# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
After 52 weeks of waiting, 2014's Shark Week kicked off on Sunday, and the Internet is starting to get its fix of the bloodthirsty marine animal. But while we're still very early into Shark Week, the PBS series " It's Okay to be Smart" has already asked the burning question, "What if there were no more sharks?"

You see, due to fear and neglect, humanity has taken certain actions that threaten sharks' very existence. Humans kill about 100 million sharks per year (about 3.17 per second), despite sharks only killing around one human per year. If this trend continues, we may very well see sharks become extinct in the next few hundred years.

And because sharks play a vital role in the ocean's food chain, a major decrease in the shark population -- or even extinction -- could trigger things like out-of-control algae or the extinction of smaller animals such as scallops that rely on sharks to eat their predators.

Be sure to check out the video to learn more about how sharks balance out the food chain. It's a good reminder of how vital sharks are to the marine ecosystem, and why we have ways like Shark Week to celebrate these awesome, scary creatures. Be on the lookout for tons more shark-related content from Discovery, PBS, and others this week.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
What would happen if there were no more sharks?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
PBS YouTube series "It's Okay to be Smart" dives into what would happen if there were no more sharks in the world, but leaves out that there would be no more "Shark Week."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Trees clean the air. Tree foliage works as a natural air filter of particulate matter such as dust, micro sized metals and pollutants such as ozone, nitrogen oxides, ammonia and sulfur dioxides. Trees take in carbon dioxide and produce oxygen. Combined with the cooling effect of trees, these processes can have a significant impact on reducing smog and overall air pollution.

Trees improve water quality. A healthy urban forest can have a strong influence on our region's water quality. Tree canopies and root systems slow and reduce storm water runoff, flooding and erosion. Trees also help filter water runoff reducing potential sources of water pollution into our rivers and storm drains.

Trees save energy. Trees cool the air naturally in two ways: through water evaporating from the leaves and direct shade. Homes shaded by trees need less energy for cooling which means lower monthly utility bills in summer and a reduced need for utilities to increase power generation to meet peak load demand.

Trees raise real estate value. Shaded neighborhoods and well-landscaped yards have a positive economic influence on real estate values, timeliness of house sales and neighborhood desirability. Studies report that landscaping speeds the sale of a home by four to six weeks.

From: www.sactree.com

Trees are good for business. A series of studies has investigated associations between the urban forest and people's response to shopping settings. Scientific results suggest that having trees in the business district streetscape is an important investment for a business community. The presence of a quality urban forest positively influences shoppers' perceptions, and probably, their behavior.

From: www.cfr.washington.edu

Trees help stop inner city violence. A scientific study by the Human-Environment Research Lab has demonstrated that contact with nature may actually help reduce the incidence of aggression and violence in inner-city neighborhoods. According to this study, levels of aggression were significantly lower among people who had some kind of nature outside of their apartments versus those who didn't. The impact of the physical environment on human aggression has been well-established - crowding, high temperatures, and noise have all been linked to violent behavior. Some scientists believe that it's because people living under these conditions suffer from something called chronic mental fatigue, which can make them inattentive, irritable, and impulsive - all of which can be linked to aggressive behavior. Exposure to green spaces, it has been shown, can mitigate the harmful effects of chronic mental fatigue, reducing aggressive behavior in the process.

From: www.sactree.com

What is "the urban forest"?

Trees that grow in cities and towns are called "the urban forest". Trees are major capital assets in cities across the United States. Just as streets, sidewalks, public buildings and recreational facilities are a part of a community's infrastructure, so are publicly owned trees. Trees - and, collectively, the urban forest - are important assets that require care and maintenance the same as other public property. Trees are on the job 24 hours every day working for all of us to improve our environment and quality of life. Life is hard for these trees because of limited space, water, nutrients and extensive pavement covering the soil all around them. Many trees get cut down because their roots crack the pavement as they seek water and nutrients. The urban forest (and its many benefits) will disappear unless people stand up for these trees and work to plant, maintain and steward them. Conscious urban forestry needs to become integrated into the agenda of all city governments and city planners.

To learn more about Urban Forests please click here Networx

What is the value of a tree?

A tree can return up to $2.70 for each $1 on community investment...that's a 270% return (based on a 40 year average life span according to Center for Urban Forest Research, Pacific Southwest Research Station, U.S. Forest Service, Davis, CA)

Four trees planted around a home can save up to 30% on summer cooling costs.

One million trees save $10 million a year in energy costs.

Forty trees remove 80 pounds of air pollutants annually.

Four million trees can save $20 million in air pollution clean up.

Four hundred trees capture 140,000 gallons of rainwater annually.

Four million trees save $14 million dollars in annual storm water runoff costs.

Trees in commercial parking lots induce shoppers to spend 11% more for goods and services.

From: www.sactree.com

Shade from trees could save up to $175 per year (per structure) in air conditioning costs. -Dr. Lowell Ponte

Trees can boost the market value of your home by an average of 6 or 7 percent. -Dr. Lowell Ponte

Healthy, mature trees add an average of 10 percent to a property's value. -USDA Forest Service

Landscaping, especially with trees, can increase property values as much as 20 percent. -Management Information Services/ICMA

The net cooling effect of a young, healthy tree is equivalent to ten room-size air conditioners operating 20 hours a day. -U.S. Department of Agriculture

Nationally, the 60 million street trees have an average value of $525 per tree. -Management Information Services

From: www.treelink.org

A tree, over a 50-year period, will generate $31,250 worth of oxygen, provide $62,000 worth of air pollution control, and recycle $37,500 worth of water.

From: http://www.arborday.org/trees/benefits.cfm

Case studies on trees and the bottom line

The primary purpose of a study "Quantifying Benefits and Costs of Santa Monica's Urban Forest" was to find out if the accrued benefits from Santa Monica's urban forest justify an annual municipal budget that exceeds $1.5 million. Results indicate that the benefits residents obtain from Santa Monica's urban forest exceed management costs by nearly $1 million. Santa Monica has invested millions of dollars in its municipal forest, and citizens are now receiving a relatively large return on that investment, such as increased property values, enhanced scenic beauty, air pollutant uptake, cooling and heating savings, lower summertime temperatures, and reduced stormwater retention.

A study of urban forests in Modesto, CA shows that for each $1 invested in urban forest management, $1.89 in benefits is returned to residents. City trees actually remove 154 tons of air pollutants, increase property values by over $1.5 million, and provide shade that saves over $1 million. This information convinced city officials to increase the tree budget and an electric utility company to invest $20,000 in developing the Modesto Tree Foundation.

From: www.fs.fed.us/psw/programs/uesd/uep/

Interesting Facts

In Milwaukee, where urban trees cover about 16 per cent of the city, trees reduce stormwater flows by 22 per cent. The city saves an estimated $15.4 million by avoiding the construction of additional retention capacity. In Austin, heavy rains make stormwater management a priority issue. Austin's tree canopy, almost twice that of Milwaukee's at approximately 30 per cent, reduced stormwater flow by 28 per cent, providing the city with an estimated $122 million in savings (MacDonald, 1996).

Several investigators have documented dramatic (30 - 50%) differences in cooling-energy use between houses on landscaped and un-landscaped sites (Akbari, 2002).

Hurricane Hugo devastated Charleston, South Carolina, in 1989. Little was spared: homes, churches, power lines, and the urban forest were all heavily damaged or destroyed. 200 residents were asked to identify the single most special physical feature of Charleston damaged or destroyed by Hugo. People identified the urban forest more often than any other aspect of Charleston ( i.e. more than churches, historic buildings or homes) (Vigo, 1990).

Computer simulations using standard building and tree configurations for cities across the U.S. indicate that shade from a single well-placed, mature tree (about 25-ft crown diameter) reduces annual air conditioning use 2 to 8 percent and peak cooling demand 2 to 10 percent (Simpson and McPherson, 1996).

A major study of Chicago estimated that trees in that city annually removed 15 metric tons of carbon monoxide, 84 tons of sulfur dioxide, 89 tons of nitrogen dioxide, 191 tons of ozone, and 212 tons of small particulates. The estimated value of this pollution removal was $1 million for trees in the city itself and $9.2 million for the entire Chicago area (Nowak, 1994).

The ambient air temperature difference between an urban heat island and a vegetated area can be as much as 2-10 degrees F. The temperature measured directly above man-made surfaces can be as much as 25 degrees F hotter than the air temperature beneath a forested area (Akbari et. al., 1992; Simpson and McPherson, 1996).

Using the city of Davis, California as a model, existing data on the benefits and costs of municipal trees were applied to the results of a sample inventory of the city's public and private street trees. Results indicate that Davis maintained nearly 24,000 public street trees that provided $1.2 million in net annual environmental and property value benefits, with a benefit-cost ratio of 3.8:1 (Maco and McPherson, 2003).

From: www.treelink.org

One acre of forest absorbs six tons of carbon dioxide and puts out four tons of oxygen. This is enough to meet the annual needs of 18 people. -U.S. Department of Agriculture

There are about 60-to 200- million spaces along our city streets where trees could be planted. This translates to the potential to absorb 33 million more tons of CO2 every year, and saving $4 billion in energy costs. -National Wildlife Federation

Trees properly placed around buildings can reduce air conditioning needs by 30 percent and can save 20 - 50 percent in energy used for heating. -USDA Forest Service

Trees can be a stimulus to economic development, attracting new business and tourism. Commercial retail areas are more attractive to shoppers, apartments rent more quickly, tenants stay longer, and space in a wooded setting is more valuable to sell or rent. -The National Arbor Day Foundation
The planting of trees means improved water quality, resulting in less runoff and erosion. This allows more recharging of the ground water supply. Wooded areas help prevent the transport of sediment and chemicals into streams. -USDA Forest Service

In laboratory research, visual exposure to settings with trees has produced significant recovery from stress within five minutes, as indicated by changes in blood pressure and muscle tension. -Dr. Roger S. Ulrich Texas A&M University

A tree can grow to manufacture five pounds of pure oxygen per day, consume carbon dioxide to fight the "greenhouse effect" that threatens our survival, and provide the cooling equivalent of ten room-size air conditioning units.

From: http://www.arborday.org/trees/benefits.cfm

LINKS

TreeLink: The Urban Forestry Resource -
www.treelink.org
A fabulous source for information and networking about urban trees that offers a search engine to find specific information from over 2000 resources. It has a fun format with changing tree factoids, tree care tips, a tutorial on applying for grants and a Kid's Corner.

TreeLink New York -
www.treelink.org/linx/?navLocationRef=33

Trees New York -
www.treesny.com
News and information specifically for the five boroughs and surrounding region.

Virginia State University, Virginia Cooperative Extension -
pubs.ext.vt.edu/430/430-028/430-028.html
Specific detailed information about landscaping with trees for parking lots and paved areas.

The National Arbor Day Foundation -
www.arborday.org
Everything you ever wanted to know about specific trees. Site includes online tree identification guides, great graphic presentations about the benefits of trees, a store for purchasing climate/region specific trees and information about the Tree City USA program. You can even get 10 free trees by joining the National Arbor Day Foundation.

American Forests.org -
www.americanforests.org/

To add your tree-related link to this page, please email TERRECON, Inc..
All photos on this page were provided by
Walter Warriner
Consulting Arborist

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Trees clean the air. Tree foliage works as a natural air filter of particulate matter such as dust, micro sized metals and pollutants such as ozone, nitrogen oxides, ammonia and sulfur dioxides. Trees take in carbon dioxide and produce oxygen.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Trees are vital. As the biggest plants on the planet, they give us oxygen, store carbon, stabilise the soil and give life to the world's wildlife. They also provide us with the materials for tools and shelter.

Not only are trees essential for life, but as the longest living species on earth, they give us a link between the past, present and future.

It's critical that woodlands, rainforests and trees in urban settings, such as parks, are preserved and sustainably managed across the world.

Play your part and donate to The Royal Parks today to help us manage these vital trees in London's Royal Parks.

Trees benefit health

The canopies of trees act as a physical filter, trapping dust and absorbing pollutants from the air. Each individual tree removes up to 1.7 kilos every year. They also provide shade from solar radiation and reduce noise.

Over 20 species of British trees and shrubs are known to have medicinal properties. The oil from birch bark, for example, has antiseptic properties.

Research shows that within minutes of being surrounded by trees and green space, your blood pressure drops, your heart rate slows and your stress levels come down.

Trees benefit the environment

Trees absorb carbon dioxide as they grow and the carbon that they store in their wood helps slow the rate of global warming.

They reduce wind speeds and cool the air as they lose moisture and reflect heat upwards from their leaves. It's estimated that trees can reduce the temperature in a city by up to 7°C.

Trees also help prevent flooding and soil erosion, absorbing thousands of litres of stormwater.

Trees boost wildlife

Trees host complex microhabitats. When young, they offer habitation and food to amazing communities of birds, insects, lichen and fungi. When ancient, their trunks also provide the hollow cover needed by species such as bats, woodboring beetles, tawny owls and woodpeckers.

One mature oak can be home to as many as 500 different species. Richmond Park is full of such trees, which is one of the reasons it has been designated a National Nature Reserve and Site of Special Scientific Interest.

Trees strengthen communities

Trees strengthen the distinctive character of a place and encourage local pride. Urban woodland can be used as an educational resource and to bring groups together for activities like walking and bird-watching. Trees are also invaluable for children to play in and discover their sense of adventure.

Trees grow the economy

People are attracted to live, work and invest in green surroundings. Research shows that average house prices are 5-18% higher when properties are close to mature trees. Companies benefit from a healthier, happier workforce if there are parks and trees nearby.

Trees protect the future

Soon, for the first time in history, the number of people with homes in cities will outstrip those living in the countryside. Parks and trees will become an even more vital component of urban life. We must respect them and protect them for the future.

Donate today to support our work.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
trees; why trees are important; benefits of trees; donate

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Trees are vital. As the biggest plants on the planet, they give us oxygen, store carbon, stabilise the soil and give life to the world's wildlife.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The existing trees and forests people plant in their lives work in line for making this planet a good place to flourish and live. Thus growing and saving more trees is extremely essential for upcoming generations. That is why we should save trees. For saving trees we should act before it is too late, and now laws exist for saving trees. In many nations like United Kingdom and United states it is mandatory to refer tree surveys prior to planning town and construction works.

This helps to understand condition of trees as well as life dependent on the trees. Woody plants also help in many purposes and it's often helpful to think through these other functions while selecting a shrub or tree for the landscape. These benefits from trees could be grouped into environmental, communal, economic, and social categories.

1. Trees help to cleanse the air we inhale by absorbing contaminants. This is the first answer that comes up in mind while thinking why we should save trees.

2. Trees upsurge property value and increase the tax base at communities.

3. Trees enhance neighbourhood appeal while appealing to the businesses, home-owners and shoppers.

4. Trees cool the towns and cities by reducing heat produced by paved surfaces and buildings and hence we should save trees.

5. Tree shade, correctly placed, could save average up to 250 dollars annually at electricity costs.

6. Trees decrease the amount of contaminants in sewer system, saving communities lots of dollars at water treatment costs.

7. They relax harsh building lines as well as large expanses of roadway, making urban environments more pleasant.

8. They provide habitat for wildlife and other birds, maintaining stability with nature even at urban areas.

9. They reduce the quantity of water-borne contaminants that reach rivers and streams.

10. Trees make for harmless, more sociable neighbourhood atmospheres.

11. We feel tranquil, peaceful, restful, and serene at the grove of trees. We're "at home" there.

12. Trees reduce reflection and glare. They direct pedestrian rush-hour traffic. They offer background to and complement, soften, or enhance style.

13. Trees modify the atmosphere in which we are living by moderating weather, improving air quality, preserving water, and harboring nature.

14. Individual shrubs and trees have worth, but the difference of function, size, condition, and species makes determining their financial value difficult. The monetary benefits of trees could be both indirect and direct.

15. By planting shrubs and trees, we may return to a natural, less artificial atmosphere. Birds and other biota are attracted to this area.

Trees offer shade, beauty and environmental safety, the least we could do is taking noble care of them. You can also refer to the guides on why we must save trees. Tree injuries and improper pruning can kill the tree. To maintain your trees beautiful and healthy, they require proper attention and regular maintenance.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Top 15 Reasons on why we should save trees

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The existing trees and forests people plant in their lives work in line for making this planet a good place to flourish and live. Thus growing and saving more trees is extremely essential for upcoming generations. That is why we should save trees.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Ways to Prevent and Reduce Air, Water, and Land Pollution

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Finding effective ways to prevent and reduce pollution (in air, water, or land) can seem difficult and downright overwhelming. This article explains how you can take action now, starting with small steps. Change can begin with our daily choices as individuals.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The environment can get contaminated in a number of different ways.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Human Health Air pollution results in decreased air quality due to the introduction of harmful particles in the atmosphere. Long-term exposure to such polluted air may cause chest pains, throat inflammation, cardiovascular diseases and respiratory problems.

The exposure of human beings to contaminated water may result in skin irritation and rashes. In addition, polluted water may contain harmful chemicals, such as mercury and lead, which have profound long-term effects on human health.

Furthermore, noise pollution has severe health effects on both human beings and animals. Long-term exposure to high noise levels may cause hearing loss, stress or even disturbance of sleep.

Global Warming The atmosphere contains a delicate balance of gasses responsible for trapping heat energy which stabilizes the Earth‰Ûªs temperatures. However, the release of greenhouse gasses from industries, motor vehicles and farming results in the accumulation of such gasses in the atmosphere. These gasses trap more heat energy, which leads to a global increase in temperatures.

An increase in global temperatures has several negative effects, such as melting of polar ice caps, a rise in sea levels and disruption of weather patterns. Such changes lead to climate change and affect the normal livelihoods of human beings.

Depletion of Ozone Layer The ozone layer is a section in the uppermost atmosphere that contains ozone gas. This layer protects the Earth from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. The release of ozone-depleting chemicals, such as halons and chlorofluorocarbons, thins out the ozone layer hence exposing human beings to harmful UV rays. Exposure to UV rays may cause skin cancer and other related diseases on human beings.

Environmental Degradation Air pollution leads to the introduction of toxic gasses, such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide, to the atmosphere. These gasses results in the formation of acid rain. Acid rain has devastating effects on plants, animals and marine wildlife. In addition, air pollution may lead to the formation of smog. Smog reduces penetration of sunlight to the ground surface hence limiting plant photosynthesis.

Moreover, water pollution through oil spills and improper disposal of industrial wastes may lead to loss of marine wildlife. This has serious consequences on the natural balance of the marine ecosystem.

Infertile Lands Improper waste disposal may render land unsuitable for agricultural use. The deposition of chemical wastes in landfills and open dumpsites results in soil infertility. In addition, constant use of farm pesticides and herbicides not only affect the soil structure but also leads to loss of soil fertility. Plants grown on polluted soils are unsuitable for human consumption since toxins in the soil may find their way up the food chain hence may cause harm to human beings.

Radioactive wastes from nuclear power plants may render a given area unfit for habitation and farming. These radioactive wastes are hazardous to both plant and animal life hence lands with such wastes cannot be economically utilized.
Learn more about Pollution

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Human Health Air pollution results in decreased air quality due to the introduction of harmful particles in the atmosphere. Long-term exposure to such polluted air may cause chest pains, throat inflammation, cardiovascular diseases and respiratory problems. The exposure of human beings to contaminated water may result in skin irritation and rashes.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Sharks play a vital role in the oceans in a way that the average fish does not. Most sharks serve as top predators at the pinnacle of the marine food pyramid, and so play a critical role in ocean ecosystems. Directly or indirectly they regulate the natural balance of these ecosystems, at all levels, and so are an integral part of them. As they usually hunt old, weak or sick prey, they help to keep the prey population in good condition, healthy and strong, enabling these more naturally fit animals to reproduce and pass on their genes. The effects of removing sharks from ocean ecosystems, although complex and rather unpredictable, are very likely to be ecologically and economically damaging.

Top reasons why you shouldn't kill/consume sharks

Due to overexploitation and lack of proper management, many shark species are under considerable risk of unrecoverable decline with some species having declined to near extinction in recent years.According to reports, sharks are being killed at an alarming rate of up to 273 million worldwide per year . Some experts predict that if the killing continues at the current rate many species will be lost forever with potentially devastating implications for our ocean ecosystems.

In a study off the east coast of the United States, 11 species of sharks were virtually eliminated from their range. Of the 14 species of marine life that those sharks used to eat, the populations of 12 exploded and caused great damage to the ecosystem. For example, the cow nose ray population was no longer kept under control by sharks and so grew out of control. As a result, the rays destroyed the population of bay scallops, their favoured food. The scallop fishery, which had been thriving, sustainably, for over 100 years, was virtually wiped out, with scallop catch dropping to only 13% of its high point. In addition, the removal of the scallops likely had an effect on water quality as they were no longer there to perform their function of filtering and cleaning the water.

Heavy metals and other environmental toxins accumulate in plant and animal tissues through the well-documented process of bioaccumulation. Sharks are prone to bioaccumulation through diet ( biomagnification) as they incorporate metals very efficiently and eliminate them slowly. Eating shark meat exposes you to these potentially dangerous toxins, in particular, high levels of the methyl mercury. While a certain amount of mercury in the environment is natural, growing worldwide pollution of our oceans is increasing the risk of high mercury levels in the fish we eat, particularly fish at the top of the food chain like sharks. Consuming sharks will increase the level of mercury you ingest which will in turn increase your risk of neurological disorders, autism, infertility, Coronary heart disease or even death.

Sharks regulate the behaviour of prey species, and prevent them from over-grazing vital habitats. Some shark researchers believe that the intimidation factor caused by sharks may actually have more of an impact on the ecosystem than what sharks actually eat. For example, scientists in Hawaii found that tiger sharks had a positive impact on the health of sea grass beds. Turtles, which are the tiger sharks' prey, graze on sea grass. In the absence of tiger sharks, the turtles spent all of their time grazing on the best quality, most nutritious sea grass, and these habitats were soon destroyed. When tiger sharks are in the area, however, turtles graze over a broader area and do not over-graze one region.

While a huge demand for shark fins in Asia results in the slaughter of tens of millions of sharks annually, a study found that sharks are worth far more alive than dead. In Palau, where more than half of tourists are drawn by diving excursions, each reef shark brings in about $179,000 in tourism revenue annually, or about $1.9 million during its lifetime. By comparison, a single shark's fin, sold for shark fin soup, fetches only about $108.

The loss of sharks from certain areas may be an indicator of an ecosystem out of balance and in trouble. Provided that sharks have not been fished out of certain areas it is reasonable to assume that their disappearance would be a result of the destruction of a suitable habitat. The fact that shark species are so diverse and inhabit every ocean on the planet makes them key players essential to the ocean environment. Yet despite their importance in the marine food-chain they remain a low conservation priority. For all their evolutionary success and apparent menace, sharks are incredibly fragile, unable to withstand the increased pressures forced on them by the voracious world fishing industries. This is partly due to the fact that sharks are slow growing animals that mature late, live long, and have a low reproduction rate.

Sharks have evolved in a tight inter-dependency with their ecosystem. They tend to eat very efficiently, going after the old, sick, or slower fish in a population, keeping that population healthy. Sharks groom many populations of marine life to the right size so that those prey species don't cause harm to the ecosystem by becoming too populous. The ocean ecosystem is made up of very intricate food webs. For the most part, sharks are at the top of these webs and are considered by scientists to be " keystone" species, meaning that removing them may cause the whole structure to collapse. For this reason, the prospect of a food chain minus its apex predators may mean the end of the line for many more species. Scientific studies demonstrate that depletion of sharks results in the loss of commercially important fish and shellfish species down the food chain, including key fisheries such as tuna and other important fish species that maintain the health of coral reefs.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Sharks play a vital role in the oceans in a way that the average fish does not. Most sharks serve as top predators at the pinnacle of the marine food pyramid, and so play a critical role in ocean ecosystems.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Why protect sharks? Threats to sharks, why sharks are important, and the different ways you can help sharks.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Over the years, sharks have gotten a bad rap as bloodthirsty man-eaters. We challenge you to take a second look at these magnificent creatures and to fight fear with facts. Here are five reasons to re-think the shark-even the great white, a species that has starred in our horror movies and collective nightmares for decades. It's time for us to embrace the fact that there's far more to sharks than their bite.

Credit:

© Chip Clark/Smithsonian Institution

Credit:

© Mary Parrish/Smithsonian Institution

1. Respect Your Elders

Sharks have a long and impressive lineage. Ancient sharks were cruising the ocean 400 million years ago-long before dinosaurs roamed on land. Now-extinct ancestors of the great white like the Megalodon evolved more than 20 million years ago. Meet some of the other imposing top predators from ages past.

Credit:

© Jeff Rotman/jeffrotman.com

Every year, the finds of between 26 and 73 million sharks are traded in markets around the world. Far more are likely killed at sea, though we will never know just how many. The threats we pose are many. By-catch: the accidental killing of sharks in fishing gear intended for other species. Illegal poaching and hunting: selling shark fins for soup and sportfishing for shark-jaw trophies. Nets: placed along coastlines to keep sharks away from beaches. It turns out that sharks have more reason to fear humans than the other way around. That's why even shark encounter survivors have started speaking up in defense of sharks.

Credit:

© Alison Kock, Save Our Seas

3. Nothing to Fear but Fear Itself

While shark encounters do occur, they are actually extremely rare-despite the extensive media coverage they usually receive. In fact, your chances of being the victim of an unprovoked shark encounter are lower than your chances of being struck by lightning, injured in a hunting accident, or even attacked by a domestic dog. Even though the odds are in your favor, sharks are wild animals that must be respected when encountered. (Note we used the term "shark encounter" instead of "shark attack." That's because usually, the sharks aren't trying to hurt people, they are just curious. Read more here.)

Credit: Terence T.S. Tam from Flickr CC

It's not just comparisons to other traumatic events that can help put the danger of shark attacks in perspective. Things we encounter in everyday life and common activities often pose much greater danger than sharks. For example, you are much more likely to be killed by a car or bicycle accident, a fall, a mishap with fireworks, or even a bad case of the flu than by a shark attack.

Credit:

© Morne Hardenberg

5. King of the Food Chain

Sharks have six highly refined senses: smell, hearing, touch, taste, sight, and electromagnetism. These finely honed senses, along with a sleek, torpedo-shaped body, make most sharks highly skilled hunters. They often serve as top predators-keeping populations of prey species in check. Removing them in large numbers can have ripple effects that throw entire ecosystems out of balance.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
5 Reasons to Revere, Not Fear, the Shark

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Over the years, sharks have gotten a bad rap as bloodthirsty man-eaters. We challenge you to take a second look at these magnificent creatures and to fight fear with facts. Here are five reasons to re-think the shark-even the great white, a species that has starred in our horror movies and collective nightmares for decades.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Why Protect Oceans? " Marine Conservation Institute

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Why Protect the Ocean? The ocean generates over half of the oxygen we breathe. Phytoplankton, tiny marine plants that live on the ocean's surface, photosynthesize and produce an estimated 50-80% of Earth's oxygen. The ocean contains more than 97% of the world's water. The ocean covers approximately 71% of the planet and contains over one billion...

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Our oceans are in more trouble than ever before.

Unsustainable industrial fishing practices are destroying habitats and endangering countless species. Climate change and ocean acidification-both the result of our reliance on fossil fuels-are having more and more extreme impacts on ocean health. Throwaway products like plastic water bottles and shopping bags often end up in the ocean and stay there for generations.

Scientists say the wave of extinction facing the ocean in the coming century could be the worst since the dinosaur age. If we don't change the way we do things-and fast-we are on track to cause irreversible damage to the ocean and the collapse of some of the most important food sources in the world.

Fortunately, we are within reach of a world that respects our oceans, their inhabitants and the people who depend on them.

Join the Fight to Defend Our Oceans

The time to end unsustainable exploitation of our oceans is now. That's why we're campaigning to protect the oceans through marine reserves. Globally, less than 1 percent of the ocean is under protection. We're working towards establishing marine reserves in 20 percent of U.S. waters by 2020, double what the country has right now.

These reserves will preserve biodiversity, help endangered species rebound, and give marine life a fighting chance to survive the rapid changes we are causing to the planet. Marine reserves can also help replenish fish populations decimated by overfishing, meaning a more sustainable food supply for all of us in the long run.

The way we treat the rest of our ocean-under protection or not-is just as important. Today, overfishing is the status quo, bycatch kills about 63 billion pounds of marine animals every year, and human activity is disrupting the balance of marine ecosystems across the globe. The impacts on humans are equally severe. Overfishing compromises food security and the livelihoods of fishing communities.

Global tuna fisheries are particularly out of control. They are emptying our oceans of fish, harming marine life, and exploiting workers. The tuna industry has repeatedly failed its customers on both ocean sustainability and human rights. The U.S. is the largest tuna market in the world-anyone can be part of the solution by wielding your consumer power and only buying (or encouraging your friends and family who eat tuna to buy) sustainable tuna.

We want a better future for our oceans and the people that depend on them. You do, too? Awesome! Check out the resources below to learn more about our campaign to the protect the oceans and ways you can get involved.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Our oceans are in more trouble than ever before. Unsustainable industrial fishing practices are destroying habitats and endangering countless species. Climate change and ocean acidification-both the result of our reliance on fossil fuels-are having more and more extreme impacts on ocean health.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
It's still OK to eat fish. And one way to be sure you are helping to keep the oceans healthy is to ask your parents or school dinner ladies if they can serve fish with the tick. That means the fisherman who caught it are doing a good job and are helping to protect the sea.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Save Our Oceans: 5 Things Your Kids Can Do | Education.com

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Experts agree, our ocean is in crisis. Luckily, it isn't too late to make a difference. Here's how your kids can help.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Kids learn about water pollution and how it effects the environment and health. Study causes, pollutants, sources, and facts including acid rain.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Kids learn about air pollution and how it effects the environment and health. Study causes, pollutants, and facts including acid rain and smog.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
At the very beginning of our human experience, trees were considered sacred and honorable: Oaks were worshiped by the European druids, redwoods were a part of American Indian ritual, and baobabs were a part of African tribal life. Ancient Greeks, Romans, and scholars during the Middle Ages venerated trees in their literature. Dryads and tree nymphs (tree spirits) were important characters in many ancient Greek myths.

In more modern times, naturalist John Muir and President Theodore Roosevelt valued the wilderness, including trees, for its own sake, as they established the modern conservation movement and the National Park System and National Park Service. The modern human community values forests for their calming influence, as evidenced by the Japanese-influenced practice of "forest bathing" or "forest therapy." And people today have other, very practical reasons to admire and honor trees.

Trees Produce Oxygen

Human life could not exist if there were no trees. A mature leafy tree produces as much oxygen in a season as 10 people inhale in a year. What many people don't realize is that the forest also acts as a giant filter that cleans the air we breathe.

Trees help cleanse the air by intercepting airborne particles, reducing heat, and absorbing such pollutants as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide. Trees remove this air pollution by lowering air temperature, through respiration, and by retaining particulates.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Trees are an important part of our natural world and help purify the air, water, and soil. Here are just a few reasons why trees are vital to humans.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Prepare for a splash kids, because we're about to embark on an ocean voyage to save our marine wildlife from extinction!
We're focusing on two of our favourite sea species - turtles and seahorses. Sadly, these cute creatures are endangered, but with a little help from our friends at the Marine Conservation Society, we're going to show you exactly what you can do to help save these incredible creatures.

Turtles in trouble

Turtles have been swimming in our oceans for at least 110 million years! But sadly, human activities threaten turtle populations all over the world. All seven species are included on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature's (IUCN) Red List of Endangered Species.

What are the threats?

- Turtles can easily become tangled up in gill nets and fish traps set inshore close to the nesting beaches. The nets aren't there to catch turtles, but they can often get caught in massive drift nets, or hooked on longlines set for tuna and swordfish by mistake.

- Marine turtles depend on a variety of habitats at sea, as well as the all-important nesting beaches. Sadly, these beaches are under pressure to develop by the tourism industry, making it difficult for turtles to breed.

- Ocean pollution is harming turtles and their habitat. Chemical pollution, such as oil spills, can harm the turtles and contaminate their environment. Litter such as plastic bags pose a threat to baby turtles who mistake them for food like jellyfish. Turtles can't digest plastic and this can harm them and even kill them.

How can I help?

If we don't act now to change the way we treat marine turtles and their habitat we may lose some populations forever.

Through Adopt-a-Turtle you can help us support research and conservation projects around the world working hard for a better future for our marine turtles.

Seahorses are suffering

They may look like tiny horses, but seahorses are actually fish! Two seahorse species are found around the British coastline - the Spiny Seahorse and the Short Snouted Seahorse - and there are more than 40 species worldwide. They're the only species on earth in which the male falls pregnant and carries the babies. Seahorses live in shallow weedy areas, especially eel grass beds. In winter they move into deeper waters to escape the rough weather. Sadly, seahorses are another marine species that faces threats of extinction.

What are the threats?

- Over 150 million seahorses are taken from the wild for the traditional Chinese medicine trade.

- Around one million are taken from the wild to be sold as souvenirs. Along with shells and starfish they are taken from the sea and left to die in the sun.

- The pet trade takes around one million seahorses from the wild for aquaria. Most will not survive and will die in captivity.

- Current fishing practices such as beam trawling are detrimental to seahorses, who can easily get caught in their nets.

How can I help save our marine wildlife?

- Encourage friends and family not to buy dried seahorses as souvenirs when they go abroad

- Support volunteer divers who monitor seahorse colonies around the UK.

- Check out Adopt-a-Seahorse, which supports research and conservation projects around the world that are working hard for a better future for seahorses.

Did you enjoy this article? Let us know your thoughts, in the comments below!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
How YOU can help save our marine wildlife! - National Geographic Kids

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
With help from our friends at the Marine Conservation Society, learn how to save our marine wildlife and protect some incredible species...

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Autumn is an optimal time to plant trees. As mundane as it may seem compared to solar panels and hybrid cars, planting trees is one of the most powerful and affordable ways to make a personal difference for the environment. And it's a fun and educational activity to do with kids, too. Here's why...

Why We Should Plant More Trees

As we learned in third grade biology, trees are essential to life. They create the very air we breathe and filter air pollution.

What you may not know is that trees also build soil and help soak up stormwater before it can create a flood, and they offer energy-saving shade that reduces global warming and creates habitat for thousands of different species. Trees also help to reduce ozone levels in urban areas.

Most importantly, trees sequester carbon, helping to remove carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases from the air, which cools the earth. In fact, a mature canopy tree absorbs enough carbon and releases enough oxygen to sustain two human beings!

The carbon storage capacity of forests is approximately three times as large as the pool of carbon in the atmosphere. If forests are changed, reduced, or eliminated, the captured carbon goes into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide (CO2).

Despite their importance to life as we know it, humans have cut down half of all the trees on the planet so far. Every year we cut down over 50,000 square miles of forest worldwide for paper, agriculture, building materials and fuel. That's an area the size of the state of Alabama! Every year!

The carbon release from deforestation accounts for 25 to 30 percent of the four to five billion tons of carbon accumulating every year in the atmosphere from human activities.

Much of this wouldn't be necessary if we reduced, reused and recycled more, cultivated hemp for fuel and fiber, and used sustainable and recycled materials in all our buildings. But until this changes, we need to put the trees back any way we can, as fast as we can!

Have a Tree Planted for You

There are many local, national and international organizations that plant trees, and because planting trees costs relatively little, donating to these organizations can make a big difference.

You can also have trees planted specifically to offset your personal carbon emissions from airplane or car travel. These organizations can help you out:

Also check with your local environmental or parks department for tree planting organizations and events in your community.

Plant a Tree to Improve Your Property

While supporting tree planting organizations is a great way to be eco-friendly, you can also make a difference in your community by planting trees on your own property.

A properly-planted, mature shade tree on the south or west side of your house or business can save you up to 25% on your summer air conditioning bills and increase your property value by up to 20% with its beauty. That same tree will also help soak up stormwater in the neighborhood, and contribute habitat for local wildlife. If you plant a fruit or nut tree, you get food as an added bonus!

You really can't go wrong by planting trees!

How to Properly Plant a Tree

September through November is the ideal time for planting trees, shrubs and perennials (in the Northern hemisphere) because it allows the roots to become established before the ground freezes and winter sets in. Trees and shrubs planted in the fall are also better equipped to deal with heat, pests and drought the following season.

Another great reason to plant your trees and shrubs in the fall is so you can select them by the fall colors they produce.

Cooler, wetter weather is the perfect time for tree planting, and seasonal rains can often provide all the water the tree needs to establish. However, if the weather is dry you should make sure your shade trees get about 15-20 gallons of water a week, until they go dormant for winter.

Fruit trees and ornamental trees and shrubs can receive a little less. It is very easy to make sure your tree gets the water it needs automatically using a TreeGator device.

Avoid planting broad leaved evergreens like rhododendrons, azaleas, boxwoods and hollies in the fall, because they are not likely to survive winter cold and wind so soon after planting. However, virtually all other temperate shade trees, ornamental/fruit trees, and perennials are perfect for planting in the fall, before the soil gets too cold too dig.

The Arbor Day Foundation has a great video series on how to properly plant a tree. Learn how to plant a tree "

Essential Tree Planting Tips

Here are a few key tips for proper tree planting that you may not know:

1. A healthy tree's root system is just as wide as its canopy, so be sure to plant your tree in a location far enough from your house to accommodate both the breadth of the tree branches and the mature spread of the tree roots.

Especially consider where your water and sewer pipes are in your yard in relation to your tree's future root spread. It would be awfully expensive and tragic to have to cut down a 30-foot tall, mature shade tree because its roots were breaking up your plumbing.

2. Make sure your tree is planted at the exact same depth as it was planted in the pot or burlap sack it came in. Planting a tree too deep is a leading cause of tree death because it smothers the roots and introduces moisture and fungus to the trunk.

Planting a tree too shallow will expose too much of the top of the root system to the elements. If you have to move the tree to place more soil beneath it or take some away to get the tree to sit at the right depth during planting, it is worth the work. A tree can last for generations if you plant it right.

3. Never pile mulch around the trunk of your tree! I know people do this all the time everywhere you go, but it is a very harmful practice for the tree and shortens its lifespan greatly. While you should always mulch your trees, piling up the mulch around the trunk like a volcano introduces wood-rotting bacteria and fungus from the mulch directly to the living, growing bark of the tree. The moisture build-up and fungus will often girdle or kill the tree before it can reach maturity.

The proper way to place mulch around a tree is in a "doughnut" shape that doesn't allow the rotting mulch to come into contact with the living bark. (See image above.)

4. Don't use stakes unless absolutely necessary. If the tree is grown and dug properly at the nursery, staking for support will be unnecessary. Trees establish more quickly and develop stronger trunk and root systems if they are not staked at the time of planting, but instead are allowed to adapt to local conditions. However, protective staking may be necessary where lawn mower damage, vandalism, or windy conditions are concerns.

This fall, consider planting a tree or two on your property, or help with a tree planting in your community. And this holiday season, consider a generous donation to a non-profit that plants trees or does reforestation work.

We all benefit greatly from living among more trees. A future with fewer trees is a future less secure for humans.

We are a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for us to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Fall is for Tree Planting-And the More We Plant, the Better!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Autumn is an optimal time to plant trees. As mundane as it may seem compared to solar panels and hybrid cars, planting trees is one of the most powerful and affordable ways to make a personal difference for the environment. And it's a fun and educational activity to do with kids, too.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Declines in large shark populations on the East Coast of the US led to the collapse of North Carolina's century-old bay scallop fishery. (Source: Cascading Effects of the Loss of Apex Predatory Sharks from a Coastal Ocean - Ransom A. Myers - Dalhousie University - 2007).

A study by Enric Sala of Scripps Institute of Oceanography suggests that the loss of sharks may have contributed to the decline of reefs in the Caribbean, most of which are now dominated by algae. (Source: New Scientist - April 23, 2005)

Studies of remote, pristine ecosystems demonstrate the positive impacts of the presence of sharks, including greater biodiversity, larger numbers of fish and healthier sea grass beds in areas with healthy populations of sharks as compared to similar systems in which the sharks have been overfished. (Source: High apex predator biomass on remote Pacific Islands. Stanford University)

"When a shark fishery in Tasmania experienced a population collapse, octopus, which they had fed on, exploded. Octopi feed on spiny lobsters, so lobsters crashed, and fishermen were put out of work." (Helfman. 2007. Fish Conservation: A Guide to Understanding & Restoring Global Aquatic Biodiversity & Fishery Resources")

[From the removal of tiger sharks] "Some unexpected outcomes also occurred: a total and rapid crash in the abundance of tuna and jacks, and an increase in bottom fishes." (The effects of fishing on sharks, rays, and chimaeras (chondrichthyans), and the implications for marine ecosystems. - ICES Journal of Marine Science, 57: 476-494.See p. 488 for the tuna reference. Stevens, J. D., Bonfil, R., Dulvy, N. K., and Walker, P. A. 2000)

Observations from Palau, which is now a Shark Sanctuary, indicate that biodiversity has improved since they began to protect sharks. (Based on a conversation with an official with the Palau Mission to the United Nations)

Predicting ecological consequences of marine top predator declines. A Summary of New Scientific Analysis: Heithaus, M.r, Frid, a., Wirsing, a.j and Worm, B. 2008. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 23(4):202-210.

The role of sharks in the ecosystem by Mike Bennett 2005 - School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072 Australia

Coupled changes in structure and function in reef fish assemblages: how predators increase fisheries production: Sandin, S. A. Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0202

Ecologically justified charisma: preservation of top predators delivers biodiversity conservation
Journal of Applied Ecology 2006, FABRIZIO SERGIO, IAN NEWTON,LUIGI MARCHESI, and PAOLO PEDRINI

High apex predator biomass on remote Pacific islands
Charlotte Stevenson, Laure S. Katz, Fiorenza Micheli, Barbara Block, Kimberly W. Heiman, Chris Perle, Kevin Weng, Robert Dunbar, Jan Witting

Ongoing Collapse of Coral-Reef Shark Populations
Current Biology 16, 2314-2319, December 5, 2006, William D. Robbins, Mizue Hisano, Sean R. Connolly, and J. Howard Choat

Predators as Prey: Why Healthy Oceans Need Sharks
Griffin, E., Miller, K.L., Freitas, B. and Hirshfield, M. July 2008
Fish Conservation: A Guide to Understanding & Restoring Global Aquatic Biodiversity & Fishery Resources - Helfman, 2007

Cascading top-down effects of changing oceanic predator abundances
Journal of Animal Ecology. Vol. 78. p. 699. Baum & Worm. 2009.

Loss of top predators causing surge in smaller predators, ecosystem collapse
Oregon State University, William Ripple

Direct and indirect ﬁshery effects on small coastal elasmobranchs in the northern Gulf of Mexico
Travis D. Shepherd and Ransom D. Myers.

Status and Conservation of Oceanic Pelagic sharks
Dulvy et al. 2008

Long-term declines in Two Apex Predators, Bull Sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) and Alligator Gar (Atractosteus spatula) in Lake Pontchartrain, an Oligohaline estuary in SE LA.
O'Connell et al. 2007

Effects of Losing Top Predators - Predicting ecological consequences of marine top predator declines.
Lenfest Ocean Program - A summary of new scientific analysis - Heithaus, Wirsing, Worm 2008

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Shark Savers :: Sharks' Role in the Ocean

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Declines in large shark populations on the East Coast of the US led to the collapse of North Carolina's century-old bay scallop fishery. (Source: Cascading Effects of the Loss of Apex Predatory Sharks from a Coastal Ocean - Ransom A. Myers - Dalhousie University - 2007).

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
In 2013, sharks killed 10 people around the world, prompting controversial organized kills in places like Western Australia, which has seen six shark-attack deaths in the past four years.

But such shark culls are ineffective and unnecessary: According to the International Shark Attack File (ISAF), humans already kill between 30 and 70 million sharks every year, not including indirect deaths caused by adverse human effects on the environment. And as shark populations decline, their necessity to a healthy ecosystem - and the economies that depend on them - is becoming increasingly clear. The bottom line: Humans need the oceans, and the oceans need sharks.

Sharks are an example of an apex predator - a carnivore with no natural predator of its own. Like other apex predators, sharks most directly affect the creatures right below them, the smaller fish they feed on, which eventually affects creatures all the way down the food chain. Without enough sharks to eat such fish, like tuna, their populations can explode, which can lead to diminished populations of even smaller creatures, many of which feed on plants and algae. Researchers in Australia, for example, found that the decrease in sharks from fishing ultimately led to damage of the already-troubled coral reefs.

"Because now those fish weren't around to eat algae, the algae overgrew the reef and smothered the corals," Neil Hammerschlag, a marine scientist at University of Miami and director of the school's marine conservation program, told weather.com. "Coral is ... important for the reef and the economically important and ecologically important fish."

This is not just bad news for the sea creatures, but also the humans who financially depend on - and eat - these creatures. In 2007, researchers studying this effect found that 35 years of large shark decline led to increases in the numbers of rays and smaller sharks. The resulting population growth of the cownose ray, which feeds on the bay scallop, caused the collapse of a scallop fishery that had existed for a century, destroying the livelihoods of the fishermen. Scallops are also known to filter small unwanted debris from the water, Hammerschlag said, providing indirect evidence that a reduction in sharks may contribute to dirtier waters.

Predation is not the only way sharks affect other sea life either. New research, Hammerschlag said, is starting to show that the very presence of sharks can alter the movements, behavior and even reproductive abilities of the fish around them. For a fish, being around a shark is stressful, given that it means constant vigilance to avoid being eaten. This stress can wear on the fish, potentially influencing its ability to bear healthy offspring. The presence of a shark can also drive fish into areas where they wouldn't normally congregate, causing them to scatter and find food that isn't necessarily ideal.

All of these effects can be filed under population control, with pressure from sharks keeping the system flowing and preventing it from collapse. With no areas in which shark populations are on the rise, Hammerschlag said, it's impossible to confirm whether the reverse effect is true, but an analogous situation might provide some proof: the reintroduction of wolves into Yellowstone, which has caused an explosion of biodiversity affecting everything from elk and beavers to aspen trees and insects.

All of which makes the reaction to kill off sharks that have killed people understandable yet a knee-jerk reaction at best. Though rare, shark attacks will continue to happen, particularly as human populations increase and travel to remote areas becomes ever easier, ISAF's George Burgess said in a release. "Remote destinations are not typically medically equipped to handle a serious shark attack," he said. "This situation is a key factor in the higher death rate this year."

Still, Hammerschlag said, it's clear that sharks are not particularly interested in humans, given that millions of people swim in waters where at least small sharks are never far away. "There would be nothing easier than preying upon 150-pound monkeys swimming around in the ocean, doggy paddling," he said. "It would be the easiest thing a shark could do and the fact that [attacks] are so relatively rare just shows how uninterested they normally are."
MORE FROM WEATHER.COM: Today's Top Videos

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
An Ocean Without Sharks Is Bad for Everyone | The Weather Channel

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
In 2013, sharks killed 10 people around the world, prompting controversial organized kills in places like Western Australia, which has seen six shark-attack deaths in the past four years. But such shark culls are ineffective and unnecessary: According to the International Shark Attack File (ISAF), humans already kill between 30 and 70 million sharks every year, not including indirect deaths caused by adverse human effects on the environment.

# data[].attributes.headline
What is Pollution & its Types and Prevention (EVS Lesson for Kids)

# data[].attributes.subject
What is Pollution & its Types and Prevention (EVS Lesson for Kids)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Create SafeView - What is Pollution & its Types and Prevention (EVS Lesson for Kids)