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In physical geography, tundra is a type of biome where the tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons.

The tundra is located near the North Pole. This enormous biome covers a fifth of the earth's surface. The most distinctive characteristic of tundra soil is its permafrost, a permanently frozen layer of ground.

There are three types of tundra: Arctic tundra, alpine tundra, and Antarctic tundra.

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The Tundra is the coldest of all biomes. There are two main seasons in these biomes: Summer and winter. In the summer, temperatures reach to about 12 degrees Celsius, but can go as low as below freezing. In the winter temperature range from -28 degrees Celcius and go to as below -50 degrees Celcius.

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Rainfall may vary in different regions of the arctic. Yearly precipitation, including melting snow, is 6 to 10 inches.

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The vegetation in the Alpine and Tundra biomes is rather limited. This limitation is caused by the poor quality of the soil of these areas. In the Tundra is very low in nutrients and minerals except for when the soil can obtain nutrients from animal droppings. The soil also becomes frozen a short ways below the ground due to the extremely low temperatures of the Tundra. Since the soil is frozen plants aren't able to grow their roots deep into the ground providing an explanation to why their aren't many trees on the Tundra region.

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Animals in the Tundra have many adaptations to survive in the harsh environment. Animals in the Tundra have thicker and warmer feathers and fur. To retain heat better animals here have large bodies and shorter arms, legs, and tails.
Birds have two coats of feathers. Some animals have feet lined with fur. Some animals hibernate and others burrow during the winter.
Insects will spend their whole life buried in soil, rocks or plants.

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There is a variety of adaptations plants in the Tundra have made. Plants grow close together, low to the ground and they tend to remain small. Many of the plants in the Tundra have wax type fuzzy hairy coating on them. This helps shield them from the cold and wind. The coating also helps retain heat and moisture. It also helps the protect the plants seeds to allow for reproduction. Plants in the Tundra have small leaves and shallow root systems. Plants such as lichens and moss can survive on bare rock with little moisture. Tundra plants don't die off in the winter.

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The melting of the permafrost as a result of global warming could radically change the landscape and what species are able to live there. Ozone depletion at the North and South Poles means stronger ultraviolet rays that will harm the tundra.

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Permafrost is a thick subsurface layer of soil that remains frozen throughout the year, occurring chiefly in polar regions.