham – founder of Judaism

Ten Commandments – laws given to Moses by God; part of the Torah

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moses

Jews were slaves in Egypt

10 plagues were sent to Egypt. A plague is a disease or something that causes a problem.

Last one killed all first- born children except the homes marked with lamb’s blood

Led to Passover Holiday

Moses led the exodus out of Egypt

Went back to
Canaan

abraham

Moses was a prophet.

Prophet- claims to be

instructed by God and

share his word.

Told the people what

God thought was right

and wrong

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Monotheism – belief in

one God

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Moses received the Torah

Rules to live by were the Ten Commandments

god made a covenant or an agreement with Israelites

They could go back to Canaan if they followed His laws

the 10 commandments

1. You shall have no other gods before Me.

2. You shall not make idols.

3. You shall not take the name of the LORD your God in vain.

4. Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy.

5. Honor your father and your mother.

6. You shall not murder.

7. You shall not commit adultery.

8. You shall not steal.

9. You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor.

10. You shall not covet.

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Monsoon – in South Asia, a strong wind that blows one direction in winter and the opposite direction in summer

Subcontinent – large landmass that is part of a continent but distinct from it

Sanskrit – written language developed by the Aryans

Caste – social group a person is born into and cannot change

Hinduism – system of religion that grew out of the religion of the Aryans in ancient India

Brahman – in Hinduism, the universal spirit of which all gods and goddesses are different parts

Reincarnation – rebirth of the soul or spirit in different bodies over time

Dharma – in Hinduism, the divine law that requires people to perform the duties of their caste

Karma – in Hinduism, the good or bad energy a person build up based upon whether he or she lives a good or bad life

Buddhism – religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha; taught that the way to find truth was to give up all desires

Nirvana – in Buddhism, a state of wisdom and freedom from the cycle of rebirth

Indus River Valley – river valley that supported Ancient India

Polytheism – belief in many gods and goddesses

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First civilization was near the Indus river valley.

River floods left rich, fertile soil.

Two cities: Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro.

Harappa – first people of India

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Founded by Siddhartha Gautama.

He was a prince who left his family and wealth to travel.

Saw suffering and questioned why there was suffering.

Popular because it rejects the caste syste

the Four Noble Truths.

1. Life is full of suffering.

2. People suffer because they desire worldly things.

3. The way to end suffering is to stop desiring things.

4. The only way to stop desiring things is to follow the Eightfold Path.

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World’s third largest religion and one of the oldest.

All life is sacred.

Developed from the Aryan religion.

The Brahman is the universal spirit made up of thousands of gods and goddesses.

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Caste system- a social group that someone is born into and can not change.

Decides what job you will have, who you can marry and socialize with.

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algebra

concept & symbol for zero

explained infinity (something without end)

invented symbols for 1-9 (we use today)

invented algorithms (series of steps that solve a problem)

Two epics still popular in India –Ramayana. Brave warriors & heroic deeds. Bhagavad Gita (Mahabharata) tells that the soul lives on after death

Understood gravity, that the earth was round & revolved around the sun, mapped movements of planets & stars

Believed that the earth was made up of tiny particles (atoms)

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Dynasty – line of rulers from the same family

Aristocrat – noble whose wealth came from land ownership

Pictograph – a character that stands for an object

Ideograph – a character that joins two or more pictographs to represent an idea

Bureaucracy – a group of appointed officials who are responsible for different areas of government

Mandate – formal order

Social class – group of people who share a similar position in society

Confucianism – system of beliefs introduced by the Chinese thinker Confucius; taught that people needed to have a sense of duty to their family and community in order to bring peace to society

Daoism – Chinese philosophy based on the teachings of Laozi; taught that people should turn to nature and give up their worldly concerns

Leagalism-society needs a system of harsh laws and punishments, Strong rulers, founded by Hanfeizi

Silk Road – large network of trade routes stretching from western China to Mediterranean Sea

Acupuncture – Chinese practice of easing pain by sticking thin needles into patients’ skin

Huang He River Valley- second longest river in China, formerly called the Yellow River, location of the first Chinese civilization

Dao – the proper way Chinese kings were expected to rule under the Mandate of Heaven

Mandate of Heaven- the belief that the Chinese king’s right to rule came from the gods

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Mountains & deserts isolate & protect China from others

China has very little farmland because much of the country is either mountains or deserts.

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First to make paper!

Soaked tree bark and grounded it into pulp.

It dried into paper!

Gunpowder,  compass & woodblock printing .

Used herbs to prevent illness.

Acupuncture- sticking needles into patients skin.

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Early Chinese writing used pictographs, or characters that stand for objects.

Ideographs join two or more pictographs to represent an idea.

Artisans created many works of art from bronze.

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Rulers were part of a dynasty

Dynasty- line of rulers who belong to the same family

Rulers were called emperors

Had a bureaucracy – appointed officials who are responsible for different areas of government

Emperors believed they received wisdom and power from the gods, spirits, and ancestors.

The Mandate of Heaven was a law that gave emperors power to rule.

They were the link between heaven and Earth.

People expected the king to rule the proper way or Dao.

They were to keep the Gods happy.

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Polis - in Greece, a city-state and the surrounding countryside that runs like its own country

Agora- an open area that served as both a market and a meeting place

Direct Democracy-Athens government, government by the people, citizens share in running the government, each citizen has 1 vote

Representative Democracy-USA system of government, where citizens choose a smaller group to make laws and decisions for them

Myth - story describing gods, heroes, or natural events

Epic- long poem that tells about legends or heroes

Fable- short tale that teaches a lesson

Drama- story told by actors who pretend to be characters in the story

Comedy-form of drama in which the story has a happy ending

Tragedy- form of drama in which a person struggles to overcome difficulties but meets an unhappy end

Philosopher-thinker who seeks wisdom and ponders questions about life

Socratic Method- a way of teaching that used questions-and-answers to make students to use their reason to see things for themselves

Hellenistic Era- period when Greek language and ideas spread to non-Greek people

Athens- an ancient city-state of Greece that developed democracy

Sparta- ancient city-state of Greece that was military focused

Acropolis- a temple built on a hilltop where people would go take refuge when invaders attacked. Also a place to honor local gods

Oligarchy - Sparta’s government, small group as control, usually a small wealthy group has control over the larger group of citizens

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Greece has mountains & islands.

Mainland Greece is a peninsula.

Many were fishers, sailors and traders (miles of seacoasts).

Grew barley, wheat, olives and grapes.