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Definition :
Adjectives are words that describe the qualities or states of being of nouns.
E.g : Yellow, Big, Fast, etc.
They can also describe the quantity of nouns
E.g Many, few etc.

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There are many types of Nouns
we have Proper Nouns, Common Nouns, Plural-Singular Nouns, Concrete and Abstract Nouns, Countable and Uncountable Nouns, Collective nouns

Common noun

A common noun is a noun that refers to people or things in general, e.g. boy, country, bridge, city, birth, day, happiness.

Proper noun

A proper noun is a name that identifies a particular person, place, or thing, e.g. Fakrusy, Bank Negara. The first letter of the word usually has capital letter

Concrete noun

A concrete noun is a noun which refers to people and to things that exist physically and can be seen, touched, smelled, heard, or tasted. E.g: Bird. dog, car, soap,food, radio

Abstract noun

An abstract noun is a noun which refers to ideas, qualities, and conditions - things that cannot be seen or touched and things which have no physical reality, e.g. truth, danger, happiness, time, friendship, humour.

Collective nouns

Collective nouns refer to groups of people or things, e.g. audience, family, government, team. In American English, most collective nouns are treated as singular, with a singular verb:

The whole family was at the table.

In British English, it treats the collective noun as a plural, with a plural verb:

The whole family were at the table.

Countable and uncountable

Nouns can be either countable or uncountable. Countable nouns are those that refer to something that can be counted.
e.g: Three doves, three boys,
six beach balls, five cars
Uncountable nouns refer to things that cannot be counted and so they do not regularly have a plural form.
e.g water, air, wind, hay,

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Main verbs

Main verbs have meanings related to actions, events and states. Most verbs in English are main verbs:

We went home straight after the show.

It snowed a lot that winter.

Several different types of volcano exist.

Linking verbs

Some main verbs are called linking verbs (or copular verbs). These verbs are not followed by objects. Instead, they are followed by phrases which give extra information about the subject (e.g. noun phrases, adjective phrases, adverb phrases or prepositional phrases). Linking verbs include:

appear | feel | look | seem | sound
be | get | remain | smell | taste
become |  |  |  |

A face appeared at the window. It was Pauline. (prepositional phrase)

He’s a cousin of mine. (noun phrase)

This coat feels good. (adjective phrase)

She remained outside while her sister went into the hospital. (adverb phrase)

Auxiliary verbs

There are three auxiliary verbs in English: be, do and have. Auxiliary verbs come before main verbs.

Auxiliary be

Auxiliary be is used to indicate the continuous and the passive voice:

I’m waiting for Sally to come home.(continuous)

Her car was stolen from outside her house. (passive)

Auxiliary do

Auxiliary do is used in interrogative, negative and emphatic structures:

Does she live locally? (interrogative)

They didn’t know which house it was.(negative)

I do like your new laptop! (emphatic, with spoken stress on do)

Auxiliary have

Auxiliary have is used to indicate the perfect:

I’ve lost my memory stick. Have you seen it anywhere? (present perfect)

She had seen my car outside the shop.(past perfect)

Auxiliary verb with no main verb

An auxiliary verb can only appear alone when a main verb (or a clause containing a main verb) is understood in the context:

A:Does she play the clarinet?

B:Yes, She does. (Yes, she plays the clarinet.)

A:It hasn’t snowed at all this year, has it?

B:No, it hasn’t. (No, it hasn’t snowed.)

Be, do and have as main verbs

Be, do and have can be used as auxiliary verbs or as main verbs.

Compare

| as a main verb | as an auxiliary verbbe | She’s a professional photographer. | He’sthinking of moving to New Zealand.
do | I need to do some work this evening. | Do you like Thai food, Jim?
have | The children have lunch at twelve o’clock. | We haven’tbeen to the cinema for ages.

Warning:

Remember, when do and have are main verbs, we must use auxiliary do to make questions and negatives:

A:What does Janet do?

B:She’s a teacher.

Not: What does Janet?

I don’t have a car. I only have a bike.

See also:

Verbs: basic forms

Modal verbs

The main modal verbs are:

can | may | must | should | would
could | might | shall | will |

Modal verbs have meanings connected with degrees of certainty and necessity:

We’ll be there around 7.30. (speaker is quite certain)

A new window could cost around £500.(speaker is less certain)

I must ring the tax office. (speaker considers this very necessary)

Semi-modal verbs have some meanings related to the main modal verbs. The semi-modal verbs are dare, need, ought to, used to.

See also:

Modality: introduction

Dare

Need

Ought to

Used to

State and action verbs

A verb refers to an action, event or state.

Action

We can use the simple or continuous form of action verbs:

I cleaned the room as quickly as possible.

She’s watching television at the moment.

Event

We can use the simple or continuous form of event verbs:

Four people died in the crash.

It’s raining again.

State

We usually use the simple form rather than the continuous form of state verbs:

I don’t know the name of the street.

Who owns this house?

Some verbs can be used to talk about both states and actions, but with different meanings:

state (usually simple form) | action (simple or continuous)I come from France. (This is where my home is.) | She is coming from France on Wednesday.He came from Italy yesterday.(travel from)
She is very friendly.(permanent quality or state) | She is being very unfriendly.(temporary behaviour)
We have two dogs. (own) | We’re having a meeting to discuss it.(hold a meeting)We had mussels for starter and prawns for main course.(eat)
Do you see what I mean?(understand) | Jane is seeing her boss today and she’s going to tell him she’s leaving.I don’t see Rebecca at work any more since I moved office. (meet)
Your dress looks nice.(appear) | What are you looking at?I never look at the price on the menu. (see with your eyes)

Spoken English:

In very informal speaking you will sometimes hear state verbs used as action verbs when they refer to actions over short periods. These uses are not usually found in traditional grammar books.

Compare

I like reading. | Like used as a state verb describing a permanent fact about me.
I’m not liking this book. | Like used as an action verb referring to the book I am reading but not enjoying at the moment.

Compare

She loves classical music. | Love used as a state verb to refer to a permanent fact about her.
She’sloving the CD you gave her. | Love used as an action verb referring to the CD which she is listening to and liking very much at the moment

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- A determiner is a word that comes before a noun or noun phrase.
- A determiner identifies whether the noun or noun phrase is general or specific.

Let’s use the word “dog” for an example.

“Dog” with determiners:

A dog barked.

The dog barked.

Types of determiners
(In English)

Definite article : the

Indefinite articles : a, an

Demonstratives: this, that, these, those

Pronouns and possessive determiners : my, your, his, her, its, our, their

Quantifiers : a few, a little, much, many, a lot of, most, some, any, enough

Numbers : one, ten, thirty

Distributives : all, both, half, either, neither, each, every

Difference words : other, another

Pre-determiners : such, what, rather, quite

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A word that shows emotion. It is not grammatically related to the rest of sentence.
Usually one to two words that come at the beginning of a sentence.
Usually followed by exclamation mark ( ! )
Can appear at the beginning, middle or even the end where someone wants to express his/her emotion.
This part of speech is not commonly use in formal or academic writing.
Most often use in informal speech and writing.

Example of interjection :

1. Ahem - the sound of someone cleaning their throat and means "attention" or " listen"
2. Aah - as a call for help or when someone is scared
3. Boo - Used to scare someone or to voice  disapproval

INTERJECTION SONG

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Interjection Song from Grammaropolis - "It's How You Feel"

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a word used to connect clauses or sentences or to coordinate words in the same clause.

TYPES OF CONJUNCTION

Coordinating Conjunction : Join words, phrases and clauses of equal grammatical rank in a sentence (FANBOYS)

eg. word to word
Most children like cookies and milk.

phrase to phrase
The gold is hidden at the beach or by the lakeside.

clause to clause
What you say and what you do are two different things.

Correlative Conjunction : Pairs of conjuction that must work together

eg. Not only am I finished studying for English, but i'm also finished writing my History essay.

Subordinating Conjunction : Signals relationship between 2 clauses.

e.g When the doorbell rang, my dog  Skeeter barked loudly.

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Pronouns are a major subclass of nouns a subclass of nouns because they can sometimes replace a noun in a sentence:

Noun | Pronoun
John got a new job | ~He got a new job.

Children should watch less television | ~They should watch less television

In these examples the pronouns have the same reference as the nouns which they replace. In each case, they refer to people, and so we call them PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

There are three personal pronouns, and each has a singular and a plural form:

Person | Singular | Plural
1st | I | we
2nd | you | you
3rd | he/she/it | they

These pronouns also have another set of forms, which we show here:

Person | Singular | Plural
1st | me | us
2nd | you | you
3rd | him/her/it | them

The first set of forms (I, you, he...) exemplifies the SUBJECTIVE CASE, and the second set (me, you, him...) exemplifies the OBJECTIVE CASE. The distinction between the two cases relates to how they can be used in sentences. For instance, in our first example above, we say that he can replace John

John got a new job | ~He got a new job

But he cannot replace John in I gave John a new job. Here, we have to use the objective form him: I gave him a new job.

Other Types of Pronoun As well as personal pronouns, there are many other types, which we summarise here.

Pronoun Type | Members of the Subclass
Possessive | mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs | The white car is mine
Reflexive | myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, oneself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves | He injured himself playing football
Reciprocal | each other, one another | They really hate each other
Relative | that, which, who, whose, whom, where, when | The book that you gave me was really boring
Demonstrative | this, that, these, those | This is a new car
Interrogative | who, what, why, where, when, whatever | What did he say to you?
Indefinite | anything, anybody, anyone, something, somebody, someone, nothing, nobody, none, no one | There's something in my shoe

Case and number distinctions do not apply to all pronoun types. In fact, they apply only to personal pronouns, possessive pronouns, and reflexive pronouns. It is only in these types, too, that gender differences are shown (personal he/she, possessive his/hers, reflexive himself/herself).

All other types are unvarying in their form.

Many of the pronouns listed above also belong to another word class - the class of determiners. They are pronouns when they occur independently, that is, without a noun following them, as in This is a new car. But when a noun follows them - This car is new - they are determiners. We will look at determiners in the next section.

A major difference between pronouns and nouns generally is that pronouns do not take the or a/an before them. Further, pronouns do not take adjectives before them, except in very restricted constructions involving some indefinite pronouns (a little something, a certain someone).

While the class of nouns as a whole is an open class, the subclass of pronouns is closed.
Exercise:
https://agendaweb.org/grammar/pronouns-mixed.html

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2VbXRddlCB8&feature=youtu.be ( Video about Pronouns)

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What is preposition?
- Is a word or phrase that describe a relationship between its object and another word or group of words in a sentence.

Types of preposition :
1) Preposition of place
2) Preposition of Motion
3) Preposition of Time

Rules of preposition:
http://grammar.yourdictionary.com/parts-of-speech/prepositions/rules-for-prepositions.html

Link to video of types of preposition :
https://youtu.be/HRZZIwIHeUM