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Apr 1939 - General Fransisco Franco at the Victory Parade celebrating the end of the war.

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The hectic and bloody Spanish Civil War and its human and economic costs had not only national impacts, but also deep personal repercussions on all those who were involved. An estimated 200,000-500,000 people died during the war, including civilians; infrastructure and homes were demolished, and the economy was knee-deep in debts.

A foreign perspective: Artists Ernest Hemingway, Pablo Picasso, and George Orwell
A year after the start of the Spanish Civil War in 1936, Hemingway left for Spain to cover the conflict for the American Newspaper Alliance.
Reporting on the war and traveling through Spain during such a time of upheaval formed the basis of inspiration for Hemingway’s For Whom the Bell Tolls, including quotes like "This was a big storm and he might as well enjoy it. It was ruining everything, but you might as well enjoy it,” and "You never kill anyone you want to kill in a war, he said to himself" (Hemingway). He identified as an "anti-war correspondent," and saw much of the harsh reality of the war. Other artists included Pablo Picasso, whose paintings such as Guernica depicted the Guernica bombing and the war's brutality and total war, as well as George Orwell, a writer and socialist who, in his time fighting in an International Brigade in Catalonia, witnessed the suppression of the POUM by the communists and returned to Britain to write an anti-communist account of his experiences in Spain called Homage to Catalonia.

A female perspective: the Mujeres Libres and female factory workers

Meaning 'Free Women', this organization did not insist on voting rights or feminism but worked for greater health care and social rights for women. This organization was created by Lucia Saornil, secretary general of Spanish Red cross, and Amparo Poch, director of social assistance at the Ministry of Health and Social assistance. Woman participated in some of the fighting, and set up hospitals as well as working in factories. Against that, war resulted in more widespread prostitution and the targeting of women and children in air raids. Once the nationalists gained victory, emancipation ended. This movement would, though, lay down the basis for long-term change in Spain.
women. pushed for liberation to help aid the war effort. organizations like mujeres libres set up programs for womens to aid war effort. they increased womens participation in society but not given right to vote. women seen as anchor of the country, took mens jobs as factory workers, allowed to keep economy afloat. span civ war still devastated economy, 10-15% of wealth destroyed ,countrys income had decreased by 28 percent in 1935.

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Despite technology and , human nature and the general spectrum of political ideologies has not changed. The past helps us make sense of the present by providing parallels for us to compare to, like how the Spanish Civil War relates to the Syrian war today. Similarities. Differences. From the past, we should be able to learn what approaches are effective and which are not,
>Comparing Sunni/Shia ideological conflict of Syrian war to Spanish Left/Right conflict
>lots of factions within each ideological warring group

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Long-term Causes of the War

Tensions over:
>Agriculture
in the S, private estates were worked by endless laborers
in the N, small formers tended to farms that were not economically viable
half were on edge of starvation

>Church
wealth and power of cath church was resented by people
identified w social classes, enemmy of change
for a fair spain, power of catch curch must be redduced

>Army
army
>over officered
one general for every poorly equipped soldier
conservative
prone to interfere in politics

>Regionalism
divisive political ideologies, interests of particular regions

>Leftist and rightist rising tensions from 1932-36, overall back and forth in spain
leftists opposed lib policies of workers rights and limiting elitet powers
rightists led small revolts against leftist regime
very back and forth power, depended heavily on the acts of each party
contributed to confusion of span civ war, so many different sides, broke apart, joined, etc

Short term Causes of the War
military off began to plan a coup on popular front as it gained more power
1936 death of leader jose calvo sotelo—was not a spark of coup, but used as justification for the natlist coup

president miguel l, leader of repub administration during the war, knew about the coup and moved to kill key military figures from imp posts

when coup details were discovered it was made a day earlier on july 19th

failed to take main industrial areas or madrid

half army remained loyal to republic, coup was technically unsuccesful

Post-War Cause and Effects
So both the new ideologies that would take part in WW2 National Socialism and Communism were there, although Franco wasn't that big on ideology but he did hate the Communists. Militarily new weaponry was used and some of Germany's battle styles were tested out in this war, affecting WWII
learning how to fight in this new age of Tanks, Planes, and Navy, with fast movement on the battlefield. So we can see it as a pre-cursor to WW2 or a proxy war to set the foundations of WW2 in motion.

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Francisco Franco
Franco was a general who joined the military revolt in 1936 and emerged as the leader (El Caudillo). After victory in 1939, he introduced elements of fascism but was more a military dictator. He brutally punished his former opponents. Spain became isolated and impoverished in the post-war years. However, there was some relaxation and economic recovery by the 1960s. Franco made Prince Juan Carlos his successor in 1969. With the death of Jose Sotelo, a leading right-wing figure, Franco was prompted to join the military coups (being leader of the Foreign Legion at the time in Morrocco). He would lead the Falange, the fascist party, along with the Catholics in the Spanish Civil War - gaining aide from Hitler and Mussolini.

Anarchism
Anarchism is a political philosophy which considers the state undesirable, unnecessary and harmful, and instead promotes a stateless society, or anarchy. Anarchism in Spain during the Spanish Civil War advocated maximum personal freedom and little government control. The Anarchists were a large and very powerful group in Spain during the Spanish Civil War, and were on the Republican side. They discouraged a regular Republican army in favor of small militias because it would infringe on personal freedom. This aversion to having a regular army was a problem for the Republicans because they needed to have a real army to be able to win decisive victories, and push into Nationalist territory.

Leftist Popular Front
The Popular Front was a coalition of all left wing factions that fought against the rebel nationalists. it was composed of the UR (Union Republicana), the IR (Izquierda Republicana [Izquierda means left]), the Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya, the PSOE (Partido Socialista Obrera de Espana (Spanish Socialist workers party), UGT (Union General de Trabajadores), JJSS (Juventudes Socialistas), the PCE (Partido Comunista de Espana (Spanish Communist Party)), the JSU (Juventudes Socialistas Unificadas), the PSUC (Partido Socialista Unificado de Cataluna), the POUM (Parrido Obrero de unificacion Marxista), and the Libertarian Movement, composed of the CNT (Confederacion Nacional de Trabajo), the FAI (Federacion Anarquista Iberica), the FIJL (Federacion Iberica de Juventudes Libertarias), and the Mujeres Libres (the anarcho-feminist organization)
Unification of the left in 1936 as a result of the communists getting permission by the USSR to ally themselves with other left-leaning parties (perhaps as a result of the rise to power of Mussolini and Hitler before them). An alliance of anarchists, liberals, and communists. This alliance was bitterly opposed by conservatives who feared Soviet-influenced communism, especially when they failed to restrain the CNT anarchists. The Popular Front helped provoke the conservative generals into launching their revolt and paved the way for the Spanish Civil War. The weakness of the internal alliances that made up the Popular Front made it hard for the Popular Front to fight against the more unified Nationalists.

National Front
The Nationalists were a coalition of all rightist forces (those who approved of the military coup in 1936). They were composed of the Carlists, Monarchists, and Falange, as well as the Spanish Army. Although they had different ideals they all favored some form of authoritarian government. The Nationalists recieved extensive foriegn aid, particularily from 🤬 Germany. The Nationalists won the Spanish Civil War.

Second Republic
The Second Republic lasted from 1931-1939. The republic formed as a result of the abdication of the Bourbon king Alfonso XIII in 1931 and lasted until the victory of the Nationalists in 1939.Noted for radicalism and unstability in a country without a strong republican tradition and with a strong catholic and monarchial following. Traditional Spain was pitted against new reformists on the left. These instabilities and fractures and the tradition of Carlist coups in Spain eventually lead to the Spanish Civil war.

International Brigades
The International Brigades (Spanish: Brigadas Internacionales) were military units made up of anti-fascist volunteers from different countries, who traveled to Spain to defend the Second Spanish Republic in the Spanish Civil War between 1936 and 1939. The first brigades were composed mostly of French, Belgian, Italian, and German volunteers, backed by a sizeable contingent of Polish miners from Northern France and Belgium.

Red Terror
The Red terror refers to the terrorist actions done by the leftist (republican) side against various targets, such as churches and clergy. According to Antony Beevor - " The attacks on the clergy were bound to cause the greatest stir abroad, where there was little understanding of the Church's powerful political role. The Catholic Church was the bulwark of the country's conservative forces, the foundation of what the right defined as Spanish civilization..few foreign newspapers made the connection between the religious repression dating back to the Middle Ages and the violent anti-clericalism that developed in the nineteenth century."

White Terror
In Spain, White Terror (also known as Represión Franquista) refers to acts of politically motivated violence committed by the Nationalist movement during the Spanish Civil War and during Francisco Franco's dictatorship.The mass executions started at the beginning of the civil war on July 1936 and continued after the war until 1945. the death toll of the White Terror was much higher than that of the Red Terror, although the White Terror occurred over a much longer period, continuing after the war. While most estimates of the Red Terror range from 38,000 to 55,000, most of the estimates of the "White Terror" range from 150,000 to 200,000. While most Red terror targets were that of the clergy, white terror targets were more designed to target civillians (SEE: GUERNICA.)

Battle of Madrid
The battle of madrid was a three year attack on the spanish capital, where nationalists attempted to conquer the defending republicans and workers who were defending it. The battle took place all over, and was bombed frequently with italian and german support. With madrid being the center of spain, taking it meant victory for the nationalists.

Policy of Non-Intervention
Nonintervention or non-interventionism is a foreign policy which holds that political rulers should avoid alliances with other nations, but still retain diplomacy, and avoid all wars not related to direct territorial self-defense. This is based on the grounds that a state should not interfere in the internal politics of another state, based upon the principles of state sovereignty and self-determination. A similar phrase is "strategic independence".

Guernica
The bombing of Guernica (April 26, 1937) was an aerial attack on the Basque town of Guernica, causing widespread destruction and civilian deaths during the Spanish Civil War. The raid by planes of the German Luftwaffe "Condor Legion" and the Italian Fascist Aviazione Legionaria was called Operation Rügen. The Basque government reported 1,654 people killed, but modern research suggests between 200 to 400 civilians died. Western countries viewed Guernica as an example of terror bombing and gained the impression that the Luftwaffe was committed to that tactic. The bombing was the subject of a famous anti-war painting by Pablo Picasso. The fascists claimed to have a target of the bridge that was at the entrance to the town, but missed it completely, and killed thousands of civillians instead.
Guernica was the ancient capital of the Basques, who had withstood the advances of the nationalist army since 1936. In April 1937, Guernica was deliberately targeted for aerial bombing. Franco allowed the city to be bombed by the German Conder Legion. 1654 people were killed and 889 wounded, ad air raid defenses were minimal.The terror bombing by the nationalists was very effective.In order to draw away attention the republicans attacked San Ildefonso, but it was futile. The nationalists were able to destroy Bilbao.

Martial law
The imposition of military discipline and courts on a country's civilians

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Feb. 1936
Popular Front Wins Election
February, 1936 Elections held for the Cortes (Spanish parliament). They are won by the Leftist 'Popular Front' (a coalition of left-wing political parties).

March 1936
Government Bans Falange
The government bans the Falange, a Spanish fascist organization. Its leader, José Antonio Primo de Rivera, is arrested for illegal possession of weapons.

July 1936
Military Uprising Starts
Start of military rebellion against the Spanish government in North Africa

July-Sep. 1936
Siege
Members of the Civil Guard and military cadets are besieged in the Alcazar citadel, in Toledo, by pro-government forces. After more than two months the siege was raised by Nationalist troops commanded by General Franco

Aug. 1936
Foreign Non-Intervention Pact
A "non-intervention" agreement, banning military intervention in Spain by other countries, is proposed and promoted by the French and British governments. Key governments (including those of Portugal, Germany, Italy and the Soviet Union) agree to this in principle.

Oct. 1936
Brigadas Internaiconales Formed
The first International Brigades (Brigadas Internacionales) are formed. Their members are foreign volunteers who had travelled to Spain to fight on behalf of the Republican government.

Nov. 1936
Battle for Madrid
Start of Nationalist ground assault on Madrid
Battle of Guadalajara (Nationalist offensive). The city of Guadalajara is 34 miles north east of Madrid.
Nationalists announce a blockade of Republican ports on the north (Cantabrian) coast - threatening ships with attack if they sail to these areas.

Nov. 1936
Bombing of Guernica
Bombing of the Basque capital of Guernica by German aeroplanes. The air raid was an attack on civilians, rather than a military target, and resulted in the destruction of much of the town.

Apr.1937
Catalonia Cut Off
Catalonia is cut off from the rest of Republican Spain, as Nationalist troops take the Mediterranean coastal town of Vinaroz.

May 1937
Events of May
'Events of May' in Barcelona: Divisions between several Republican political groups (Communists, Partido Obrero de Unificación Marxista (POUM), and anarchists) result in street fighting between supporters of the different factions.

July 1937
Britain and France Recognize Franco
Spanish Bishops collectively endorse Franco as the legitimate ruler of Spain.

Feb. 1939
'Law of Political Responsibilities' introduced by Franco.

Mar. 1939
Madrid Falls
Madrid taken by Nationalist forces.

Apr. 1939
Republic Surrenders
Republican armies surrender. General Franco declares the war to be over.

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Military Coup

Fall of Madrid

Bombing of Guernica

End of war was a turning pt in global history

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What has changed?
government, leadership

What has remained the same?
conflicts within the administration, BUT now franco is dealing with them in authoritarian way with martial law

who has benefited from this change?
franco and other higher ups

Who has not benefited? And why?
the people, the leftists