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The passive with reporting verbs – It is said that 

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The passive with reporting verbs – It is said that 

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Exercise 1

Choose the correct option to complete the sentences below.

Have something done

Someone does something for us

We use have + object + past participle when we want to talk about something that someone else does for us, usually because we pay them, or because we persuade or ask them to do it. Compare:

We clean the house every Friday. (=we clean it ourselves)

The verb have is not an auxiliary verb in this construction. We need to use did or do for negative sentences and questions when there is no auxiliary verb.

We can use have something done in any verb tense.

Negative experiences

We can also use have something done with a passive meaning when something bad happens to us.

Get something done

In informal English, we can use get + object + past participle with the same meaning as have something done.

Have someone do something

We can use the construction have + person + infinitive with the same meaning as have something done, but in this case we mention the person who is doing something for us.

Get someone to do something

We can also use the construction get + someone + to+ infinitive to talk about someone doing something for us, because we are paying them, or because we asked or convinced them to do it. However, get someone to do something often implies the idea that you have convinced someone to do something.
Do the exercises

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Choose the correct option to complete the sentences below. Someone does something for us We use have + object + past participle when we want to talk about something that someone else does for us, usually because we pay them, or because we persuade or ask them to do it.

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Exercise 1

Choose the correct passive voice forms for each gap below.

The passive voice with the different tenses

In a passive sentence, the object of an active sentence becomes the subject. Then we have to use the verb be in the tense we need and add the past participle of the main verb after it. In a passive voice sentence, the subject is the receiver of the action, not the doer of the action.

You can see how to use the passive voice with different tenses below.

When do we use the passive voice?

In English, we us the passive voice when we don't know, or we don't want to talk about who or what does the action in a sentence. Check the following examples.

A bank was robbed yesterday. (=We don't know who robbed the bank.)

He was arrested last night. (=It's obvious that the police arrested him.)

I have been told that you insulted my brother. (=I don't want to say who told me.)

Jurassic Park was filmed by Spielberg in 1993. (=I'm talking about Jurassic Park and not about Spielberg.)

Do the exercises

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Choose the correct passive voice forms for each gap below. In a passive sentence, the object of an active sentence becomes the subject. Then we have to use the verb be in the tense we need and add the past participle of the main verb after it.

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Use auxiliary verbs:

To agree using so and neither

We use auxiliary verbs with so and neither to show agreement to something that has been said without having to repeat the same verb.

We use so + auxiliary verb + subject to agree to affirmative sentences.

We use neither/ nor + auxiliary verb + subject to agree to negative sentences.

If there is an auxiliary verb in the previous sentence, we use the same verb to agree. If there is no auxiliary verb in the previous sentence, we use do or did.

To disagree

We use ( Yes,/ No,) + subject + auxiliary verb to show disagreement. If the verb in the previous sentence or clause is positive, we use a negative auxiliary and vice versa.

To avoid repetition

We use auxiliary verbs to avoid repeating the same verb or verb phrase in a sentence.

If the first part contains an auxiliary verb, we use the same verb in the second part.

If the first part doesn't contain an auxiliary verb, we use do or did in the second part.

In reply questions

We use reply questions to show interest or surprise. In the reply question we use the same auxiliary verb as in the previous sentence. If there is no auxiliary verb in the previous sentence, we use do or did. If the verb in the previous sentence is positive, the reply question is positive and if the verb in the previous sentence is negative, the reply question is also negative

To show emphasis

When we want to add emphasis to a verb, we often stress the auxiliary verb, if there is one, when we speak.

A: 'Why aren't you going to the party?' B: 'I am going to the party.' (We stress am)

However, we can't do this in present and past simple affirmative sentences, because we don't use an auxiliary verb in those sentences. What we do in those cases is use do/ does (present) or did (past) before the main verb.

We normally show this emphasis when we want to contradict what somebody says.

In question tags

We can use a question tag at the end of a sentence to ask for confirmation or to check information that we think is true. If the verb in the sentence is positive, we use a negative auxiliary verb in the question tag. If the verb in the sentence is negative, we use a positive auxiliary verb in the question tag.

In the question tag we use the same subject that appears in the sentence, but always in the form of a personal pronoun: I, you, he, she, it, etc. We also use the same auxiliary verb as in the main verb in the sentence. If there is no auxiliary verb in the sentence, we use do or did in the question tag.

There are some cases, when the question tag takes a special form:

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Auxiliary verbs - different uses - Test-English

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Revision of auxiliary verbs for question tags, echo questions, emphasisers, short answers, agreement and disagreement. Fill in the gaps exercise.

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Exercise 1

Choose the correct gerund or infinitive form for each gap below.

When to use gerund or infinitive

In the table below, you can see when to use gerund or infinitive.

Verbs that take gerund or infinitive with a change of meaning

forget

Forget to do something: Used to talk about things that we need to do, and we forget to do them.

Forget doing something: It's normally used in negative sentences. Used to talk about memories, normally about things that we did in the past and that we will not forget.

remember

Remember to do something: You remember first and then you do something. Used to talk about things we need to do.

Remember doing something: Used to talk about memories. We remember things from the past.

try

Try to do something: When we try to do something, we make an effort to achieve something that we maybe we will or will not accomplish.

Try doing something: Used when we want to achieve something and try something as an experiment to see if it help us achieve what we want. We try a method (one of the many we could try) in order to achieve something.

stop

Stop to do something: Used when we stop doing an activity so as to start doing a different one.

Stop doing something: It means to finish doing something that we are doing.

need

Need to do something: It's necessary to do something

Something needs doing: It's like a passive use. It means that something needs to be done.
Do the exercises

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Gerund or infinitive - verb patterns - Test English

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Choose the correct gerund or infinitive form for each gap below. In the table below, you can see when to use gerund or infinitive. forget Forget to do something: Used to talk about things that we need to do, and we forget to do them. Forget doing something: It's normally used in negative sentences.

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https://www.pearsonelt.com.ar/students1/adultos/cutting_edge/cuttingEdge_UpperIntermediate.html

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High Intermediate Archives - Dreamreader

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Complex Gerunds and Infinitives

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Exercise 1

Choose the correct gerunds and infinitives to complete the sentences below.

All forms of gerunds and infinitives

You can see all the gerund and infinitive forms in the table below. Some forms are not included in the table because they don't exist or are very rarely used.

Simple, continuous and perfect infinitives and gerunds

We use the perfect infinitive or the perfect gerund to emphasize that the action is complete or in the past.

Simple gerund vs perfect gerund

There is usually no difference between using the simple gerund or the perfect gerund, because the context usually makes it clear when the action happened.

But sometimes there is a difference in meaning between using the simple gerund or the perfect gerund.

Simple infinitive vs perfect infinitive

As it happens with the gerund, sometimes there's no difference between using the simple or the perfect forms of the infinitive.

However, there is usually a difference in meaning between using the simple or the perfect infinitive forms, and we need to use the perfect forms to make clear that the action expressed by the infinitive was previous to the action described by the main verb.

Continuous infinitive

We use the continuous infinitive the express that the action is in progress around the time expressed by the main verb.

Perfect continuous infinitive

We use the perfect continuous infinitive to express duration from earlier in the past towards the time expressed by the main verb.

Perfect infinitive after passive reporting verbs

After passive reporting verbs, we use the simple or continuous infinitive to refer to the present or future, and the perfect infinitives to refer to the past. (⇒ See B1+ Grammar " The passive with reporting verbs)

Perfect infinitive after would like, would hate, would rather, would prefer

We always use the perfect infinitive after would like, would hate, would rather, would prefer to refer to an earlier action or event. Compare:

Passive infinitives and gerunds

We use passive infinitives or passive gerunds to describe actions which are done to the subject. (⇒ See B1+ Grammar " The passive voice - all tenses)

When to use gerund or infinitive

In the table below, you can see when to use gerund or infinitive.

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Gerunds and infinitives - complex forms - Test-English

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Choose the correct gerunds and infinitives to complete the sentences below. You can see all the gerund and infinitive forms in the table below. Some forms are not included in the table because they don't exist or are very rarely used.

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Uses of the present perfect simple

Recent past actions (just, already, yet)

To talk about past finished actions when we don't know or say when the action happened. There's often a present result.

We use just for actions that happened a very short time ago.

We also use the present perfect simple with the words already and yet.

Experiences (never, ever, before)

To talk about past experiences when we don't say when something happened.

We often use the words never, ever, or before to talk about experiences.

How much we have done of something of how many times we have done something

To talk about how much of something we have done or how many times we have done something (none, one, two, three, etc.) up to now.

The best thing I've ever done

We can use the present perfect simple with the superlative and ever.

Actions from the past till now (how long, for, since, lately, all day/morning, etc.)

With stative verbs ( be, know, etc.) for situations that started in the past and still continue. We normally use expressions like how long, for, since, lately, all day, etc.

Uses of the present perfect continuous

Actions from the past till now (how long, for, since, lately, all day/morning, etc.)

With dynamic verbs for situations that started in the past and still continue or have just finished, and often have present results.

To express duration, we often use words like how long, for, since, lately, all day, etc.

We can use the present perfect continuous for either continuous or repeated actions from the past till now.

Present perfect simple or continuous?

Situations that started in the past and still continue

We can use either the present perfect simple or continuous for situations that started in the past and still continue. But we must use the present perfect simple with stative verbs, and we normally use the present perfect continuous with dynamic verbs (although the present perfect simple is also possible.)

We use the present perfect continuous with dynamic verbs for situations that started in the past and still continue when we want to emphasise how long the situation has lasted.

I have been waiting for hours ! (=I want to emphasise that I've been waiting for a long time).

Finished and unfinished situations

We use the present perfect simple for finished actions in the past, and the present perfect continuous for situations (happening from the past till now) that may or may not have finished.

Actions with present results

We can use both present perfect simple or continuous for recent actions with a present result, but we use the present perfect simple when the present results come from having finished the action, and we use the present perfect continuous when the present results come from the process of performing the action (which may or may not have finished).
Do the exercises

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Present perfect simple or continuous - Test English

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Recent past actions (just, already, yet) To talk about past finished actions when we don't know or say when the action happened. There's often a present result. We use just for actions that happened a very short time ago. We also use the present perfect simple with the words already and yet.

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Exercise 1

Choose the correct option for each gap below.

Modal verbs of deduction - summary chart

Modal verbs of deduction and speculation

We can use some modal verbs + infinitive to talk about how certain we are that something is or is not true. We can also use some modal verbs + have + past participle to talk about how certain we are that something was or was not true in the past.

must have done

We use must have + past participle to say that we are quite sure that something was true or happened in the past.

can't have done

We use can't/couldn't have + past participle to say that we are quite sure that something did NOT happen or was NOT true in the past.

Note that for negative deduction we use can't (NOT mustn't)

could/might/may have done

We use might/may have + past participle to say that it's possible that something was true or happened in the past.

Note that we use might not or may not (NOT ) to talk about a negative possibility.

should/ought to have done

We use should have/ ought to have + past participle to talk about a situation expected to happen in the past. This form is normally used for criticism.
Do the exercises

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Past modal verbs of deduction - Test English

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Choose the correct option for each gap below. We can use some modal verbs + infinitive to talk about how certain we are that something is or is not true. We can also use some modal verbs + have + past participle to talk about how certain we are that something was or was not true in the past.

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Exercise 1

Choose the correct option to complete the sentences below.

Reporting verbs

Reporting verbs are used to report what somebody said, like promise, say, ask, admit, etc. And we normally classify these verbs into different groups depending on the structure they can be found in. In the grammar chart below you can see the most common reporting verbs and how they are used.

In the grammar chart below you can see the same verbs with example sentences.

The perfect gerund - regret doing vs regret having done

We use the perfect gerund to indicate that the action expressed by the verb was completed in the past.

However, it's often obvious whether the action in the gerund happened in the past or not. In those cases, we can use the simple gerund or the perfect gerund with little difference in meaning. With the perfect gerund we emphasise that the action was completed in the past.

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Reporting verbs - admit doing, refuse to do, etc.

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Choose the correct option to complete the sentences below. Reporting verbs are used to report what somebody said, like promise, say, ask, admit, etc. And we normally classify these verbs into different groups depending on the structure they can be found in.

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Sample Resumes & Cover Letters | Career FAQs

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Browse hundreds of FREE templates for a winning job application.

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Ship or sheep

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trigraphs and other letter combinations consonant blends

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and trigraphs consonant clusters digraphs trigraphs

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BLENDS, DIGRAPHS, TRIGRAPHS AND OTHER LETTER COMBINATIONS - Enchanted Learning Software

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BLENDS, DIGRAPHS, TRIGRAPHS AND OTHER LETTER COMBINATIONS.