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The CIL started in the early 1960s at Cowell Memorial Hospital in California. Two students, Ed Roberts and John Hessler, had physical disabilities and were accepted to Berkeley. However, accessible dorms were not available so they were forced to live at the hospital. They demanded housing and were able to influence Berkeley to make these accommodations. "It was there that the students planted the seed of the independent living movement. The independent living movement supports that idea that people with disabilities can make their own decisions about living, working and interacting with the surrounding community" (Meldon, n.d.).

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"When social welfare reduces economic insecurity, regulates the environment and the workplace, and spends money on the public infrastructure, it both protects people against the market and contributes to the market's profitability (Blau & Abramovitz, 2014, p. 68)."

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1800s: People with disabilities were considered to be unfit and incapable of contributing to society. Individuals were forced into institutions and were hidden from society by families.
1930s: This discrimination was prevalent until veterans with disabilities started to return from WWI. President Roosevelt, the first president with a disability, advocated for rehabilitation of people with disabilities. Increase in government assistance to contribute to independence and self-sufficiency.
1940s-1950s: Veterans with disabilities returning from WWII increase pressure to support individuals with disabilities focusing on rehabilitation and vocation training opportunities. Despite the need for reform and desire to support veterans who had defended the USA, oppression still continued with lack of access to buildings due to barriers and public transportation and discrimination in the work force. In 1948, President Truman formed the National Institute of Mental Health. In 1950, NARC (National Association for Retarded Children) was formed by parents who were searching for resources and educational opportunities.
1960s: Civil Rights Movement encouraged disability advocates to join forces with minority groups to demand equality. Parent advocates for children with disabilities were advocating for education versus institutionalization. President Kennedy formed several committees to treat and research disabilities.
1970s: March on Washington contributes to the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. This act protected in
"provided equal opportunity for employment within the federal government and in federally funded programs, prohibiting  discrimination on the basis of either physical or mental disability. Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act also established the Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board, mandating equal access to public services (such as public housing and public transportation services) to people with disabilities , and the allocation of money for vocational training" (ADL, 2015).  Section 504 did not protect individuals in the public employment sector or support accommodations. In 1975 Educational of All Handicapped Children Act ensured the children had the right to attend public schools.
1980s: In 1984, the National Council on Disability was formed to review federal laws and programs for individuals with disabilities, then make recommendations to the president and Congress. In 1986, a Harris Poll of Americans with disabilities highlighted isolation and discrimination.
National Council on Disability recommended the enactment of the ADA. The first draft of the bill was introduced to the House and Senate in 1988
1990s:“The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) was signed into law on July 26, 1990, by President George H.W. Bush. The ADA is one of America's most comprehensive pieces of civil rights legislation that prohibits discrimination and guarantees that people with disabilities have the same opportunities as everyone else to participate in the mainstream of American life -- to enjoy employment opportunities, to purchase goods and services, and to participate in State and local government programs and services” (ADA.gov, n.d.).

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March 12, 1990
During the capitol crawl protest, after the ADA was stalled in the House, more than 1000 individuals with disabilities protested in Washington urging congress to pass the ADA. To symbolize the barriers to individuals with disabilities, activists crawled up the stairs to the capitol leaving their wheelchair, crutches and adaptive devices at the bottom of the 83 stairs.

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March 14, 1990
Steven Holmes, from the New York Times (1990), reported that more than 100 protestors in wheelchairs were arrested after demonstrating in the Capitol Rotunda. Individuals chained themselves together with the intent to be arrested. The arrest took over two hours and demonstrated how difficult access was for individuals with disabilities.

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Blau (2008) states, “Social movement does not emerge out of thin air. Rather they embody conflicts arising from tensions or contradictions within wider society” (p.200). The New Social Movement Theory (NSM) best supports why the ADA came into action in the 1980s and 1990s. When considering the ADA, there was a conflict regarding segregation and oppression of individuals with disabilities from fully participating in society. NSM highlights that participants are “searching for both an individual and collective identity based on shared characteristics acquired by accident of birth, in most case, and over which individuals have little to no control” (Blau, 2008, p.218). NSM theory also supports expanding societies perception of “normality” to gain visibility and dignity for all groups. With the ADA movement, individuals with disabilities were seeking to normalize having a disability by advocating for equality in various setting such as employment, housing and services. Rather than being segregated into institution or areas designated “for the disabled”, advocates of the ADA sought to integrate individuals into disabilities and to be accepted for their strengths and abilities. NSM theory also depicts the middle class as being supportive of the ADA. Advocacy for the ADA not only was represented by individuals, but also by parents and family members, often middle class, who were fighting for equality for their family member. This collective action from people joining forces was a successfully product of social change in the passing of the ADA.

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Individuals with disabilities were experiencing discrimination and oppression in regards to employment, housing, access in the community and individuals with disabilities were viewed as being less than or incapable of contributing to society. Many individuals experienced hospitalizations or were forced to live in institutions. Individuals with disabilities were motivated to obtain equality and live meaningful lives. Prior to the social movement of the ADA, many disabilities were advocating as separate groups such as the visually impaired, deaf, psychiatric etc. However, this social problem of discrimination encouraged individuals with disabilities of varying needs to engage in collective action.
Robert Burgdorf Jr. who wrote the ADA Bill describes that "The ADA was a response to an appalling problem: widespread, systematic, inhumane discrimination against people with disabilities. In 1971, a New York Judge described people with disabilities as the most discriminated minority in our nation" (2015).

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SXqXieHAE2Q

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Independent Lens | Lives Worth Living | Trailer | PBS

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The congress finds that:
1) Physical or mental disabilities in no way diminish a person's right to fully participate in all aspects of society, yet many people with physical or mental disabilities have been precluded from doing so because of discrimination.
2) Historically, society has tended to isolate and segregate individuals with disabilities.
3)Discrimination persists in areas of employment, housing, accommodations, education, transportation, communication, recreation, institutionalization, health services, voting and access to public services.
4) Unlike individuals who experience discrimination on basis of race, color, sex, origin, religion, age, individuals with who experience discrimination based on disability often have no legal recourse.
5)Individuals with disabilities continually encounter various forms of discrimination.
6) Census data, poll and studies have documented that people with disabilities occupy an inferior status in our society and are several disadvantaged.
7) The nation's proper goals are to assure equality of opportunity, full participation, independent living and economic self sufficiency.
8) Continuing discrimination denies people with disabilities the opportunity to compete on an equal basis and cost the USA billions of dollars in unnecessary expenses from dependency and nonproductivity.
-Amendment of 2008 added findings that includes providing clear and comprehensive mandate for elimination of discrimination, and highlighted how specific holdings of the Supreme Court narrowed the scope of protection intended by the ADA and eliminated protection, and that some original terms were inconsistent.

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Title I
Equal Employment Opportunity for Individuals with Disabilities

This portion of the policy focuses on helping people with disabilities to have access to the same employment opportunities and the same benefits that are available to people without disabilities. This creates equal opportunity and helps relieve people of being on an income assistant program.

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Regulate the environment and the workplace

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Regulate the environment and the workplace

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ADA holds employers to certain standards for those with disabilities. Employers must accommodate, within reason, to qualified employees or applicants. "A reasonable accommodation is any modification or adjustment to a job or the work environment that will enable an applicant or employee with a disability to participate in the application process or to perform essential job functions. (ADA National Network Information, Guidance, and Training on the Americans with Disabilities Act, 2018)."

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A brief history of the disability rights movement. (2015). Retrieved from https://www.adl.org/media/ 6891/download

ADA National Network Information, Guidance, and Training on the Americans with Disabilities Act. (2018). What is the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)? Retrieved from https://adata.org/learn-about-ada

Americans with Disabilities Act, S. 933 (1990).

Americans with Disabilities Act. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.dol.gov/general/topic/disability/ada

Blau, J. & Abramovitz, M. (2014).

The dynamics of social welfare policy. (4th ed.) New York: Oxford Press

Burgdorf, R. L., Jr. (2015, July 24). Why I wrote the Americans with disabilities act. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/07/24/ why-the-americans-with-disabilities-act-mattered/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.f7d3c7941e33

Holmes, S. A. (1990, March 14). Disabled protest and are arrested. The New York Times, National, p. 7.

Information and technical assistance on the Americans with disabilities act. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.ada.gov/ada_intro.htm

Karger, H. & Rose, S. R. (2010) Revisiting the Americans with Disabilities Act after Two Decades.

Journal of Social Work in Disability & Rehabilitation, 9 (2-3), 73-86. doi: 10.1080/1536710X.2010.493468

Kaufman, S. (2015, March 12). They abandoned their wheelchairs and crawled up the capitol steps. Retrieved from https://share.america.gov/crawling-up-steps-demand-their-rights/

Meldon, P. (n.d.). Disability history: The disability rights movement. Retrieved from https://www.nps.gov/articles/disabilityhistoryrightsmovement.htm

Neudal, E. (Director). (2011). Lives worth living [Motion picture]. U.S.A.: Independent Lens.

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1) To provide a clear and comprehensive mandate for elimination of discrimination against individuals with disabilities.
2) To promote consistent, enforceable standards for addressing discrimination.
3) To ensure the Federal Government plays a role in enforcing the standards.
4) To invoke the sweep of congressional authority, including he power to enforce the 14th amendment and to regulate commerce, in order to address major areas of discrimination faced day to day by individuals with disabilities.

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The term "disability" means, with respect to the individuals:
-A physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities.
-A record of such impairment.
-Being regarding as having such an impairment.
-Further description available in the policy.

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-Equal employment opportunity for individuals with disabilities.
-Discrimination is prohibited in the work setting.
-Reasonable accommodations that due not cause undue hardship to the employer.
-Employers with 15 or more employees must comply with this law.
-Cannot require medical examinations that are not required for other employees.
-Enforced by U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
http://www.eeoc.gov/facts/ada18.html

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-Nondiscrimination on the basis of disability in state and local government services.
-Clarifies Section 504 of Rehabilitation Act of 1973

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-Nondiscrimination on the basis of disability by public accommodations and in commercial facilities.
-Prohibits private places of public accommodation from discriminating against individuals with disabilities. Such places include hotels, move theaters, restaurants, stores etc.
-Barriers must be removed and future structures to be barrier free.

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-Telecommunication companies must offer nationwide telephone and internet services for hearing, vision and speech related disabilities.
-TTY, Closed Captioning
-Regulated by Federal Communication Commission

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-Illegal substance use is not a disability.
-The ADA does not invalidate or override any other laws (federal, state, or local) that provide equal or greater protections or remedies for people with disabilities.
-Certain federal agencies are directed to develop plans, produce materials, and disseminate information in order to provide technical assistance.

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American's with Disabilities Act 1990 does not only apply in regulating employment, but it also covers other aspect of disability. Some examples of how money is being invested in public infrastructure would apply to handicap accessible businesses, schools, government buildings. Title II: Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Disability in State and Local Government Service outlines the administrative processes. This includes requirements such as "self-evaluation and planning; requirements for making reasonable modifications to policies, practices, and procedures where necessary to avoid discrimination; architectural barriers to be identified; and the need for effective communication with people with hearing, vision and speech disabilities (ADA National Network Information, Guidance, and Training on the Americans with Disabilities Act, 2018)."  Title IV accommodates those with hearing or speak disabilities and is regulated by Federal Communication Commission. Overall, the government has spent money towards those who train those on how to follow these regulations, they pay employers to regulate these requirements, and help both the businesses and those with disability.

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There are several federal organizations that work to enforce claims related to the ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act, n.d.) 

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There are several federal organizations that work to enforce claims related to the ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act, n.d.) 

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-The U.S Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)
-The U.S. Department of Transportation
-The Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
-The U.S. Department of Justice
-The U.S. Department of Education
-The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
- The Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board (ATBCB)

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The ADA is enforced through designated federal agencies and covers most private and public entities, including all businesses with 15 or more employees.

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-"some employers fear that employees with a disability could use the ADA to mask their incompetence or inappropriateness on the job" (Karger & Rose, 2010)
-Fear of lawsuits
-Protected class limitations

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It is important to note that the ADA was a model of bipartisanship receiving overwhelming supports from all parties. It has continued to be supports by both Democrat and Republican Presidents since 1990.

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Economics has several different definitions, but as it relates to social welfare the role of economics is one that: reduces economic insecurities, increases regulations that protect the individual from the market’s misfortunes, and the government’s role in investing in public infrastructure (Blau & Abramovitz, 2014).  Research from the Center for American Progress, has found that anti-abortion laws/policies, like TRAP laws, are corelated to lessened economic opportunities for women, especially in low-income and single-mother households (Bowman & Rugg, 2013).Furthermore, in terms of the economy and social welfare (and the provision of policies), there are the main factors that continuously cause disagreement. “The first involves the pooling or socialization of risk, the second involves the presumed conflict between equality and efficiency, and the third involves the question of whether the existence of the welfare state stimulates or slows the economy (Blau, et al., 2014, p.91).”  The problem with this is that one can look at statistics from two different perspectives; which are that the resulting decrease in population negatively impacts the nation’s cumulative total output and income, and the other sees abortion as a woman’s/family’s potential determining factor in whether or not they will fall/or remain in poverty (Edelson, 2018). With that in mind, we can find research that depicts how a smaller population may impact the economy, but there is no way to measure how abortions have allowed for greater economic stability for women and their families (2018).  Due to this, there is no clear picture on the economic impact that abortion does or has had. Regardless, as social workers, we must note the uniqueness of each client’s economical stance, so advocating for what each individual sees as the correct moral decision is the best approach when working through such decisions. 

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Economics has several different definitions, but as it relates to social welfare the role of economics is one that: reduces economic insecurities, increases regulations that protect the individual from the market’s misfortunes, and the government’s role in investing in public infrastructure (Blau & Abramovitz, 2014).  Research from the Center for American Progress, has found that anti-abortion laws/policies, like TRAP laws, are corelated to lessened economic opportunities for women, especially in low-income and single-mother households (Bowman & Rugg, 2013).Furthermore, in terms of the economy and social welfare (and the provision of policies), there are the main factors that continuously cause disagreement. “The first involves the pooling or socialization of risk, the second involves the presumed conflict between equality and efficiency, and the third involves the question of whether the existence of the welfare state stimulates or slows the economy (Blau, et al., 2014, p.91).”  The problem with this is that one can look at statistics from two different perspectives; which are that the resulting decrease in population negatively impacts the nation’s cumulative total output and income, and the other sees abortion as a woman’s/family’s potential determining factor in whether or not they will fall/or remain in poverty (Edelson, 2018). With that in mind, we can find research that depicts how a smaller population may impact the economy, but there is no way to measure how abortions have allowed for greater economic stability for women and their families (2018).  Due to this, there is no clear picture on the economic impact that abortion does or has had. Regardless, as social workers, we must note the uniqueness of each client’s economical stance, so advocating for what each individual sees as the correct moral decision is the best approach when working through such decisions. 

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Ideology

Ideology is often used as a way to criticize other belief systems, or as a system of beliefs / ideas regarding human nature, relationship of the individual to the society, the determination of need, the role of government, the meaning of work, the nature of the family, and the interpretation of racial inequality, and the benefits of professionalism (all at the micro, mezzo and macro levels) (Blau & Abramovitz, 2014). When push comes to shove, regardless of the platform that ideological debates occur on, it comes down to two sides (pro-choice or pro-life). Historically, the opinion on abortion has remained relatively stable in that ideologies held by our nation’s individuals are fairly balanced, yet a notable number of individuals see abortion as both murder and a personal choice; for the different factors that abortion encapsulates can greatly impact whether or not they consider themselves pro-life or pro-choice (Bowman & Rugg, 2013). Such individual (and therefore political) ideologies can be dependent on the extent of policies that address: the notification of one’s spouse / partner, parental consent, how far along in the pregnancy one is, having a 24-hour waiting period, and the use of public funding (2013). One survey showed that, approximately 48 % of the population viewed having an abortion as morally wrong, 13% felt it was morally acceptable, and 25% felt it was a moral issue (2013). The policies that were enacted by Roe v Wade will always hold high ideological disagreements, especially as it relates to unmarried women, women that do not wish to have children, and if there is ‘no justifiable reason’ for seeking the procedure, but the fact remains that we as a people need to respect and value other’s differing ideals (2013). Hopefully, if we can be more understanding and less confrontational, strides towards more access to the rights Roe v. Wade provided can be more accessible and accepted by general society. Having said that, individual’s unique ideologies will continue to cause discontent amongst society, and it will continue to do so until compromises can be met.