# data[].attributes.body
nomad – person who regularly moves from place to place in search of food
domestication – to tame animals and plants for human use
city-state - independent state made up of a city and the surrounding land and villages
agriculture – growing crops for human use or farming
Mesopotamia – land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

# data[].attributes.body
Mesopotamia means "land between the rivers". Mesopotamia was the land between the 2 rivers Tigris and Euphrates. It was in the fertile crescent and all of its land was fertile because of the 2 rivers.

# data[].attributes.body
The people in Mesopotamia were polytheistic and built temples called ziggurats.

# data[].attributes.body
In Mesopotamia there were 3 social classes, Upper, Middle and Lower. The Upper classes were Kings, Priests and Government Officials. The Middle were Artisans, Merchants, Farmers and Fishers. The lower class were the slaves.

# data[].attributes.body
The greatest invention made by the Sumers was the writing called Cuneform but some other inventions were sailboats, the wheel, bronze, levees and a number system based on 60.

# data[].attributes.body
The mesopotamians used a writing called Cuneform and it looked like this:

# data[].attributes.body
They didn't really have a government, but they had a king named Hammurabi and he made Hammurabi's Code which was a special set of laws that the people had to follow. He was an emperor.

# data[].attributes.body
Nile River Valley– river that supported the Egyptian civilization
Hieroglyphics – system of writing made up of thousands of picture symbols developed by the ancient Egyptians
Irrigation - method of bringing water to a field from another place to water crops

Dynasty – a line of rulers from one family

Pyramid – a tomb built for Egyptian pharaohs

# data[].attributes.body
Egypt formed on the Nile River Valley at about the same time as Mesopotamia formed where they were. There were 2 narrow strips of very good farmland along the Nile River Valley. They had natural protection such as their Delta which could keep invaders away. Their river is 4000 miles long.

# data[].attributes.body
Egypt had many natural borders such as 1. The Sahara Desert 2. Cataracts and 3. Delta marshes.

# data[].attributes.body
The egyptians were Polytheistic, meaning that they beleived in more than one god. They believed that their Pharoahs needed a body to use in the Afterlife so they embalmed them when they died.

# data[].attributes.body
The Social Classes of Egypt are: 1. Pharoahs 2. Upper Class 3. Middle Class 4. Farmers and Herders 5. Unskilled Workers.

# data[].attributes.body
The Egyptians created Papyrus, which was used for baskets, sandals, river rafts, and paper. They also created Hieroglyphics.

# data[].attributes.body
The writing system that they used was called Hieroglyphics and this is what it looked like:

# data[].attributes.body
In the beginning there were 2 kingdoms: upper and lower but eventually they came together and made Narmer. They had Pharoahs and had a dynasty of rulers.

# data[].attributes.body
Monotheism – the belief in one god

Covenant – agreement

Prophet – person who claims to be instructed by God to share God’s word

Synogogue - Jewish house of worship
Messiah – in Judaism, a deliverer sent by God

# data[].attributes.body
The Jews started out in Canaan with a deal with God but then the land dried up there so they moved to Egypt. The jewish people were slaves in Egypt so they went back to Canaan, being lead by Moses.

# data[].attributes.body
They were monotheistic and they believed in only God. All of the food that they eat has to be kosher. They cannot eat rabbit, camel, or shellfish.

# data[].attributes.body
The jews had to live by the Ten Commandments. The Ten Commandments were laws that all jewish people had to follow.

# data[].attributes.body
Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama. It rejected the caste system and the founder questioned suffering. They think that you should follow the Four Noble Truths. Also you need to follow the Eightfold Path.

# data[].attributes.body
Hinduism is the 3rd largest religion in the world and they think that all life is sacred. They believed in the Brahman which was the universal being that was made up of thousands of gods. Dharma is the divine law that states that a person should follow the laws of their caste. Karma was the conseqences that a person would have based on how they live their life.

# data[].attributes.body
They used Sanskrit which looked like this:

# data[].attributes.body
China had 2 rivers and they were the Chang Jiang and the Huang He. When the rivers flooded it brought destruction but it also brought fertile land. Mountains and deserts isolated China from other people.

# data[].attributes.headline
Chart between Legalism, Confucianism and Daoism

# data[].attributes.subject
Chart between Legalism, Confucianism and Daoism

# data[].attributes.body
The chinese made many things such as paper, gunpowder, woodblock printing, and acupuncture.

# data[].attributes.body
The early chinese used pictographs and ideographs that stood for certain things. The artisans made many works of art from bronze.

# data[].attributes.body
Greece has mountians and islands. The greece mainland was a peninsula. The things that they grew were barley, wheat, olives and grapes.

# data[].attributes.body
The greeks had their religous beliefs through myths, and myths were storys about gods and heroes.

# data[].attributes.body
The Delion League was the alliance between greek city-states to defend greek land from the persians.

# data[].attributes.body
The types of government in Greece were: Oligarchy, Representative Democracy and Direct Democracy. Representative Democracy is where citizens elect a small amount of people who govern on their behalf. Direct Democracy is where only the citizens could debate and vote on government matters. Oligarchy is where a small group had control.

# data[].attributes.body
Alexander the Great was the son of Phillip II and he beat the persian empire and capured egypt. He died in 323 B.C because of becoming sick.

# data[].attributes.body
Rome was in Italy which is a peninsula that stuck out into the mediteranean sea. Rome was surrounded by mountains which protected them from raiders. They also have the tiber river which provided them with water and travel.

# data[].attributes.body
Christianity began in the roman empire, but before that they believed in gods like athena and jupiter and mars.

# data[].attributes.body
There were 2 types of people in rome and they were patricians and plebians. Patricians and plebians were roman citizens and they had the right to vote and fight in the army and pay taxes. Patricians were wealthy landowners/the ruling class. Plebians were not allowed to be government officials and were considered middle class.

# data[].attributes.body
In the republic: 1. people have the power 2. they have an elected ruler 3. they had to pay taxes which resulted to them controlling all italy.

# data[].attributes.body
Reasons for the republic failing: 1. problems were beginning at home because too many farmers were in the army. 2. farmers in the army came home to no land 3. the gap between the rich and the poor grew

# data[].attributes.body
We model our laws to the roman laws such as the rule of law which applies to everyone equally. If you did something bad, then you faced a judge and you were innocent until proven guilty.

# data[].attributes.body
There were many reasons for the decline of the roman empire. 1. weak roman empire 2. social problems 3. declining economy 4. roman invasion

# data[].attributes.body
Apostle-early Christian leader who helped to set up churches and spread the message of Jesus
Salvation-the act of being saved from sin and allowed to enter heaven
Gospel-(“good news”) one of the four accounts of Jesus’ life, teachings, and resurrection
Missionary-person who travels to carry the ideas of a religion to others

Justinian Code- simplified the Roman legal code to make it more accessible to average citizens.

# data[].attributes.body
He taught that the jewish laws were not as important as having a relationship with god. He also said that god was coming to rule the world. He used parables to teach lessons to his followers.

# data[].attributes.body
Many jewish people said that he could heal the sick people, and many of them thought that he was the messiah. Other jews thought that he was not the messiah.

# data[].attributes.body
Jesus was arrested because the romans thought he would become too powerful and take over rome. They crusified him on a cross and he supposedly died and was resurrected which was the birth of christianity.

# data[].attributes.body
Monks lived in monasterys and some of them were missionarys who went on journeys to spread christianity.

# data[].attributes.body
Peter went upwards into Rome and started the Catholic Church in Europe called Roman Catholics where the pope has full authority over all of Europe.

# data[].attributes.body
Paul spread Jesus's teachings in the Byzantine Empire and made the Eastern Orthodox who worshipped icons the emperor controlled both the church and the state.

# data[].attributes.body
An emperor that lasted for 38 years and he thought the laws were to hard to understand so he ordered for them to be simplified and Justinian's Code was made.

# data[].attributes.body
caravan- group of traveling merchants and animals.

Quran- holy book of Islam.

mosque- Muslim house of worship.

crier- announcer who calls Muslim believers to prayer five times a day.

Muhammad- prophet and founder of Islam.

# data[].attributes.body
Arabia is mostly all desert so it is very hot and there are sandstorms. People live in villages near oasises. They used caravans to trade goods and travel across the desert.

# data[].attributes.body
Muhammad was visited by an angel in the middle of the desert who told him to preach islam. Allah meant god in arabic and he would revard the good people and punish the bad people. Many people began to believe and they became muslims.

# data[].attributes.body
Muhammad was born in Makkah in 570 A.D and in 610 A.D he was visited by an angel in the middle of the desert who told him to preach islam. Many people then began to become muslims and they made Muhammad their ruler. Many of the muslims were beaten and tortured because of their beliefs. He later built an army and took over makkah but died 2 years later.

# data[].attributes.body
The things that the islamic people in arabia created were 1. chemistry 2.wrote arabian nights which was about aladdin 3. build minarets where a crier called people to prey 5 times a day.

# data[].attributes.body
They used the arabic writing system for trade and spread it through trade. It looked like this:

# data[].attributes.body
Animism - belief that all natural things are alive and have their own spirit

samurai - class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land
vassal- in feudalism, a noble who held land from and served a higher-ranking lord, and in return was given protection

feudalism - political system based on bonds of loyalty between lords and vassals,vassals have sworn loyalty to the lord; nobles governed and protected people in return for service

Zen Buddhism - religion that teaches that people can find inner peace through self-control

# data[].attributes.body
Japan is a chain of islands in the pacific ocean. They are actually mountains that rise up from the sea floor and many of them are volcanos. Little land in Japan can be farmed on because they do not have very good farmland.

# data[].attributes.body
Feudalism was where emperors gave lords land for loyalty and then those lords gave vassals land for loyalty and protection and this went on and on until everyone fought eachother for land.

# data[].attributes.body
China was the greatest influence on japan because of their art and inventions and religion. They did not have to be isolated from other countries but they chose to be, just like China did.

# data[].attributes.body
They liked using Calligraphy and made tanka poems. Their writing looked like this:

# data[].attributes.body
fief- under feudalism, the land a lord granted to a vassal in exchange for military service & loyalty

knight- in the Middle Ages, a noble warrior who fought on horseback

serf- peasant laborer bound by law to the lands of a noble
theology- the study of religion and God

scholasticism – medieval way of thinking that tried to bring together reason and faith in studies of religion

# data[].attributes.body
Feudalism was a political system based on bonds of loyalty between lords and vassals. Lords gave knights land in order to get protection.

# data[].attributes.body
Charlemagne united territories in modern day france, germany and italy and art and learning flourished.

# data[].attributes.body
The Catholic Church was important because it was the unifying force. They were the only real source of learning in the middle ages.

# data[].attributes.body
The crusades were fought between European Christians and Muslims over the holy land.

# data[].attributes.body
Renaissance-means rebirth and began in Italy, rebirth of interest in art, literature, and learning.

Humanism- way of understanding the world that was based on the values of the ancient Greeks and Romans,a way to gain knowledge through reason not just faith.
Reformation- a religious movement that created a new form of Christianity known as Protestantism.
Indulgence - pay to get a pardon, or forgiveness, of sin

Predestination-a religious belief that God has already decided who will go to heaven and who will not,God’s will is absolute and decides everything in the world in advance

# data[].attributes.headline
Location of the Beginning of the Renaissance

# data[].attributes.subject
Location of the Beginning of the Renaissance

# data[].attributes.body
Florence, it was the first city-state to grow wealthy and there were wealthy bankers there that helped.

# data[].attributes.body
Humanism had an effect on Science and art in big ways such as the human anatomy, and by making art more realistic.

# data[].attributes.body
A man named Martin Luther challenged the churches ways. The impact was that the church changed.

# data[].attributes.body
The impace of Counter Reformation was that the churches changed. They 1. stopped selling indulgences 2. priests had strict rules to follow 3. trained new priests in seminaries