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Seditious Speech is speech directed at the overthrow of government.

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The 7th Amendment states: In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.

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The Eighth Amendment of the Constitution states: 'Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.' The amendment is meant to safeguard Americans against excessive punishments.

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The amendment addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws and was proposed in response to issues related to former slaves following the American Civil War.

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Some common law jurisdictions also distinguish between spoken defamation, called slander, and defamation in other media such as printed words or images, called libel.

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Under common law, to constitute defamation, a claim must generally be false and must have been made to someone other than the person defamed.

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The Illinois Supreme Court denied a stay of the trial court's injunction prohibiting petitioners from marching, walking, or parading in the uniform of the National Socialist Party of America or otherwise displaying the swastika, and from distributing pamphlets or displaying materials inciting or promoting hatred against Jews or persons of any faith, ancestry, or race, and also denied leave for an expedited appeal.

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An amendment to the United States Constitution guaranteeing the rights of free expression and action that are fundamental to democratic government.

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The Second Amendment of the United States Constitution reads: "A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed."

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The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures and requires any search warrant to be judicially sanctioned and supported by probable cause.

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Racial segregation, especially in public schools, that happens “by fact” rather than by legal requirement.

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The Fifth Amendment imposes restrictions on the government's prosecution of persons accused of crimes.

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Korematsu v. United States, 323 U.S. 214 (1944), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case concerning the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066, which ordered Japanese Americans into internment camps during World War II regardless of citizenship.

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The Sixth Amendment, or Amendment VI of the United States Constitution is the section of the Bill of Rights that guarantees a citizen a speedy trial, a fair jury, an attorney if the accused person wants one, and the chance to confront the witnesses who is accusing the defendant of a crime, meaning he or she can see who is making accusations.

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A controversial ruling made by the Supreme Court in 1857, shortly before the outbreak of the Civil War.

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Plessy v. Ferguson is a U.S. Supreme Court case from 1896 that upheld the rights of states to pass laws allowing or even requiring racial segregation in public and private institutions such as schools, public transportation, restrooms, and restaurants.

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The Sixth Amendment right to counsel is a fundamental right applied to the states via the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution's due process clause, and requires that indigent criminal defendants be provided counsel at trial.

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Rational Basis review is a test courts may ise to determine the constitutionality of a statute or ordinance.

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Free Exercise Clause refers to the section of the First Amendment.

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Judicial suppression of material that would be published or broadcast, on the grounds that it is libelous or harmful.

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In the case of Lemon v. Kurtzman in 1971, the Supreme Court had to decide if states could give money to religious schools to hire teachers even if it was specified that the teachers couldn't teach religion.

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A phrase in the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution requiring that states guarantee the same rights, privileges, and protections to all citizens.

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Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643 (1961), was a landmark case in criminal procedure, in which the United States Supreme Court decided that evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment, which protects against "unreasonable searches and seizures," may not be used in state law criminal prosecutions in state courts, as well as in federal criminal law prosecutions in federal courts as had previously been the law.

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Literacy Test is a test that determines the qualification of a voter based on his/her his ability to read and write or ability to read and understand any section of the State or Federal Constitution.

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An action or policy favoring those who tend to suffer from discrimination, especially in relation to employment or education; positive discrimination.

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The former practice of segregating black people in the US.

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The Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Pub.L. 88–352, 78 Stat. 241, enacted July 2, 1964) is a landmark civil rights and US labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex or national origin.

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The Supreme Court case that held that the Constitution protected a woman's right to an abortion prior to the viability of the fetus.

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Reasonable grounds (for making a search, pressing a charge, etc.).

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The Court ruled that Bakke had been illegally denied admission to the medical school, but also that medical schools were entitled to consider race as a factor in admissions.

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Symbolic speech is a legal term in United States law used to describe actions that purposefully and discernibly convey a particular message or statement to those viewing it.

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The incorporation doctrine is a constitutional doctrine through which the first ten amendments of the United States Constitution (known as the Bill of Rights) are made applicable to the states through the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

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Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421 (1962), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case that ruled it is unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and encourage its recitation in public schools.

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Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional.

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The Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination requires law enforcement officials to advise a suspect interrogated in custody of his or her rights to remain silent and to obtain an attorney.

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A law that prohibits the use of illegally obtained evidence in a criminal trial.

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The clause in the First Amendment of the US Constitution that prohibits the establishment of religion by Congress.

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Fair treatment through the normal judicial system, especially as a citizen's entitlement.

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The prosecution of a person twice for the same offense.

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Pure speech in United States law is the communication of ideas through spoken or written words or through conduct limited in form to that necessary to convey the idea.

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A class of individuals that have been historically subject to discrimination.

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Racial segregation, especially in public schools, that happens “by fact” rather than by legal requirement.