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Definition:
Relational dynamics is the study of the process of interaction between elements and the things that emerge from such interaction.
1. Interaction
2. Systems
3. Connectivity
4. Degrees of freedom
5. Complexity
6. Emergence

Own understanding:
The interaction between relating elements and the behaviours/patterns that come about as a result.

Example:
Any sports game, the individuals, environment and task that have an effect on the relationship of the game.

Importance:
Explains the reasoning behind movement relations and decision making in a game.

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Definition:
The application of typical elements of game playing (e.g. point scoring, competition with others, rules of play) to enhance engagement and learning activity.

Own understanding:
Turning events into a game, creating competitiveness and participation.

Example:
Giving chocolates for being able to explain all the tactics to the rest of the team correctly.

Importance:
keeps people engaged in the task through an incentive system and can improve competitiveness and involvement.

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Definition:
Reading of play, making sense of what is going on

Own understanding:
Understanding the information that is collected from the environment and selecting the relevant information while utilizing it

Example:
In a game of tennis, recognizing the direction in which the opponent is likely to move, through perception of their body shape.

Importance:
An individual that perceives the environment well will be able to identify key areas of where to be, play next or avoid. The understanding of information that the environment gives is very useful for winning games.

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Definition:
Holism, looking the skill as a whole
Individualism, Breaking it down looking at it from different parts

Own understanding:
Holism doesn't separate the movement/action, it takes into consideration the action as a whole single fluid action.
Individualism divides the action into segments, taking into consideration each separate movement within the action.

Example:
Triple jump
Holism, run through the move in one and attempt to adjust as what feels best at the time.
Individualism, takes each aspect of the triple just and tries to perfect each aspect of the action individually.

Importance:
Both are important, as in a perfect environment learning the perfect technique can be useful. However, the perfect environment will hardly ever come about and so learning to adapt to change through a holistic approach is also important.

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Definition:
Independent, not depending on another for livelihood or subsistence.
Interdependent, (of two or more people or things) dependent on each other.

Own understanding:
Independent, the idea that an element or system is self reliant.
Interdependent, the co-dependent relationship or 2 or more elements/systems.

Example:
Interdependent relationships are presents in a sporting context through the games played, In the teams and the opposition. The reliance of the team to work together interdependently to achieve a common task.

Importance:
Working together to achieve a collective outcome, the importance of independence is that you don't have to rely on other elements, however, the co-reliance can also assist the individual in achieving their goal.

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Definition:
Emergence is a process in which things come into being as a result of their relational dynamics

Own understanding:
The overall outcome of the behaviours and actions carried out while specific elements were interacting.

Example:
Playing simple higher percentage passes in order to maintain a higher level of possession by the end of the game.

Importance:
Shows patterns of play and behaviours that emerge as a result that can either be enhanced or inhibited.

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Definition:
Complexity is description of a system that is in between order and chaos. We use the terms to describe things that are hard to understand.

Complexity can be increased by:
- Number of interacting elements
- Number of connections between         elements
- Diversity of interacting elements
- Degree of adaption and change

Own understanding:
A system that is too complex will collapse and too simple will stall. A desired complexity will be in a chaordic state that will allow athletes to achieve just not with ease, it will be challenging.

Example:
A passing drill that have a large number of elements and allows for a number of decisions through the interacting systems.

Importance:
The level of complexity keeps the lessons challenging yet achievable, this will allow the athletes to maintain focus without the exercise becoming dull or too difficult, complexity can also be adapted and changed throughout.

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Definition:

According to Dynamics of Skill Acquisition, it is a theoretical approach that views the learner as a complex, neurobiological system composed of independent but interacting degrees of freedom (dfs), or subsystems.

Dynamic systems are concerned with the skill learner as the pedagogical performer.

It is the theory that proposes that a movement pattern emerges out of self-organization as a function of the ever changing environment.

Based It is a theory concerned with the relationship between the mover and the environment and how the mover self-organizes in relation to the environment.

Dynamic systems theorists are concerned with is how the human body that has multiple degrees of freedom (dfs), can self-organize spontaneously to execute a complex movement in a changing, complex environment. For example how does a surfer spontaneously organize their limbs to respond to a changing wave, one that is bigger and faster than they have ever encountered before.

Own understanding:
Dynamic systems takes into account the relationship between the environment and the athlete, more importantly the actions of both the environment and the athlete and what emerges from the actions.

Example:
Cyclists using drafting, as a teammate allows another teammate to draft off them for a more aerodynamic space for a given time.
The environment in the space allows the individual to pick up speed to overtake others.

Importance:
The relationship between the environment and the individual can help to understand the emerging actions and behaviours.

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Definition:
A coordination pattern. For example, when I go to throw a ball you use your attractor state. Like an intuitive response.

Own understanding:
The subconscious pattern that arises in movement that allows for adjustments of center of gravity to maintain coordination while achieving maximum effectiveness and efficiency.

Example:
The actions that maintain balance and you are cycling. An individuals body must adjust more or less due to the speed and external forces.

Importance:
The pattern that arises from the movement while intuitive can be improved, the initial pattern that demonstrates coordination can be exploited.

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Definition:
According to Dynamics of Skill Acquisition, they are highly integrated systems that are made up of many interacting parts of subsystems, each of which is capable of affecting other subsystems.

Own understanding:
The interdependence and reliance of elements that cannot be taken apart and put back together. The actions and reactions of the elements have a direct effect on each other.

Example:
A human, at any level a human is a complex system made up of complex systems.

Importance:
The understanding of interdependent parts allows the system to act and react accordingly, as simple as moving to the right through perception-action coupling

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Definition:
productive of or capable of producing a result

Own understanding:
The effectiveness is determined by the outcome, if the decision of movement carried out ended in a desirable outcome then the action was effective.

Example:
Using a bounce pass to prevent an interception proved more effective in the situation as it was carried out and maintained possession.

Importance:
How effective was the action? Was it goal directed? The importance plays a role through the goal directed action, the more beneficial the action was for the outcome the more effective the action was.

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Definition:
An abstract representation of a movement plan, stored in memory, that contains all the motor commands required to carry out the intended action. One does not needs a motor program for each skill.
Represents elements about patterns of movements (class of actions) that can be modified to yield various response outcomes.

Own understanding:
Having initial knowledge of a movement and the ability to adapt this knowledge in a direction which best suits the situations that arise, based on the patterns of movements that are similar makes it easier to modify and become autonomous with movement. This is the sequence in which the motor movements are required to correctly pull off the desired action.

Example:
In a tennis serve all the combined motor movements required to serve the ball at pace over the net accurately.

Importance:
The combination of motor movements allows a more effective and situation specific technique that can be modified as the individual sees fit.

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Definition:
Non-linear pedagogy is pedagogy that recognises skill as relational, dynamical and complex (many interacting and interdependent parts) with an outward focus on the individual.

Own understanding:
A pedagogy that allows for the individual to learn for themselves, through guided discovery rather than force fed information.

Example:
Teaching a Rubgy pass with only the information to put spin on the ball, no more information of where to stand or how to hold the ball. Allowing the individual to solve the problems for themselves.

Importance:
When self discovery is had then the ability to adapt to change and be creative will be much greater in individuals that have learnt in a non-linear fashion.

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Definition:

The successful learning of a motor skill that requires repetitive practice or training. The success of a skill or task is based on things such as accuracy, speed, and performance. Learning to be skillful begins with exploration and experimentation, imitation of experts, and building the of possibilities (Vygotsky, 1962).

Skill learning is the ability to learn the skip ll and develop imagination so that the skill becomes expertised.

Own understanding:
Motor control is the initial understanding of movement and developing efficiency and effectiveness through freeing up degrees of freedoms, whereas, skill learning is exploiting the movement to make use of advantages in the environment.

Example:
learning to swim is initially difficult, but once an efficient stroke is learned, it requires little conscious effort.

Importance:
The semi-conscious effect required to perform a useful movement in demanding situations benefits the exploitation of the environment.

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Definition:
A function of interactions of the internal components of the system and their sensitivity to external conditions.

Own understanding:
The adjustments the body makes to be able to withstand the environmental constraints and maintain coordinated movement.

Example:
when the body instinctively shifts its center of gravity to maintain balance.

Importance:
the body can tell when there is an imbalance and therefore, combat the imbalance by making changes to adapt to the specific circumstances.

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Definition:
Adapt, make (something) suitable for a new use or purpose
Creativity, the use of imagination or original ideas to create something; inventiveness.

Own understanding:
An individual using their skillfulness, demonstrated through advancing in potentially an unfamiliar scenario and readjusting to achieve what is desired.

Example:
Hitting the ball through your legs in tennis,  It is typically performed facing away from the opponent, when the player attempts to recover a lob and has no time to turn back around, and hits the ball backward between their legs.

Importance:
it shows how important it is for an individual to adapt and be creative in order to achieve a task, whether it be maintaining possession or scoring a point/goal.

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Definition:
Self-organisation is a process where some form of overall order arises from local interactions between its component parts.

Own understanding:
The organisation and re-organisation of interacting elements to redirect movement.

Example:
The body re-organising to moving from a walk into a run.

Importance:
the body will find co-ordination while running, jumping, and changing movement. Individuals that self-organise quickly will be able to move onto the next task faster.

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Definition:

Decisions and actions made in relation to the action in which the player is situated.

The things that are going on in your thinking

A mix of anticipation and the ability to think ahead

Own understanding:
short term collective decisions made in order to achieve a goal directed outcome to specific situations. Many will be present throughout a single match.

Example:
making an overlapping run to create a overloaded attack in a crossing scenario.

Importance:
implementing many different tactics makes it more difficult for the opposition to predict play and therefore, gives an advantage tactically.

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Systems theory is the interdisciplinary study of systems. A system is a cohesive conglomeration of
interrelated and interdependent parts that is either natural or man-made. Every system is delineated by its spatial and temporal boundaries, surrounded and influenced by its environment, described by its structure and purpose or nature and expressed in its functioning.

Own understanding:
The independence and interdependence of elements that work together to bring about an expression or result in the environment.

Example:
The team working together to win a game, the individual elements (the athletes) work in a system to achieve a common goal (winning).

Importance:
commonality in a system is important to achieve the task, if every element in a system works as a whole then the system will work more efficiently and effectively to carry out the desired outcome.

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Definition:
Sociological theories are statements of how and why particular facts about the social world are related. They range in scope from concise descriptions of a single social process to paradigms for analysis and interpretation.

Own understanding:
Sociologists study society, including patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture. They look into the way in which development of learning is come about through the involvement of pedagogical work.

Example:
All types of learning, skill drills and TGfU are examples of different types of teachings and the social relations displayed in the learning.

Importance:
The study of how relations emerge between the interdependent an independent elements can help to begin to develop through social aspects.

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Definition:
Learning from each other, socialising and working together, bi-culture pedagogies. Social interaction to share knowledge. Together we construct our understanding.

Own understanding:
Peer learning where no teacher is present. The students use scaffolding to improve their understanding on the selected topic.

Example:
The best player in a team can assist in learning through showing the other players in a team a particular way in which they have found effective.

Importance:
through being active in learning the athletes can demonstrate their own understanding and their peers of more knowledge can assist in a individuals higher learning.

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Definition:
deals with the association between stimulus and response for the basis of learning. Conditioned responses. It is concerned with voluntary behaviour, by actively reinforcing desired behaviours.
Google defines behaviourism as the theory that human and animals behaviour can be explained in terms of conditioning without appeal to thoughts or feelings and that psychological disorders are best treated by altering behaviour patterns.

Own understanding:
The teacher is active, learner is passive. A teacher will give exact instructions as to how they want learning to be made.

Example:
Skill drills, the exact technique is demonstrated to show how to perform a trick. The coach shows the perceived best way they believe the trick should be performed and the athletes must perform the trick the same way they were shown.

Importance:
The initial information needs to be fed to the students by the teachers in order for them to begin to understand the information.

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Definition:
Cognitivism focuses on the mental processes, including how people perceive, think, remember, learn, solve problems, and direct their attention to one stimulus rather than another.

Own understanding:
learning is thinking. Both the teacher and the learner are equally active. The teachers are responsible for giving the outcome but the learners use different 'recipes' to find the outcome.

Example:
A coach sets up a crossing drill, where the end goal is to get a shot at goal, however, the build up to get the cross in is not explained and is up to the players.

Importance:
Players develop better understanding towards what works best for them and can learn more efficient and effective ways that suit themselves.

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Definition:
Children's play is their imagination in action. When we allow kids to play they build an imagination of possibility. If they are pretending to be something/someone then they are building their imagination of what to do. Building the imagination of what they can and can’t do.

Own understanding:
When in a state of play, children develop their understanding of the world of what is achievable and not achievable. This discovery in play enhances their imagination and then their perception that the environment affords them.

Example:
A child playing in a playground and discovering the ways in which the obstacles afford them to climb in different directions.

Importance:
Imagination creates new perceptions in the environment that can afford the individual new possibilities.

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Definition:
Learning is the process of acquiring new or modifying existing knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, or preferences.

Own understanding:
gathering new information in order to better oneself by understanding what the new information is.

Example:
Learning how to bowl a ball with spin in cricket rather than just speed.

Importance:
learning new aspects of a sport can aid in improving an individuals overall game.

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Definition:
The affordances of the environment are what it offers the animal, what it provides or furnishes, either for good or ill. The verb to afford is found in the dictionary, the noun affordance is not. I have made it up. I mean by it something that refers to both the environment and the animal in a way that no existing term does. It implies the complementarity of the animal and the environment.

Own understanding:
When an object or environment allows an individual to achieve an activity through perception of action combining with the environment.

Example:
A defender moves in an opposite direction to create a gap in which can be passed through to an attacker. This gap affords the player to make the pass.

Importance:
creates potential possibilities of many outcomes for people that can identify different affordances.

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Definition:
Practical sense is an acquired system of preferences, of principles of vision and division...and also a system of durable cognitive structures.

Own understanding:
Practical sense is the ability of decision making in certain, specific, circumstances. It is simply knowing what to do in a certain situation.

Example:
Knowing when to pass, dribble or shoot.

Importance:
Knowing when to pass, dribble or shoot is very important in achieving a desired outcome, from creating a shooting opportunity for oneself or another. This can be the difference from winning, losing or drawing a game.

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Definition:

Our body is conscious of where we are in space, a kinaesthetic consciousness via our proprioceptors. The context in which we operate is important. Consciousness in the first instance, is not of a cognitive sense but of our animate form; an inherent-knowledge-of our capabilities in an information rich environment.

Own understanding:
The consciousness of where a person is in relation to their environment and how they act from processing the information they have gathered from the spaces that they may find themselves in.

Example:
The consciousness to know that the individual is playing a game of basketball

Importance:
The ability to consciously gather the information of a game to understand the context of the game and the goals that have been set in the environment and carry out them.

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Definition:
Physical and Informational variables that both afford or limit interaction of the learner, task and/ or environment.

Own understanding:
A constraint is a limitation introduced to a game, environment, or task in order to specify development of a particular skill or learning to cope with different scenarios within a sport.

Example:
only being able to pass a bounce pass in basketball in order to improve on this skill in a 3v3 drill.

Importance:
Constraints target a certain aspect of the sport in order to attempt to improve this part of an individuals game.

Digital link:

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Definition:
“We must perceive in order to move, but we must also move in order to perceive’

J.Gibson, 1979

When an observer moves relative to the environment, a global pattern of optical flow is generated at the moving point of observation and corresponds to the class and direction of observer movement. Reciprocally, this information can be used to regulate the forces applied by the observer in controlling subsequent movements, which in turn generate a new flow field, and so on in a circularly causal cycle.

Own understanding:

The ever changing environment as perceived by the individual gives them an understanding of which actions should be achieved when appropriate to attempt a desired outcome.

Example:
As a Rugby player tries to step he can perceive a gap between to opposing players and accelerate to utilize the gap created.

Importance:
This perception action coupling is used to identify which action should be used in specific changing situations, the action may change as the environment does.

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Definition:
Skinner's theory of operant conditioning involves the correct response to a situation or task being rewarded thus reinforces the correct response. This behaviour is shaped by the coach and the player need not understand why they are performing like this, just that they will be rewarded if they do it correctly.

Own understanding:
The response to a stimulus which is used by a coach to achieve a desired outcome. When the stimulus is activated the response becomes second nature to the individual.

Example:
When a coach blows their whistle to stop the play, the first time the children might not understand what it means but over time when the whistle is blown the children will instantly stop.

Importance:
This can create a desired outcome to occur every time a stimulus is active, usually set by a coach to achieve success.

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Definition:
Constraints–based Systems Theory considers the importance of both physical and informational constraints and views co-ordinated or skillful movement as ‘co-ordination solutions’ or the outcome of successful adaption to the constraints imposed by the interaction of task, environment and learner.

Own understanding:
constraints can either be physical, environmental or informational. These can be set by the coach in terms of physical or informational or for environmental this is set by the place in which the activity takes place. It attempts to challenge the individual or team to overcome the constraint set.

Example:
The constraints are set on a training drill in order to replicate a scenario in a game, training on turf in the week because the game on the weekend is going to be played on turf.

Importance:
The constraints set by either a coach or the environment give a chance for individuals to learn how the scenario might play out in an actual sporting context but while under less important conditions.

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Definition:
Metastability is a stable state of a dynamical system other than the system's state of least energy.

Own understanding:
the dynamic system being the individual, while at a stable state, i.e. stationary, but processing the information at hand during the activity.

Example:
The individual is waiting for his team mates to play them a pass so is alert to their surroundings and ready to play but is standing still.

Importance:

the individual at a stable state is still processing the information of the situation so is well aware of their surrounding and can jump into the scenario when is called upon.

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Definition:
Managing independent and interdependant parts that

control movement in a complex system that work together to

make co-ordinated/ skillful movement.

Own understanding:
whether its between the individual or the team, the controlled movements between the system are in sync, through freedom of movement, to perform a specific outcome or task.

Example:
an overlapping run, where the action is perceived by the individual in control of the ball and can execute the task in fluid motion.

Importance:
a fluid well controlled complex system will overcome most tasks presented in a sporting context.

Digital link:

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Beauden Barretts no-look behind the back pass to Milner-Skudder for the try

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Definition:
Phase transitions provide a physical mechanism for the cooperative action of neurons. Phase transitions also provide a natural switching mechanism without any switches at all. Variability, rather than a source of undesirable noise, proves to be an essential source of flexibility and adaptability.

Own understanding:
Phase transitions is the realization of transition in play for example from a team going from attack to defense. It can also be the slight transition of the oppositions tactics and being flexible and competent in adjusting to these transitions and counteracting them.

Example:
Transitioning from attack to defense as the ball is handed over to the opposition

Importance:
The faster the phase transition and realization of loss of possession the faster a team main retain or regain possession.

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Definition:
The mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses.

Own understanding:
The conscious thought though comprehending what an individuals mind is processing by what they are doing.

Example:
an individual is processing the information of a tennis game and understanding how a ball spins through the differing actions of a swing.

Importance:
to be cognitively aware is to have an understanding how things work and the individual will gain a better grasp on what to do in certain situations.

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Definition:
a way of carrying out a particular task, especially the execution or performance of an artistic work or a scientific procedure.

Own understanding:
A skillful way to achieve a task or outcome of an action effectively and efficiently.

Example:
A tennis player hitting the ball through their legs while running backwards

Importance:
It is an ability to be competent in what the individual is attempting to achieve within their sport.

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Definition:
an act of moving

Own understanding:
In sport, movement is moving with purpose. It is directional and with a meaningful speed, whether slow or fast.

Example:
In rugby running around the back of someone for an overlapping pass.

Importance:
Having movement within a sporting aspect creates deception, pace of the game and individual, and fluidity in a complex system.

Digital link:

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Definition:
“We must perceive in order to move, but we must also move in order to perceive’

J.Gibson, 1979

When an observer moves relative to the environment, a global pattern of optical flow is generated at the moving point of observation and corresponds to the class and direction of observer movement. Reciprocally, this information can be used to regulate the forces applied by the observer in controlling subsequent movements, which in turn generate a new flow field, and so on in a circularly causal cycle.

Own understanding:
processing the information that is being visual received and moving in a particular manner that is associated to the perceived information showing understanding of the situation.

Example:
being closed down by an oncoming defender and seeing an opening as to where to pass the ball.

Importance:
reading the situation in a specific scenario in the game and being able to correctly execute the technique to stay in a comfortable position.

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Definition:
the quality of mental states (e.g. thoughts, beliefs, desires, hopes) which consists in their being directed towards some object or state of affairs

Own understanding:
the intent or purposefulness of achieving a task set by the own individual, often executed with desire of the outcome that is had.

Example:
Shooting a free kick and scoring

Importance:
An individual with intent of action can achieve exactly what is desired in the context required.

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Definition:
Is a high level plan to achieve one or more goals under conditions of uncertainty. Strategy includes several subsets of skill including tactics, adaptability and creativity.

Own understanding:
A Strategy is often a number of plays or set movements practiced prior to a game with a degree of intuition in order to achieve a desired overall outcome.

Example:
retaining possession more in order to starve the opposition therefore forcing them to push higher in a game and create space in behind.

Importance:
A collective understanding of a strategy set by a coach is important to achieve the final outcome of winning.

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Definition:
The engagement in an activity for enjoyment and recreation purpose rather than a serious or practical purpose. Learning occurs through doing and playing with the environment, often with the help of others. We learn to be skillful through play and in doing so we not only develop skill but also a sense of self.

Own understanding:
exploring understanding of the world and how things work through freedom of action in a state of curiosity developing as we grow.

Example:
children playing on a playground discovering understanding for a merry-go-round and how it works.

Importance:
Play develops a level of understanding and imagination under a no pressure situation with freedom of development.

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Definition:
A schema is a cognitive framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information. Schemas can be useful because they allow us to take shortcuts in interpreting the vast amount of information that is available in our environment.

Own understanding:
A schema is a conceptual aid, usually in the form of imagery to allow a faster interpretation of the vast information being processed.

Example:
in Baseball, the pitcher and the catcher sync up as to what sort of throw they are about to perform, usually holding up a number of fingers to demonstrate the action.

Importance:
The faster information being processed is important to perform an intuitive action appropriate to the situation.

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Definition:
skill can be:
>Situated
Skill is situated in game contexts

Game contexts embody unique time,

space and action boundaries. Game contexts create specific

problems

>Social
Knowledge communities – discursive.

Differentiated, stratified, relational. Skills are deployed within socially

determined contexts.

>Distributed
Skill is distributed across the body

and its systems. Skill is distributed across the equipment and tools employed. Skill is distributed across the other players of the team

Own words:
Skill is divided into 3 aspects, from specific contexts and being able to accurately deal with the scenario that presents itself, communicative and being able to get ideas and plays across, and across not only the individual but the tools they use and their team mates to overcome a task.

Skill learning example:
A team pooling their collective intelligence and understanding of contexts together to win a game.

Importance to skill learning:
Being able to achieve any task competently and efficiently that the individual or team as a unit want to achieve.

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Definition:
Refers to the physical embodiment of cultural capital, to the deeply ingrained habits, skills and dispositions that we possess due to our life experiences.

Own understanding:
an action of which is second nature to an individual after being embedded in an individuals routine through their person development, making them the person they are today.

Example:
All tennis players bounce the ball before they serve as a way to focus and get their mind in the game.

Importance:
These embedded acts that an individual portrays can carry them through in a sporting context as a habitus that benefits their particular sport, i.e. the ability to

Digital link:

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Definition:
The science that underpins movement learning and execution and is more commonly termed motor learning and control. Each stage of skill acquisition embodies unique characteristics relative to an athlete's level of performance of a skill or activity.

Own understanding:
When understanding of a complex process occurs in response to practicing a certain skill its creates fluidity and efficiency that allows recall of the skill in a performance based context.

Example:
mastery of a ball roll which has been perfected during training to be used to get round a defender in a game.

Importance:
recall of a practiced skill to be used efficiently and effectively in an appropriate context within sport.

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Definition:
The movement from individual skill practice to games, were we can learn to do things in an ecological/holistic way. Ecology takes in to encounter the whole environment and has a social and physical dimension.

Own understanding:
Ecology is the relationship between the individual and others performing a task or game and the physical environment that surrounds them.

Example:
all the players involved in a game of netball and the court which they are playing on. While interacting with each other and the environment (the court).

Importance:
These aspects are required to play any sport, the players and the intra/interactions they have with the environment.

Digital link: