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One of the first civilizations

Called the Fertile Crescent

Land between the Tigris & Euphrates Rivers

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Polytheistic ( Belief in one god )

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Upper – king, priests, government officials, & scribes

Middle – artisans, merchants, farmers, & fishers

Lower - slaves

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Sumer’s greatest invention was a writing called cuneiform

A few people learned to write. They were called scribes. Scribers were record keepers.

Invented the sailboat, wheel, bronze, levees & number system based on 60.

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The government was at the top of the social class.

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cuniform

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1.Egypt was forming Near the nile river.
2.Two narrow strips of farmland along the sides of the Nile River Valley.

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1. Deserts (Sahara is the largest of world; west of the Nile River)

2. Cataracts (wild rapids)

3. Delta marshes

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1. Pharaohs

2. Upper Class (nobles, priests, & gov’t officials)

3. Middle Class (artisans, traders, scribes, shopkeepers)

4. Farmers & Herders (largest group)

5. Unskilled Workers (did physical labor & lived in the city

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Papyrus – a reed plant that grew along the Nile River Valley

Papyrus was used for baskets, sandals, river rafts, & paper

Used geometry to survey land

Hieroglyphics – Egyptian system of writing made up of picture symbols

Each symbol stood for an object or idea. Some stood for sounds like the alphabet.

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Hieroglyphics

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Early on there was 2 kingdoms

(Upper & Lower)

United into one kingdom by 4000 B.C.

(Narmer)

A dynasty was developed. A line of rulers from one family.

Theocracy- political ruler and religious ruler same person

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Monotheism – the belief in one god

Torah –first 5 chapters of the Old Testament

Covenant – agreement

Prophet – person who claims to be instructed by God to share God’s word

Sabbath – weekly day of worship and rest for Jews (Saturday)

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Promised the land of Canaan by God if they worshipped the one true God.

Land dried up and people went to live in Egypt.

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Moses received the Torah

Rules to live by were the Ten Commandments

God made a covenant or an agreement with Israelites

They could go back to Canaan if they followed His la

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Monsoon – in South Asia, a strong wind that blows one direction in winter and the opposite direction in summer

Subcontinent – large landmass that is part of a continent but distinct from it

Sanskrit – written language developed by the Aryans

Caste – social group a person is born into and cannot change

Hinduism – system of religion that grew out of the religion of the Aryans in ancient India

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India is a subcontinent because it is separated from Asia.

Himalayas cause the separation

Himalayas-Highest mountains in the world.

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Founded by Siddhartha Gautama.

He was a prince who left his family and wealth to travel.

Saw suffering and questioned why there was suffering.

Popular because it rejects the caste system.

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Describe hinduism( relationship karma and darma)

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Describe hinduism( relationship karma and darma)

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Dharma is divine law that states the Hindus must perform the duties of their caste.

Many literature works stress dharma.

Consequences of how a person lives is called karma

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Brahmins- priest

Kshatriyas-Warriors and rulers

Vaisyas-Common people

Sudras- Unskilled laborers

and servants

Considered unclean

Pariahs- Untouchables

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invented symbols for 1-9 (we use today)

invented algorithms (series of steps that solve a problem)

Two epics still popular in India –Ramayana. Brave warriors & heroic deeds. Bhagavad Gita (Mahabharata) tells that the soul lives on after death

Understood gravity, that the earth was round & revolved around the sun, mapped movements of planets & stars

Believed that the earth was made up of tiny particles (atoms)

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sanskrit

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make a chart legalism dioism confuciaism 

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make a chart legalism dioism confuciaism 