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The benefits of cultivating gratitude include 

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The benefits of cultivating gratitude include 

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1.  Make us happier

2.  Increase psychological well-being

3.  Enhance our positive emotions

4.  Increase our self-esteem

5.  Build better relationships with friends family and loved ones

6.   Increases social support

7. Make us more optimistic

8.  Make us more giving

9. We tend to be less materialistic

10. Make us more effective at work

11. Reduce impatience and improve decision-making

12.  Help us find meaning in our work

13. Reduce stress

14.  Reduce your blood pressure

15.  Improve your sleep

16.  Improve your overall physical health

and much much more.....

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We recently posted an article about how to incorporate a regular practice of gratitude into your life. It includes some excellent tips, ideas, and exercises to start being more grateful.

However, most people like to know how they can benefit before they start a regular practice. That's an understandable desire, of course. I would never start eating boring but healthy food on a daily basis without hearing about the fantastic benefits it could bring to my life!

In the interest of informing our readers about how they can benefit from practicing gratitude, and perhaps encouraging some of you who are on the fence, we put together findings from multiple studies and articles into one resource that you can use to decide whether practicing gratitude is a good decision for you.

Once you've seen all of these wonderful potential benefits, I think I know what your decision will be!
Become a Science-Based Practitioner!
The 28 Benefits of Gratitude

This piece from Happier Human is a good starting place when exploring the benefits of gratitude (Amin, 2014).

The benefits are split into five groups:

Emotional benefits

Social benefits

Personality benefits

Career benefits

Health benefits

There are many benefits of gratitude, but these categories cover quite a few of them.

Gratitude and Emotional Benefits

Practicing gratitude is known to impact our emotions and emotional health. Evidence has shown that a regular "attitude of gratitude" can...

1. Make us happier

Simply journaling for five minutes a day about what we are grateful for can enhance our long-term happiness by over 10% (Emmons & McCullough, 2003; Seligman, Steen, Park, & Peterson, 2005)! It turns out that noticing what we already have can make us feel more positive about our lives, which makes a simple sort of sense:

those who pay attention to what is good in their life instead of what is bad are more likely to feel positively about their life.

2. Increase psychological well-being

Researcher Chih-Che Lin (2017) found that, even when controlling for personality, a high level of gratitude has a strong positive impact on psychological well-being, self-esteem, and depression. Basically, this means that we can reap the best benefits of gratitude by embodying gratitude and truly living a life of gratitude, a state that we can get to through regular practice and commitment.

3. Enhance our positive emotions

Feeling grateful every day keeps the envy at bay! Research has shown that gratitude reduces envy, facilitates positive emotions, and makes us more resilient (Amin, 2014). After all, if we are grateful for what we have, what room is there for envy to sneak in?

4. Increase our self-esteem

Participants who completed a four week gratitude contemplation program reported greater life satisfaction and self-esteem than control group participants (Rash, Matsuba, & Prkachin, 2011). Gratitude can help you feel better about your circumstances, which can lead to feeling better about yourself.

5. Keep suicidal thoughts and attempts at bay

A study on the effects of gratitude on depression, coping, and suicide showed that gratitude is a protective factor when it comes to suicidal ideation in stressed and depressed individuals (Krysinska, Lester, Lyke, & Corveleyn, 2015). Enhancing our own practice of gratitude can help protect us when we are weakest.

Gratitude and Social Benefits

So we know that gratitude make us more emotionally balanced, happier, and more positive. It makes sense, then, that all of these positive effects result in social benefits as well. After all, happy and healthy people are fun to be around!

Regarding social benefits, regularly practicing gratitude can...

6. Make people like us

Those who are more grateful have access to a wider social network, more friends, and better relationships on average (Amin, 2014). This is likely because of the effect that being grateful has on how trustworthy, social, and appreciative we seem to others.

7. Improve our romantic relationships

A recent study found evidence that expressing gratitude to our significant others results in improved quality in the relationship (Algoe, Fredrickson, & Gable, 2013). Showing our gratitude to loved ones is a great way to make them feel good, make us feel good, and make the relationship better in general!

8. Improve our friendships

Similar to the effects of gratitude on romantic relationships, expressing gratitude to our friends can improve our friendships. Those who communicate their gratitude to their friends are more likely to work through problems and concerns with their friends, and have a more positive perception of their friends (Lambert & Fincham, 2011).

9. Increases social support

Unsurprisingly, given the other social benefits of gratitude, those who are more grateful have access to more social support. The same study that confirmed this finding reported that higher gratitude also leads to lower levels of stress and depression, suggesting that gratitude not only helps you get the social support you need to get through difficult times, but it lessens the need for social support in the first place (Wood, Maltby, Gillett, Linley, & Joseph, 2008)!

10. Strengthen family relationships in times of stress

Gratitude has been found to protect children of ill parents from anxiety and depression, acting as a buffer against the internalization of symptoms (Stoeckel, Weissbrod, & Ahrens, 2015). Teenage and young adult children who are able to find the positives in their lives can more easily deal with difficult situations like serious illness in the family.

Gratitude and Personality Benefits

Aside from the social and emotional benefits gratitude can provide, the regular practice and general "attitude of gratitude" can even affect your personality.

Here are a few things gratitude has been found to impact. Gratitude can...

11. Make us more optimistic

Showing our gratitude not only helps others feel more positively, it also makes us think more positively. Regular gratitude journaling has been shown to result in 5% to 15% increases in optimism (Amin, 2014), meaning that the more we think about what we are grateful for, the more we find to be grateful for!

12. Increase our spiritualism

If you are feeling a little too "worldly" or feeling lost spiritually, practicing gratitude can help you get out of your spiritual funk. The more spiritual you are, the more likely you are to be grateful, and vice versa (Urgesi, Aglioti, Skrap, & Fabbro, 2010).

13. Make us more giving

Another benefit for both ourselves and others, gratitude can decrease our self-centeredness. Evidence has shown that promoting gratitude in participants makes them more likely to share with others, even at the expense of themselves, and even if the receiver was a stranger (DeSteno, Bartlett, Baumann, Williams, & Dickens, 2010).

14. Indicate reduced materialism

Unsurprisingly, those who are the most grateful also tend to be less materialistic, likely because people who appreciate what they already have are less likely to fixate on obtaining more. It's probably also not a surprise to learn that those who are grateful and less materialistic enjoy greater life satisfaction (Tsang, Carpenter, Roberts, Frisch, & Carlisle, 2014).

15. Enhance optimism

A study on the effects of gratitude on positive affectivity and optimism found that a gratitude intervention resulted in greater tendencies towards positivity and an expanded capacity for happiness and optimism (Lashani, Shaeiri, Asghari-Moghadam, & Golzari, 2012).

Gratitude and Career Benefits

Gratitude in the workplace has been shown to impart many benefits as well, for both employers and employees. Of course, many of the social, emotional, and personality benefits of regularly practicing gratitude can carry over to affect work life as well, but some effects are seen primarily over the course of daily work.

In the workplace, gratitude can...

16. Make us more effective managers

Research has shown that practicing gratitude enhances your managerial skills, enhancing your praise-giving and motivating abilities as a mentor and guide to the employees you manage (Stone & Stone, 1983).

17. Reduce impatience and improve decision-making

Those that are more grateful than others are also less likely to be impatient during economic decision-making, leading to better decisions and less pressure from the desire for short-term gratification (DeSteno, Li, Dickens, & Lerner, 2014). As anyone who has ever worked a stressful job already knows, decisions made to satisfy short-term urges rarely provide positive work results or a boost to your career!

18. Help us find meaning in our work

Those who find meaning and purpose in their work are often more effective and more fulfilled throughout their career. Gratitude is one factor that can help people find meaning in their job, along with applying their strengths, positive emotions and flow, hope, and finding a "calling" (Dik, Duffy, Allan, O'Donnell, Shim, & Steger, 2015).

19. Contribute to reduced turnover

Research has found that gratitude and respect in the workplace can help employees feel embedded in their organization, or welcomed and valued (Ng, 2016). This is especially important in the early stages of a career, when new employees are still finding their way and are less likely to be afforded respect from their older or more experienced peers.

20. Improve work-related mental health and reduce stress

Employing gratitude at work can have a significant impact on staff mental health, stress, and turnover. In a rigorous examination of the effects of gratitude on stress and depressive symptoms in hospital staff, researchers learned that the participants randomly assigned to the gratitude group reported fewer depressive symptoms and stress (Cheng, Tsui, & Lam, 2015). Finding things to be grateful for at work, even in stressful jobs, can help protect staff from the negative side effects of their job.

Gratitude and Physical Health

There is also ample evidence that practicing gratitude can improve your physical health, in addition to helping you balance your emotions, improve your relationships, and boost your career.

For example, it has been shown that gratitude can...

21. Reduce depressive symptoms

A study on gratitude visits showed that participants experienced a 35% reduction in depressive symptoms for several weeks, while those practicing gratitude journaling reported a similar reduction in depressive symptoms for as long as the journaling continued (Seligman et al., 2005). This is an amazing finding, and suggests that gratitude journaling can be an effective supplement to treatment for depression.

22. Reduce your blood pressure

Patients with hypertension who "count their blessings" at least once a week experienced a significant decrease in blood pressure, resulting in better overall health (Shipon, 1977). Want a healthy heart? Count your blessings!

23. Improve your sleep

A two week gratitude intervention increased sleep quality and reduced blood pressure in participants, leading to enhanced well-being (Jackowska, Brown, Ronaldson, & Steptoe, 2016). If you're having trouble sleeping or just waking up feeling fatigued, try a quick gratitude journaling exercise before bed - it could make the difference between groggy and great in the morning!

24. Increase your frequency of exercise

It's true: being grateful can help you get fit! It may not be a very effective "fast weight loss" plan, but it has been shown that study participants who practiced gratitude regularly for 11 weeks were more likely to exercise than those in the control group (Emmons & McCullough, 2003).

25. Improve your overall physical health

Evidence shows that the more grateful a person is the more likely he or she is to enjoy better physical health, as well as psychological health (Hill, Allemand, & Roberts, 2013). Apparently, grateful people are healthy people!

Gratitude's Role in Recovery

Beyond merely improving physical health, gratitude has also been applied to aid recovery from several conditions and diagnoses. Whether the issue is substance abuse or a physical ailment, gratitude might be able to help those who are suffering to take control of their lives and get well again.

Gratitude may...

26. Help people recover from substance misuse

Researchers and addiction programs alike have noticed that gratitude can play a key role in recovery from substance misuse or abuse. It seems to help by enabling the development of strengths and other personal resources that individuals can call on in their journey towards a healthier life (Chen, 2017).

27. Enhance recovery from coronary health events

A study out of Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital found that acute coronary syndrome patients experienced greater improvements in health-related quality of life and greater reductions in depression and anxiety when they approached recovery with gratitude and optimism (Millstein, Celano, Beale, Beach, Suarez, Belcher, ... & Huffman, 2016).

28. Facilitate the recovery of people with depression

A case study of a woman with depression revealed that the adoption of Buddhist teachings and practices, with a strong emphasis on utilizing gratitude as a recovery tool, helped her to heal (Cheng, 2015). This should be taken with a grain of salt as a case study, but there is also plenty of evidence that techniques and exercises drawn from Buddhist teachings can have profound benefits for those who practice them.

The Most Important Gratitude Research Articles

While many articles have been published concerning gratitude theory and research, there are a few that have made significant impacts, and even changed the way we think about gratitude in general. These three articles are some of the most important pieces of gratitude research that you should familiarize yourself with if you would like to know more about the state of our knowledge on gratitude's precursors, mediators, and impacts.

Emmons & McCullough: Counting Blessings

This article was already mentioned a few times in the section on the benefits of gratitude, and for good reason. Emmons and McCullough's (2003) work was groundbreaking, and has set the stage for much of the research that has been conducted since it was published.
Study 1
Their article, titled "Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life," describes three studies conducted to explore the potential emotional and interpersonal benefits of gratitude.

Study 1 involved a group of around 200 undergraduate students, split into one gratitude group, one "hassles" group, and one neutral control group. The gratitude group received instructions to think back over their past week and write down up to five things they were grateful for in their life. The hassles group was instructed to write down up to five hassles or irritants they had experienced over the past week. The control group indicated up to five events that had an impact on them over the last week.
Study 2
The students completed these "weekly reports" for 10 weeks, along with items assessing well-being, physical symptoms, reactions to aid or help-giving, and appraisals of their overall state. Results from this study showed that participan ts in the gratitude group felt better about their life on the whole, more optimistic about the upcoming week, and reported fewer physical complaints than participants in the other groups.

In study 2, a sample of about 160 undergraduate students in a health psychology class completed 16 " daily experience rating forms. " These rating forms were nearly identical to the forms from study 1, but referenced the daily time period instead of the previous weekly time period. The first two groups were also given the gratitude and hassles instructions, respectively, but the third group was instructed to write about ways in which they were better off than others. This was dubbed the "downward social comparison" group. Participants also indicated the frequency with which they exercised, the number of hours of sleep they got the previous night, and whether they had engaged in prosocial behaviors each day.
Study 3
Results from study 2 showed that those in the gratitude group reported greater positive affect and more prosocial behavior than participants in the other groups, although there was no significant difference found in frequency of exercise or amount of sleep.

Study 3 was conducted with a group of adults who suffered from a neuromuscular disease. They completed a packet of 21 daily experience rating forms similar to those employed in study 2. Participants were assigned to either the gratitude group, where they were given the same instructions as the gratitude group in the previous studies and completed measures of daily affect, well-being, and other health and daily living activities, or the control group, in which participants completed only the measures portion of the daily tasks.

The findings from study 3 showed that those in the gratitude condition reported increased subjective well-being, greater positive affect, and more hours of quality sleep. Ratings from the participants' significant others confirmed that there was a noticeable difference in their well-being as well.

These three studies provided evidence that gratitude can have a significant impact on an individual's emotional, mental, and possibly even physical state. While there had been other explorations of gratitude as a psychological construct, this was one of the first articles suggesting that the benefits of gratitude may be far greater than we realized at the time.

If you remember anything about this article, remember this: Emmons and McCullough (2003) showed that counting your blessings seems to be a much more effective way of enhancing your quality of life than counting your burdens.

Bartlett & DeSteno: Gratitude and Prosocial Behavior

This article expanded on the findings from Emmons and McCullough (2003) regarding gratitude's effect on prosocial behavior. The previous studies had hinted at this relationship, but Bartlett and DeSteno made this relationship their main focus in their 2006 article.
Study 1
This article also consists of three studies:

Study 1 paired 105 individuals with a study confederate, an actor complicit with the researchers who the participants believed was just another study participant. They completed tasks independently but side by side, although the participant was under the impression that their work would contribute to a single score for both of them. After these tasks, including a general knowledge task and a hand-eye coordination task, the next activity depended upon the participant's randomly assigned condition.

Some participants were assigned to the gratitude condition, in which the study confederate was secretly complicit with researchers in introducing a problem with the participant's task completion. The confederate would help the participant figure out the problem, saving him or her time and effort on redoing their tasks.

Some participants were placed in the amusement group, where they would watch a humorous video clip after completing the tasks and be engaged in conversation about the clip by the confederate. Afterwards, they were given a meaningless task of checking off which words from a list had appeared in the clip.

The rest of the participants were assigned to the control group, in which the confederate briefly engaged the participant in conversation about where the experimenter might be, before "finding" him or her, at which point the next tasks were introduced.

After the activities of the above conditions, participants completed a questionnaire designed to assess their emotional state and feelings towards their "partner" (i.e., the confederate). Once the questionnaire was completed, participants were also approached by the confederate once again, this time with a request to fill out a long and effort-intensive survey the confederate was ostensibly handing out for her work-study advisor. The experimenter noted how long the participant worked on this survey, coding a refusal to take the survey as 0 minutes.
Study 2
Results from this study showed that those in the gratitude condition were more likely to help the confederate, and their efforts lasted longer than the efforts of those in the other conditions, on average. This was the expected outcome of the study, as the researchers predicted that participants with a reason to be grateful to their "peer" would be more willing to help them out with a completely voluntary (and boring) task.

In study 2, 97 participants completed nearly the exact same process as described in study 1, but with two differences:

1) The amusement condition was dropped.

2) Another factor was added in; in one condition, the person asking for help was the confederate who the participant thought was a peer, while in the other condition a stranger (also supposedly a participant, but not one the participant had actually spoken to) requested help.

The results of this study showed that participants who were approached for help by the friendly confederate were more likely to agree to complete the survey than those who were approached by a stranger, regardless of whether they were in the gratitude group or the control group. However, those in the gratitude group who were approached by a stranger for help were still more likely to agree than those in the control group who were approached by a stranger.
Study 3
These findings suggest that the gratitude manipulation really does encourage people to be prosocial, although it's more likely that they will want to help the individual they are specifically grateful to than strangers.

Finally, in study 3, 35 participants completed nearly the same process as described in study 2, except:

1) Instead of employing a confederate and a stranger to alternate requests for help, study 3 used only a stranger for the request.

2) Another condition was included, dubbed the " gratitude-source " condition, in which the usual gratitude group process included a brief encounter with the experimenter before leaving the lab and being approached for help from a stranger. The experimenter asked "Was it the other participant who figured out what was wrong with your computer?", drawing attention to the source to which the participant should be grateful.

The results of study 3 provide showed that participants in the gratitude condition helped the stranger significantly more than those in the neutral and gratitude-source conditions, indicating that gratitude not only enhances prosocial behavior, but the effect is present without the coercion of a norm of reciprocity (i.e., feeling that you must pay it forward because you have received).

This article was important because it solidified the theoretical link between gratitude and prosocial behaviors, indicating that those who are more grateful are more likely to engage in voluntary helping behaviors. This is an important link to understand, and one that can have very positive impacts when applied to our communities (Bartlett & DeSteno, 2006).

The main point from this paper is that gratitude can evoke positive effects, even for those who were neither the one who was grateful nor the one on the receiving end of the gratitude.

A small act of gratitude can cause ripple effects that reach farther than you would imagine.

Sheldon & Lyubomirsky: Increasing and Sustaining Positive Emotion through Gratitude

In this experiment from 2007, researchers Kennon Sheldon and Sonja Lyubomirsky examined the predictors and outcomes of regularly practicing the "counting one's blessings" exercise and the "visualizing best possible selves" exercise. This article made a major contribution to the research surrounding gratitude and positive affect, and the relationship between the two.

This study was conducted as a four-week longitudinal exploration of what happens when people regularly practice two popular happiness strategies. The participants were a group of 67 undergraduate students who were split into three experimental groups:

1. The first group was assigned to the gratitude exercise, otherwise known as the "counting your blessings" exercise (this exercise was used in McCullough and Emmons' 2003 research!). These participants completed this exercise, instructing them to think about the things in their life that they are grateful for and to continue to do so over over the next few weeks.

2. The second group received instructions for the "best possible selves" exercise. In this exercise, participants are instructed to visualize their best possible selves, now and during the next few weeks. They imagine their future if everything in life has gone as well as it possibly could, and they have met all of their important goals, and are told to continue this visualization over the next few weeks.

3. The third group, or the "life details" group, was instructed to "pay more attention" to their lives. They were encouraged to think about all the details they usually don't notice, regarding their classes or regular meetings they attend, interactions they engage in with others, and their typical schedule as they move through the day. They are also told to continue paying more attention to their life over the next few weeks.

After participants in each group finished their assigned exercises, they completed a mood questionnaire, a mental exercise, a second mood questionnaire, and a rating of their motivation to keep engaging in their assigned exercise in the near future. The questionnaires included a well-known scale of affect, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, or PANAS (Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988).

Participants completed these exercises and measurements at a small-group laboratory session, and completed online surveys approximately two weeks and four weeks after the session to in which they reported their mood and indicated how well frequently they were actually performing the exercise.

The results of this study showed that each condition reported immediate reductions in negative affect, but that only the "best possible selves" group experienced a significant increase in positive affect. In addition, participants in this condition reported the greater motivation and interest in continuing this exercise outside of the lab.

Those who reported higher motivation were also more likely to follow through on their exercise. Completing the exercise more faithfully also resulted in a more positive mood in the follow-up assessments, especially for those in the "best possible selves" group (Sheldon & Lyubomirsky, 2007).

These findings showed two important things, among others:

1) A regular practice of gratitude and/or positive visualization can lead to a higher quality of life, measured by affect.

2) It can be difficult to motivate people to consistently practice gratitude.

It seems counterintuitive that we are often so resistant to doing something that can make our lives objectively better, but that's the truth: it's hard to cultivate a regular gratitude practice.

Towards this end, it may be useful to measure your own levels of gratitude. You may find that you have room to improve in this area, in which case you may want to try a gratitude exercise or institute a regular practice of being grateful. The measures below can help you with this goal.

Measuring Gratitude with Questionnaires and Scales

As with any psychological construct, there are many different ways to measure it. The three measures that are most popular and most used in research are listed and described here.

The Gratitude Resentment and Appreciation Test (GRAT)

This measure was developed in 2003 by researchers from Eastern Washington University, and
provides a measure of trait gratitude (i.e., the more permanent type of gratitude that is ingrained in your personality).

It includes 44 items representing characteristics that a grateful person tends to exhibit. To complete the measure, you simply indicate how much you agree or disagree with each statement on a scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 9 (strongly agree). Some of these statements are decidedly not indicative of a grateful person, but not to worry - these are reverse scored, so a "strongly agree" would be a 1 on this item instead of a 9.

The total score represents the survey taker's overall level of trait gratitude, which has been shown to correlate with subjective well-being and positive affect (Watkins, Woodward, Stone, & Kolts, 2003).

Some sample items include:

"I think it's important to enjoy the simple things in life."

"More bad things have happened to me in my life than I deserve." (reverse-scored)

"I think that it's important to sit down every once in a while and "count your blessings."

"I believe that I've had more than my share of bad things come my way." (reverse-scored)

You can see multiple versions of the GRAT at this link.

The Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ-6)

This scale is a stunningly simple one, with only six items to rate. It was developed by Emmons, McCullough, and their colleague Tsang, and used in their 2002 article on gratitude and the " grateful disposition."

The statements are rated on a scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree), with two reverse scored items. The total score is added up from each item, and indicates your "GQ-6 score." The number will be between 6 and 42, with higher numbers indicating a more grateful outlook on life.

The six items are as follows:

1. "I have so much in life to be thankful for."

2. "If I had to list everything that I felt grateful for, it would be a very long list."

3. "When I look at the world, I don't see much to be grateful for." (reverse-scored)

4. "I am grateful to a wide variety of people."

5. "As I get older I find myself more able to appreciate the people, events, and situations that have been part of my life history."

6. "Long amounts of time can go by before I feel grateful to something or someone." (reverse-scored)

As a benchmark for comparing your score to others, if you scored below a 35 out of the possible 42, your gratitude level is in the bottom 25% of participants. If you scored a 42, you are in the top 13% of participants.

Whatever your score is, don't worry too much about it - just see what you can do to be more grateful for what you have, and watch your well-being expand because of it!

Gratitude Adjective Checklist (GAC)

This measure was also developed by McCullough and colleagues (2002). It is used to measure how closely a person identifies with an adjective related to gratitude at the time they complete the measure. Because it is not tied down by a time frame, it can be used to measure gratitude in any form, whether you are viewing it more as an emotion, a mood, or a trait.

The Gratitude Adjective Checklist is even simpler than the GQ-6. It consists of only three adjectives, and participants rate the intensity with which they are experiencing these adjectives on a scale from 1 (not at all) to 5 (extremely).

These adjectives are:

A total score is calculated by simply adding the ratings on these three adjectives. The score can range from 3 to 15, with 3 indicating the lowest possible levels of gratitude and 15 indicating the highest possible level of gratitude.

As simple as it is, it has been found to be reliable and internally consistent and is used frequently in research, although not as often as the GRAT and the GQ-6.

A Take Home Message

As always, I sincerely hope that you both enjoyed this piece and learned a little something from it.

Please remember to cultivate gratitude in your life whenever you can. You never know how far the impacts of a little gratitude can reach!

What do you think of these gratitude benefits? Have you experienced any yourself? Do you have any other suggestions about important gratitude research articles to share? Let us know in the comments!

References

Algoe, S. B., Fredrickson, B. L., & Gable, S. L. (2013). The social functions of the emotion of gratitude via expression. Emotion, 13, 605-609. doi:10.1037/a0032701

Amin, A. (2014). The 31 benefits of gratitude you didn't know about: How gratitude can change your life. Happier Human. Retrieved from http://happierhuman.com/benefits-of-gratitude/

Bartlett, M. Y., & DeSteno, D. (2006). Gratitude and prosocial behavior. Psychological Science, 17, 319-325. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01705.x

Chen, G. (2017). Does gratitude promote recovery from substance misuse? Addiction Research & Theory, 25, 121-128. doi:10.1080/16066359.2016.1212337

Cheng, F. K. (2015). Recovery from depression through Buddhist wisdom: An idiographic case study. Social Work in Mental Health, 13, 272-297. doi:10.1080/15332985.2014.891554

Cheng, S., Tsui, P. K., & Lam, J. M. (2015). Improving mental health in health care practitioners: Randomized controlled trial of a gratitude intervention. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 83, 177-186. doi:10.1037/a0037895

DeSteno, D., Bartlett, M. Y., Baumann, J., Williams, L. A., & Dickens, L. (2010). Gratitude as moral sentiment: Emotion-guided cooperation in economic exchange. Emotion, 10, 289-293. doi:10.1037/a0017883

DeSteno, D., Li, Y., Dickens, L., & Lerner, J. S. (2014). Gratitude: A tool for reducing economic impatience. Psychological Science, 25, 1262-1267. doi:10.1177/0956797614529979

Dik, B. J., Duffy, R. D., Allan, B. A., O'Donnell, M. B., Shim, Y., & Steger, M. F. (2015). Purpose and meaning in career development applications. The Counseling Psychologist, 43, 558-585. doi:10.1177/0011000014546872

Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 377-389. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.2.377

Hill, P. L., Allemand, M., & Roberts, B. W. (2013). Examining the pathways between gratitude and self-rated physical health across adulthood. Personality and Individual Differences, 54, 92-96. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.08.011

Jackowska, M., Brown, J., Ronaldson, A., & Steptoe, A. (2016). The impact of a brief gratitude intervention on subjective well-being, biology and sleep. Journal of Health Psychology, 21, 2207-2217. doi:10.1177/1359105315572455

Krysinska, K., Lester, D., Lyke, J., & Corveleyn, J. (2015). Trait gratitude and suicidal ideation and behavior: An exploratory study. Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention, 36, 291-296. doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000320

Lambert, N. M., & Fincham, F. D. (2011). Expressing gratitude to a partner leads to more relationship maintenance behavior. Emotion, 11, 52-60. doi:10.1037/a0021557

Lashani, Z., Shaeiri, M. R., Asghari-Moghadam, M. A., & Golzari, M. (2012). Effect of gratitude strategies on positive affectivity, happiness and optimism. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 18, 164-166.

Lin, C. (2017). The effect of higher-order gratitude on mental well-being: Beyond personality and unifactoral gratitude. Current Psychology, 36, 127-135. doi: 10.1007/s12144-015-9392-0

McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., & Tsang, J.-A. (2002). The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 112-127. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.1.112

Millstein, R. A., Celano, C. M., Beale, E. E., Beach, S. R., Suarez, L., Belcher, A. M., & ... Huffman, J. C. (2016). The effects of optimism and gratitude on adherence, functioning and mental health following an acute coronary syndrome. General Hospital Psychiatry, 43, 17-22. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2016.08.006

Ng, T. H. (2016). Embedding employees early on: The importance of workplace respect. Personnel Psychology, 69, 599-633. doi:10.1111/peps.12117

Rash, J. A., Matsuba, M. K., & Prkachin, K. M. (2011). Gratitude and well‐being: Who benefits the most from a gratitude intervention? Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 3, 350-369. doi:10.1111/j.1758-0854.2011.01058.x

Seligman, M. E. P., Steen, T. A., Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2005). Positive psychology progress: Empirical validation of interventions. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening, 42, 874-884.

Sheldon, K. M., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2007). How to increase and sustain positive emotion: The effects of expressing gratitude and visualizing best possible selves. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1, 73-82. doi:10.1080/17439760500510676

Shipon, R. W. (1977). Gratitude: Effect on perspectives and blood pressures of inner-city African-American hypertensive patients. US: ProQuest Information & Learning. Accession Number: 2007-99018-513.

Stoeckel, M., Weissbrod, C., & Ahrens, A. (2015). The adolescent response to parental illness: The influence of dispositional gratitude. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24, 1501-1509. doi:10.1007/s10826-014-9955-y

Stone, D. I., & Stone, E. F. (1983). The effects of feedback favorability and feedback consistency. Academy of Management Proceedings (00650668), 178-182. doi:10.5465/AMBPP.1983.4976341

Tsang, J., Carpenter, T. P., Roberts, J. A., Frisch, M. B., & Carlisle, R. D. (2014). Why are materialists less happy? The role of gratitude and need satisfaction in the relationship between materialism and life satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences, 64, 62-66. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.02.009

Urgesi, C., Aglioti, S. M., Skrap, M., & Fabbro, F. (2010). The spiritual brain: Selective cortical lesions modulate human self-transcendance. Neuron, 65, 309-319. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.01.026

Watkins, P. C., Woodward, K., Stone, T., & Kolts, R. L. (2003). Gratitude and happiness: Development of a measure of gratitude, and relationships with subjective well-being. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 31, 431-451. doi:10.2224/sbp.2003.31.5.431

Watson, D., Clark, L., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS Scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063

Wood, A. M., Maltby, J., Gillett, R., Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2008). The role of gratitude in the development of social support, stress, and depression: Two longitudinal studies. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 854-871. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2007.11.003

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The Benefits of Gratitude: 28 Questions Answered Thanks to Gratitude Research

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Sharing is caring. We recently posted an article about how to incorporate a regular practice of gratitude into your life. It includes some excellent tips, ideas, and exercises to start being more grateful. However, most people like to know how they can benefit before they start a regular practice.

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Gratitude trains your mind to focus on the positive

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Gratitude trains your mind to focus on the positive

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Research indicates that expressing your gratitude through writing a gratitude journal helps train your mind to look for positives.

Noticing the positive aspects of your world is the first step to experiencing positive emotion.

Experiencing positive emotions broadens people's minds and builds their resourcefulness in ways that help them become more resilient to adversity (Barbara Frederickson)

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PositivityRatio.com is Barbara Fredrickson's companion website for her new book Positivity.

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How to use this Padlet: Add posts by clicking the + symbol under the column of your choice. You can also click the heart icon n posts you appreciate.

Over the next  10 days take 5 to 10 minutes out of your busy day to reflect on one question a day. Take a few steadying breaths, inhaling deep into your tummy........exhaling long and deep. Sit quietly with the days question in mind. What comes to mind for you?

Sometimes it can take a while to find that one thing you are grateful for....but persist.....it is there waiting to be noticed

If you are stuck read through some of the posts and consider how they apply to you. Remember your task is to seek out something you are grateful for no matter how simple that may be.

Add your reflections under each question so that at the end of the 10 days you can look back and celebrate your journey. You may even unknowingly inspire someone new to the program.

Open yourself up to the power of gratitude!

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They always make me feel like I am doing my body some good!

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I love how green it is up here

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My best friend and life companion. I cherish his humour and capacity to ground me while encouraging me t fly

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I was so elated I squealed, woe my children and we rain outside to make snow cones and snow angels.

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Painting, crafting, doing up old furniture...nothing traps me in flow more then these things.

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Chaos, paint and unbridled enthusiasm. Kids are awesome

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My sleepy daughters eyes opening this morning

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My sleepy daughters eyes opening this morning

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She was soooo grumpy because she had to leave a delicious dream.

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It can be a battle of the forces of nature but there is nothing like the satisfaction of growing my own food.

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It is an absolute privilege to walk a mile in someone else's shoes. To be humbled and honoured with their honesty, vulnerability and courage.

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Before you begin the 10 day challenge it is important to set your intention.

An intention is like sending out a wish, a desire, an aim and then trusting it’s going to bounce right back, in the most positive of ways. It primes you to notice, thoughts feelings and actions, that align with your values and aspirations.

Writing your intention is a powerful first step to embodying it.

Your intentions should be clear and specific, or as simple as a word or phrase you’d like to align yourself with.

Pause for a moment to consider:
What prompted you to do the Gratitude Challenge? What are you hoping to gain from it? Post your intentions in this column.

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Now that it’s over, what are your first thoughts about this overall experience?

What were some of the most interesting discoveries you made?

What is the most important learning for you?

What most got in the way of your commitment to this challenge, if anything?

What aspects of the challenge where you most inspired by?

Where did you encounter struggle along the way, and what did you do to deal with it?

How will you use what you've learned in the future?

What will you carry forward beyond the challenge?

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She was curled up like a tiny puppy.....she is a HUGE Ridgeback cross Bullmastiff

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Barbara Fredrickson: The Positivity Ratio

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Barbara Fredrickson shares her research on the ideal ratio of positive to negative emotions, and offers suggestions for how to flourish in life.

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It feels very adult and indulgent eating berries most days. However I'm also grateful for the days when I take an extra 10 minutes to make myself eggs.

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Cycling and walking alongside it. Riding the citycat on it. The number of bridges we have crossing it. The colour of the city reflected in it at night.

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Passionate about helping other students and developing themselves. Giving of their time in service of the learning community. Fun and honest.

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Chocolate cake all over his face, shirt, hair, table andnew toys.

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When I have an idea and think it's a good one I will pursue it till it becomes a reality.

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Seeing my niece's drawing from the day at school. Learning about new animals I didn't know existed in real life.

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Someone I didn't realise was so quietly determined and purposeful. Discovered just how many amazing projects and organisations she has been supporting. Really humbling to find

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Bright colours. Places I've travelled. Being able to put a nail in the wall because the place is mine.

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Being able to hear ideas, see patterns and themes in conversations, to hear what the point of difference is between differing opinions and help build consensus.

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To achieve balance and live with purpose

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To achieve balance and live with purpose

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Lots of simple things along the way: little kids & their parents playing mini cricket; tall graceful gum tree; strength in my quads climbing stairs; view of rain in the distance over Moreton Island.

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http://positivepsychologynews.com/news/author/barbara-fredrickson

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My student-collaborators in the undergraduate course, Positive Psychology: The Science of Optimal Human Functioning are active learners, responding to the course philosophy summarized in the syllabus:

I see learning and teaching as fundamentally collaborative processes, in which we must all participate actively. My hope is that you will learn at least as much from discussions with your peers both in and out of the classroom as you will from the readings, videos,
and from me.

These students did not just read books, listen to my mini-lectures, participate in discussions, and write papers. They conducted class-based research projects to contribute to our collective knowledge.

Acknowledgment: We extend thanks to the study participants for their interest in positive psychology, the time they volunteered to complete repeated surveys, and all other ways that they helped the class learning process.

We thought the readers of Positive Psychology News might be curious about our research findings! These research summaries were written by the 5 teams that worked on separate projects. The outcomes of three projects are in this article; the final two projects will be published tomorrow.

THE EFFECTS OF GRATITUDE IN A TIME OF THANKFULNESS
By Maddie Baker, Emma Cole, Perry Dickson & Railey White

Thanksgiving can be a very chaotic time for many families. Entertaining relatives and making sure the turkey doesn't burn distract many people during this time and can leave people feeling empty.

Taking time to remember what you are grateful for can do more for you than it seems. In a recent study, we looked at how these feelings of thanks affected our daily lives. As undergraduate students in a Positive Psychology course with Dr. Barbara Fredrickson at University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, we administered a series of surveys to volunteer participants to test the effects of a gratitude intervention on participant's emotions.

Specifically, we were interested in the relationship between gratitude and meaning in life. Meaning in life is important because it fills you with a sense of purpose and value. For this study, we assigned a number of participants to count their blessings in a gratitude journal throughout a 21-day research study. Participants completed this activity twice a week and reported in daily.

Although our study was limited, we saw a tendency for meaningfulness to be higher on days when people counted their blessings. These results suggest that if people express gratitude more frequently, they can expect their lives to have more meaning. Increased levels of meaning in life can bring people more motivation in their days. Amidst the chaos that fills people's lives, having feelings of motivation and purpose can be extremely comforting and encourage people to live their best lives.

The effect that these moments of gratitude have on your feeling of purpose can ease the stresses that come with the holiday.

WHY BOTHER TRYING TO BE HAPPIER?
By Sophia Abedi, Sam Gimenez, Sarah Batchelder, Will Burton, & Hannah Todd

If you could obtain a happier life by participating in a simple intervention, would you do it?

As a group of undergraduate students enrolled in a freshman Positive Psychology seminar, we conducted a research study to observe the results of various positive psychology interventions. Participants in this particular study were randomly assigned to savor, which involves focusing on positive feelings as they unfold, as well as experiencing, savoring, memorizing, and expressing those positive feelings. Participants were asked to set aside time to do something they found enjoyable for at least 20 minutes without distractions (i.e. going for a walk, reading a book, spending time with a friend, watching a sunset, etc.), preferably a different activity each time. Participants were then asked to complete daily surveys in which they reported the experiences and the feelings they observed while participating in our savoring intervention.

We found that on days in which people enacted savoring, they experienced significantly more positive emotions. This suggests that being more positive is not as large a time commitment as people may think and that with the right approach, increasing positivity in your daily life can be as simple as taking 20 minutes to do something you enjoy. Anybody can decide to improve their own well-being by integrating simple, easy things in their everyday lives that make the most out of their positive moments and emotions.

Positivity is not just a goal, it can become a lifestyle.

HOW ONE SIMPLE EXERCISE CAN CHANGE YOUR LIFE
By Ellie Steward, Jordan Shearer, Kayla Baresich, Laura Brummett, Sonio Kum & Grace Clarke

Take a second to consider everything that's going on around you. Take in the colors, scents, sights, and sounds. How often do you take the time to really enjoy the moment? Would you do it more if you knew that it could increase your sense of meaning in life?

In the field of Positive Psychology, savoring is any effort to deepen the appreciation of positive experiences and emotions. We wanted to know whether enacting savoring exercises can increase people's feelings of meaning in life.

We created a 4-week study with the goal of testing this question. Under the guidance of Dr. Barbara Fredrickson, we instructed participants to spend about 20 minutes a few times a week doing and savoring an activity that they enjoyed. Participants were also asked to complete a 3-minute daily survey in which they rated how meaningful their life felt and whether or not they had completed their savoring activity that day.

Our results showed a significant increase in meaning in life on days in which participants practiced savoring. These results coincide with those of previous studies on savoring and meaning in life and suggest that taking the time to savor activities in our daily life can make us feel like we have more meaning and purpose.

Look around. Take in the colors, the scents, sights, and sounds. You'll be surprised just how meaningful life is.

Bryant, F. B. & Smith, J. L. (2015). Appreciating Life in the Midst of Adversity: Savoring in Relation to Mindfulness, Reappraisal, and Meaning. Psychological Inquiry, 26: 315-324.
Books from the Class Syllabus
Fredrickson, B. L. (2009). Positivity: Groundbreaking Research Reveals How to Embrace the Hidden Strength of Positive Emotions, Overcome Negativity, and Thrive. New York: Crown.

Fredrickson, B. L. (2013). Love 2.0: How Our Supreme Emotion Affects Everything We Feel, Think, Do, and Become. Hudson Street Press.

Lyubomirsky, S. (2013). The Myths of Happiness: What Should Make You Happy, but Doesn't, What Shouldn't Make You Happy, but Does.

Worline, M. & Dutton, J. (2017). Awakening Compassion at Work: The Quiet Power That Elevates People and Organizations. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.

Photo Credit: Flickr via Compfight with Creative Commons licenses
Thanksgiving Cornucopia courtesy of lars hammar
Enjoying coffee together courtesy of Philips Communications
Fall colors courtesy of Stanley Zimny (Thank You for 26 Million views)

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My student-collaborators in the undergraduate course, Positive Psychology: The Science of Optimal Human Functioning are active learners, responding to the course philosophy summarized in the syllabus: I see learning and teaching as fundamentally collaborative processes, in which we must all participate actively.

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That someone else has made for me because I needed chicken soup to get better :)

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I love them all - mostly turtle doves, then kookaburras, I have even learned to love the crows

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Who supported International Women's day. When I forgot my ribbon at home - he pinned it to his chest, took a photo to send to me and wore it all day in support.

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When I was between jobs / travels / ideas and he was starting to get ill. We drove around the country visiting friends and places we used to live

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My sense of humour, fun and seeing the irony in things

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My sense of humour, fun and seeing the irony in things

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Making breakfast with my family. Was such a nice morning just buzzing around each other and laughing

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My Children's smile as saw me for the first time since waking up.

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My home. We worked really hard to save for it and looked for a long time for it and it makes us so happy. It’s the perfect place for our family.

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Restore balance and be a positive influence in my teams

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Restore balance and be a positive influence in my teams

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Coming into my room for a workshop and finding my materials all ready and waiting for me. A colleague who came to listen and stayed to help set up and participate.

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"Stop feeling sorry for yourself," we are often told. And while it can be hard to avoid self-pity entirely, mentally strong people choose to exchange self-pity for . Whether you choose to write a few sentences in a gratitude journal, or simply take a moment to silently acknowledge all that you have, giving thanks can transform your life.

Here are 7 scientifically proven benefits:

1. Gratitude opens the door to more relationships. Not only does saying "thank you" constitute good manners, but showing appreciation can help you win new friends, according to a 2014 study published in Emotion. The study found that thanking a new acquaintance makes them more likely to seek an ongoing relationship. So whether you thank a stranger for holding the door or send a thank-you note to that colleague who helped you with a project, acknowledging other people's contributions can lead to new opportunities.

2. Gratitude improves physical health. Grateful people experience fewer aches and pains and report feeling healthier than other people, according to a 2012 study published in Personality and Individual Differences. Not surprisingly, grateful people are also more likely to take care of their health. They exercise more often and are more likely to attend regular check-ups, which is likely to contribute to further longevity.

3. Gratitude improves psychological health. Gratitude reduces a multitude of toxic emotions, from envy and resentment to frustration and regret. Robert Emmons, a leading gratitude researcher, has conducted multiple studies on the link between gratitude and well-being. His research confirms that gratitude effectively increases happiness and reduces depression.

4. Gratitude enhances empathy and reduces aggression. Grateful people are more likely to behave in a prosocial manner, even when others behave less kindly, according to a 2012 study by the University of Kentucky. Study participants who ranked higher on gratitude scales were less likely to retaliate against others, even when given negative feedback. They experienced more sensitivity and empathy toward other people and a decreased desire to seek revenge.

5. Grateful people sleep better. Writing in a gratitude journal improves sleep, according to a 2011 study published in Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being. Spend just 15 minutes jotting down a few grateful sentiments before bed, and you may sleep better and longer.

6. Gratitude improves self-esteem. A 2014 study published in the Journal of Applied Sport Psychology found that gratitude increased athletes' self-esteem, an essential component to optimal performance. Other studies have shown that gratitude reduces social comparisons. Rather than becoming resentful toward people who have more money or better jobs-a major factor in reduced self-esteem-grateful people are able to appreciate other people's accomplishments.

7. Gratitude increases mental strength. For years, research has shown gratitude not only reduces stress, but it may also play a major role in overcoming trauma. A 2006 study published in Behavior Research and Therapy found that Vietnam War veterans with higher levels of gratitude experienced lower rates of post-traumatic stress disorder. A 2003 study published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology found that gratitude was a major contributor to resilience following the terrorist attacks on September 11. Recognizing all that you have to be thankful for -even during the worst times-fosters resilience.

We all have the ability and opportunity to cultivate gratitude. Rather than complain about the things you think you deserve, take a few moments to focus on all that you have. Developing an "attitude of gratitude" is one of the simplest ways to improve your satisfaction with life.
Amy Morin is a psychotherapist and the author of 13 Things Mentally Strong People Don't Do, a bestselling book that is being translated into more than 20 languages. To find out more about her story behind the viral article turned book, watch the video trailer below.

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7 Scientifically Proven Benefits of Gratitude

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"Stop feeling sorry for yourself," we are often told. And while it can be hard to avoid self-pity entirely, mentally strong people choose to exchange self-pity for . Whether you choose to write a few sentences in a gratitude journal, or simply take a moment to silently acknowledge all that you have, giving thanks can transform your life.

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Mexican! I love a good corn chip with guacamole and anything else that goes with it.

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All the green trees and open space - despite living in the city.

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My best friend and partner.
For making me the best version of myself when I am around him.

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Camping with the friendss every Easter. Such great times, great memories.

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My organisation and drive. If a job needs to be done I will work hard to get it done as efficiently and quickly as possible.

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Connect and align my values and my behavior more consistently.

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Connect and align my values and my behavior more consistently.

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who brought me some homemade jam - I felt quite special and warmed by the thoughtfulness

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To notice the things that are going right rather than always focusing on what's going wrong or not yet happening

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To notice the things that are going right rather than always focusing on what's going wrong or not yet happening

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Watching my children play with rocks. Something so simple made them so happy.

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Organisation. I like to be organised so I can help anyone, anytime and still have things sorted for our family.

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Getting to work and be greeted by staff who want to be there and love what they

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Made me feel like the rest of the day would be easy

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Food for my soul ! The smell, taste and crunch of a thin and crispy hawian pizza.

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Love the view of the mountains and city in the distance as i arrive home each night.

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Being able to be so open and honest with her and having no judgement and full support. Re-connecting and talking about everything going on in our lives

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Wait for it to soften just a little then its a little pocket of happiness, creamy, caramelly and chocolat  and just the right size :)

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Our house is on a hill and we have a beautiful front deck that looks straight into the trees. I love the peaceful space it provides

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My Dad
He is always so kind and gentle and there for me just the way I need. I can speak openly with him and he inspires me to be a better person

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Snowboarding for the first time on my trip with my partner to NZ. Lots of fun trying something new together in such an incredible part of the world

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Book a session with one of our amazing Psychologists, Counsellor's and Coach's @ Growth Psychology:

3/39 Elgin St, Alderley, Q 4051
07 3356 2626
reception@growthpsychology.com.au
growthpsychology.com.au

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One of my fluff ball dogs - she is ALWAYS happy!

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Cycling and walking alongside it. Riding the citycat on it. The number of bridges we have crossing it. The colour of the city reflected in it at night.

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I am thinking of pulling together a 6 week mindfulness challenge. If your interested, send me an email or post yes please below