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Seligman, L., & Reichenberg, L. W. (2014). Theories of counseling and psychotherapy: Systems, strategies and skills (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.

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4th Force Suggestions for Today's Clinicians 

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4th Force Suggestions for Today's Clinicians 

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-become culturally competent
-create a supportive, trusting, therapeutic relationship
-be open-minded
-be aware of personal biases
-network and collaborate with other mental health professionals
-seek out community resources
-research new approaches and techniques
-encourage clients to take a more active role in changing their own emotions, perceptions and behaviors

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In the 21st century, clinicians are working on creating a Fourth Force, by integrating important aspects of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd forces, and creating a more holistic and comprehensive approach. Current awareness of the importance of individuals' identity, past experiences and culture, as well as a strong therapeutic relationship are all important components to successful psychotherapy.

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In the 1960s a Third Force known as Existential-Humanistic Psychotherapy was developed by Carl Rogers and various other contributors. This theory focused on the importance of emotions and sensations of individuals, as well as assisting individuals in developing ways to take charge of and find meaning in their lives. This type of client empowerment requires a lot of support and trust in the therapist, and therefore there is much focus on building a positive therapeutic alliance between client and therapist.

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More modern theorists (such as B.F. Skinner, Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, William Glasser and Donald Meichnebaum) furthered the research and practice in psychotherapy, creating the Second Force: Cognitive and Behavioral theories and interventions. The Cognitive-Behavioral theory focuses on individuals' thoughts and actions, as a result of their emotions. CBT interventions work to alter and enhance the present by providing supports and strategies to help clients improve their way of thinking and acting in response to their emotions.

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Acknowledging that mental and emotional health issues must be addressed, Sigmund Freud began working to develop psychodynamic approaches to psychotherapy. Among these methods and theories, he developed what is known as the First Force of Psychotherapy. He suggested that past experiences are direct influences on individuals' current emotional difficulties. His methods included unconscious processes (such as dream work) and long-term therapeutic treatment.

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Before the 19th century, difficulties and disorders in the areas of mental and emotional health were less understood. Oftentimes, those exhibiting tremendous emotional difficulty or severe mental illness were placed in institutions, and those with more mild symptoms were left undiagnosed and untreated. In both scenarios, individuals were not fortunate enough to receive the proper professional care and supports needed to promote self-efficacy.