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Definition:
There is contrast between what the character says and does

In the short story "The Happiness Machine," Lena states, "Look how I laugh scrubbing the sink, (pg. 5)" which she states sarcastically. She does not really enjoy scrubbing out the sink, yet continues to do it since it is a obligation. Although in the clip below, the line is different, the message behind the phrase in the same.

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The Ray Bradbury Theater - S06E10 - The Happiness Machine (Aired 7-17-92)

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Definition:
This occurs when a set of circumstances turn out differently from what was expected or considered appropriate.

As the story, "The Landlady," progresses, the reader and Billy weaver become utterly aware that the mellow landlady is anything but the quotes listed below. She is a calculating serial killer, whose “...  inclined to be just a teeny weeny bit choosy and particular” (pg. 4) when it comes to selecting her next victim. The unsuspecting Billy Weaver is soon imprisoned as soon as his lips touched the almond-flavoured tea, which proves that the landlady who seemed “terribly nice” can take his life with no hesitation.

“She was about forty-five or fifty years old, and the moment she saw him, she gave him a warm welcoming smile.” (pg. 2)
"Please come in,” (pg. 2) she said pleasantly.

“She had a round pink face and very gentle blue eyes.” (pg. 2)

“She seemed terribly nice. She looked exactly like the mother of one’s best school friend welcoming one into the house to stay for the Christmas holidays.” (pg. 2)

“She looked up at him out of the corners of her eyes and gave him another gentle little smile.” (pg. 3)

“After all, she was not only harmless – there was no question about that – but she was also quite obviously a kind and generous soul.” (pg. 3)

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Definition:
Giving the attributes of a human characteristics being to an animal, object, or an idea. It is really a subtype of metaphor, implying a comparison between two dissimilar things. Personification is apart of the "Figurative Language" category.

In the introduction of "The Happiness Machine" by Ray Bradbury, "the wheels of his Happiness Machine spun whirling golden light, which spoke along the ceiling of his head," (pg. 2) is a statement that displays personification well. The happiness machine produced "whirling golden light," which supposedly spoke to Leo Auffman. However, light cannot speak nor can it implant words within ones mind; therefore, this is a great example of personification.

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Defintion:
A comparison between two things which are essential dissimilar. The comparison is directly stated through words such as like, as than, similar to, or resembles. Simile is apart of the "Figurative Language" category.

A quote in "The Happiness Machine" by Ray Bradbury contained the simile, "....a host of whirring golden bees as big as teacups." (pg. 2)

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Definition:
The atmosphere is the prevailing feeling that is created in a story. The atmosphere usually sets up the reader's expectations about the ending or outcome of the plot. Atmosphere is usually created through the dialogue and the imagery.

In the story "Happiness," the aura in the beginning involves joy; however one Corsica is mentioned, the aura alters to troubled since the fellow encounters an old woman, who seems to be living in an undeveloped country. However, as he acknowledges her story about abandoning the luxurious lifestyle to be with the love of her life, the atmosphere seems to be in aww and happiness, which is ironically the title.
"He filled me with happiness, one end to the other." (pg. 4)

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Definition:
The perspective form which the story is told.
Options: First person detached, First person subjective, First person observer , Third person objective, Third person omniscient, Third people limited omniscient.

Although there are a handful of listed point of views above, I am going to write the about the points of views that I am most familiar with, first-persona and third-person. For my first example, the story "Happiness" by Jeff Taylor is a first person, and is proved when the old lady stated, "five years ago I took a trip to Corsica," (pg. 4) using the term "I," referring to herself. An example of third-person can be found in the story "The Painted Door," which is supported by the statement, "it was getting cold again, and she left her painting to put in more wood." (pg. 4) The author referred to Ann as her and not I; therefore, this is a third person story.

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Definition:
Suspense is the feeling of anxiety and uncertainty experienced by the reader about the outcome of events or the protagonist's destiny.

The story, "Never stop on the motorway," contains many examples of suspense. "She checked the odometer. From the turnoff on the main road to the farm it was just over five miles, and she must have covered about two by now. She began to wash each tenth of a mile clicking up, terrified at the thought of the van overtaking her and forcing her into the ditch. She stuck determinedly to the centre of the road. Another mile passed..."(pg. 7) These few sentence involved a lot of suspense due to the count down of miles. It is as if we are counting down the second on December 31st. Wanting it to be 12 am, and waiting for what the new year holds. The wait being over. The wait being the suspense as were those sentences.

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Definition:
A flashback is a plot device which shifts the story from the present to the past, usually done in order to illustrate an important point or to reveal a change in character.

The story, "Happiness" by Jeff Taylor revolves around the idea of a flashback. The fellow, who encountered Corsica. interviewed an old woman, who educated him of her background and how she surrendered her authentic lifestyle to live in a developing country; however, she lives with the love of her life, who supposedly "fills her with happiness one end to the other." (pg. 2) A portion of a flashback in the story, "A long time ago, it had caused a terrible scandal in Noble Lorraine.." which illustrates the history of the country and their forbidden love.

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Definition:
This device gives a hint of what is to happen in the story. It prepares the reader for the climax, the resolution, and for changes, or lack of changes, in character's attitude.

The reader, who maintains in Billy's point of view, assembles clues with the viewpoint character but attaches more significance to them. The first, being the cheapness of the rent, which is only five shillings and sixpence, less than half Billy’s budget. In addition, there were no other hats or coats in the hall. There were no umbrellas, no walking sticks--nothing. The next foreshadowing comes when he sees the names and addresses of Christopher Mulholland and Gregory W. Temple in the guest book. Both names seem familiar, but he can't remember why.

"Oh no, I don't think they were famous. But they were incredibly handsome, both of them. . . .They were tall and young and handsome, my dear, just exactly like you."

Then the foreshadowing get portentous. Billy sips his tea and detects a strange smell. When she mentions that Mr. Mulholland "was a great one for his tea," Billy says, "I suppose he left fairly recently."

"Left?" she said, arching her brows. "But my dear boy, he never left. He's still here. Mr. Temple is also here. They're on the fourth floor, both of them together." (all the dialogue was page 4)

All these components of the story foreshadow the strange aura of the landlady, which should have made Billy leave, yet he succeeded to play the role of another victim.

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Definition:
An allusion is a direct or indirect reference to a familiar figure, place or event from history, literature, mythology or from the Bible. Most allusions expand or develop a significant idea, impression, or mood.

As Diana, the main character of "Never stop on the motorway," turned the radio on to the song "I will survive" by Gloria Gaynor, she made a direct reference. By turning on the radio, the author, Jeffery Archer, gave the impression that Diana was going though rough patches, and the song reassured her that in the end everything will be settled.

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Definition:
A comparison between two things which are essentially dissimilar. The comparison is implied than rather directly stated. Metaphor is apart of the "Figurative Language" category.

Once again form the short story, "The Happiness Machine," a figurative language device, a metaphor, is present. As Leo Auffmann stated, "I been figuring what to put in it. Motion pictures? Radios? Stereoscopic viewers? All those in one place, so any man can run his hands over it and smile and say "Yes sir, that's happiness," (pg. 3) he compared the two, happiness and technology, which are "essentially dissimilar."

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Definition:
Theme is the central idea of a story, usually implied rather than directly stated. It is the author's idea about life and can be implied or directly stated through the voice of a character or through the narrator. It should not be confused with moral or plot. A theme is traditionally stated in a sentence without reference to specific characters or events.

Although the story, “The landlady,” contains multiple themes, the central theme, to me, is deception. The landlady appeared to be a kind, innocent soul; however, she easily deceived Billy Weaver, who played another victim in her book. He asserted the statements listed below, which portrayed Billy Weaver was flabbergasted by her. This theme could also be irony as well (check irony section for an elaboration).

“She was about forty-five or fifty years old, and the moment she saw him, she gave him a warm welcoming smile.” (pg. 2)
"Please come in,” (pg. 2) she said pleasantly.

“She had a round pink face and very gentle blue eyes.” (pg. 2)

“She seemed terribly nice. She looked exactly like the mother of one’s best school friend welcoming one into the house to stay for the Christmas holidays.” (pg. 2)

“She looked up at him out of the corners of her eyes and gave him another gentle little smile.” (pg. 3)

“After all, she was not only harmless – there was no question about that – but she was also quite obviously a kind and generous soul.” (pg. 3)

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Definition:
A symbol has two levels of meaning, a literal level and a figurative level. Characters, objects, events, and settings can all be symbolic in that they represent something else beyond themselves. The dove literally is a bird, but it has come to figuratively represent peace.

The door in "The Painted Door" symbolized the relationship between John and Ann. To elaborate, "The frost in the walls on a day like this would crack and peel is as it dried, but she needed something to keep her hands occupied," which indicates that Ann is going to cover the door, knowing it is going to crack and be dried; furthermore, she covers up the flaws of her relationship with John, yet knows the results will not be pretty. When Ann asserted, "there-as if another coat of paint could make it different anyway," (pg. 5) which implied that she covers the flaws of her relationship with John; nevertheless, her desires are not going to change.

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Definition:
This is a term used to describe the fictional persons who carry out the action of a story. It also refers to the personality and moral attitudes of a fictional person. There are dynamic, static, round characters and flat characters.
Dynamic Characters: An example of a dynamic character would be Leo Auffmann from "The happiness machine" since, throughout the story, Leo's perception of "happiness" altered and develops as a person by his wife's wise advice from the machine incident.
Static Characters: Billy Weaver from "The Landlady" is a static character due to his oblivion of the environment. Recently becoming an independent individual, Billy had not changed throughout the story, well mentally. Physically, Billy changed; however, the landlady is the only person that knows how.
Round Characters: For this character, I chose Diana since she is the most realistic in any of the stories. Dealing with a divorce, harsh co-workers, having two kids, and willing to do anything to survive, as she did in the story, Diana contains several sides to her.
Flat Characters: In the short story, "The painted door,: Steven played a minor role of sleeping and flirting with Ann. After his deed in accomplished, he is not mentioned in the story since the story revolves around the flaws of Ann and John's relationship.
Stereotyped Character: As for the last character, from "Never stop on the motorway" is Phil Haskins since he is the co-worker that provided Diana with the long document. He is a stereotypical character since he and Diana may be in a competition for the promotion. Since he did not receive he, he displays his anger with his attitude. Although he may also be upset that Diana got promoted over him, and she's a female, while he is a male.

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Definition:
The storyline or organizations of incidents in a story called the plot. It consists of episodes and conflict. Plots usually have rising and falling action. The order is - rising action, exposition and antecedent action, inciting force or initial incident or complicating incident, conflict or complication, crisis, catastrophe, climax, falling action, resolution, denouement.

The story: "Never stop on the motorway."
The rising action: During the introduction, we are educated about Diana, her job, her life and how she is heading to her friend's farm after work tonight.
Inciting force: Although Diana departed from work later then expected due to a long document she received, she still remained wanting to go to the farm even though it was late and dark.
Conflict: Since the concern of being late and having the right outfit were thoughts of Diana's, being stressed, she hit a black cat while driving, which perhaps could have resulted to the bad luck soon after.
Complication: After the cat incident, the car behind her drove recklessly while flashing lights, and staying only close behind her. She drove like a lunatic herself to get away, yet he remained the same distance behind.
Catastrophe: This factor of the plot had been when Diana recalled a recent murder occurrence in the same locations, which created a shocking, alarmed atmosphere.
Climax: The climax, when Diana could not decide whether to head to the farm or the next town, which was 12 miles away; however, 12 miles may leave her car's gas tank empty. However, due to the van cutting across the motorway and mounted the grass divider, she knew the drive would not stop under any circumstances
Falling action: The falling action is where Diana calls Dan to warn him that she made the decision of arriving to the farm; however, there are certain circumstances she is encountering. She informed him to get the gun ready for the driver behind her.
Denouement: In the end, as the three, Diana, Dan and the driver, pulled open the back door of the car to discover a body hunched and the wailing of police sirens.

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Definition:
Irony is a literary device which reveals concealed or contradictory meanings. There are three forms dramatic, situational and verbal. Therefore, I chose two of the ironies listed above and discussed the topic in different tabs.

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Definition:
This is what causes a character to do what he or she does. Circumstances and temperament usually determines the action of a character; however, characters must also have sufficient and plausible motivation in order for a reader to find a story realistic or effective.

In the story "The Painted Door," John, Ann's husband, was motivated to spend hours of his day working hard. As a result, he could purchase prestigious items and happiness that he thought she deserved. By the statement, "To him it only seemed right that she should have the clothes- only right that he, fit for nothing else should slave fifteen hours a day to give them to her," it proves John's devotion and motivation to keep his wife satisfied.

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Definition:
The representation through language of sense of experience. The image most often suggest a mental picture, but an image may also represent a sound, smell, taste or tactical experience.

Imagery occurred frequently in the short story. "Happiness," by Jeff Taylor, who allowed readers to visualize in detail of their surrounding in the story. An example on the last paragraph of the second page, which states, "at the bottom of a narrow valley that opened onto the sea a little farther on...Around the cottage a few vines, a small garden, and farther on, a few large chestnut trees...." (pg. 2) This paragraph represented the image and allowed the reader to imagine the environment of the story, Corisa.

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Definition:
Setting is most often considered to mean the time and place in which a story is placed; however, equally important aspects are the social environment or values generally shared by the society, the minor characters who from a realistic backdrop with which the main characters use act and react. Finally, setting also include atmosphere or mood which descriptive details create.

An example of setting can be found in the story, "The Landlady," by Roald Dahl. During the first paragraph, "traveled down from London on the slow afternoon train, with a change at Swindon on the way, and by the time he got to bath it was about nine o'clock  in the evening."(pg 1) This statement illustrated the time and place, which the story takes place in; therefore, it is a splendid example of setting. Although the setting had changed throughout the story, the main character, Billy Weaver, was indecisive of where to go between The Bed and Breakfast or The Bell and Dragon, which were the two other locations mentioned.