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NewKidsCenter.com. (n.d.). "How to Help Baby Walk." Retrieved from <http://www.newkidscenter.com/How-to-Help-Baby-Walk.html>

Pappas, S. (2013, February 27). "Nut-Cracking Monkeys Show Humanlike Skills." [Video File]. Retrieved from <https://www.livescience.com/27524-nut-cracking-monkeys-skilled-with-tools.html>

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As a whole, social behaviors are largely beneficial to the well-being of organisms. Learned behavior is an adaptive behavior which allows organisms to live in their environments in the best way possible, increasing their fitness and, therefore, their likeliness of the preservation of their species.

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Capuchin Monkeys use hard surfaces to crack their nuts- a behavior used by all of its species

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A bearded capuchin monkey uses a rock to crack open a nut placed on a stone "anvil."

Credit: Barth Wright

Nut-cracking monkeys don't just use tools. They use tools with skill.

That's the conclusion of a new study that finds similar tool-use strategies between humans and Brazil's bearded capuchin monkeys, which use rocks to smash nuts for snacks. Both monkeys and humans given the nut-smashing task take the time to place the nuts in their most stable position on a stone "anvil," the study found, keeping the tasty morsels from rolling away.

That means the monkeys are able to not only use tools, but to use them with finesse. This ability may be a precursor to humans' ability to adapt tools to different circumstances and to use them smoothly under varying conditions.

"Any one individual can accomodate stones of different sizes, anvils of different angles and material and nuts of different shapes and sizes," said study leader Dorothy Fragaszy, a primate researcher at the University of Georgia, adding, "In fact, some of these nuts people can't crack."

Nut-crackers

Bearded capuchin monkeys were the first non-ape primates to be discovered using tools in the wild. They crack tough nuts by placing them on pitted stone anvils and then hitting them hard with other large rocks. [ 8 Humanlike Behaviors of Primates]

"They are slamming [the rock] on that nut," Fragaszy told LiveScience. "It's very impressive when you see it."

Fragaszy and her colleagues wanted to get a better idea of how skilled capuchins are at nut-cracking. In particular, they noticed the monkeys have an odd habit of tapping the nuts multiple times against the stone pits before putting them down. Perhaps, they thought, the tapping was a way to tell how stable the nut might be.

Bearded capuchin monkeys place nuts in their most stable positions before cracking them.

Credit: Barth Wright

To find out, the researchers brought palm nuts to a population of capuchin monkeys in Fazenda Boa Vista in Brazil. The monkeys are wild, but habituated to human presence. Ten of the monkeys "volunteered" for the study by gathering the nuts and cracking them with stones as big as their heads as the researchers videotaped.

Before handing over the nuts, however, the scientists rolled them along the floor to find their flat sides, which they marked with a line. They also marked the other axis of the nut with color-coded pens so they could identify how the monkeys placed the nuts in the video.

Savvy tool use

The results revealed that the monkeys consistently placed the nuts in the most stable position. Out of 302 nut-cracking attempts, 253 started with the line marking the nut's stable axis facing up. Monkeys varied only slightly in their ability to ideally place the nut, doing so between 71 percent and 94 percent of the time depending on the individual. [ See Video of the Monkey Attempts]

Next, the researchers ran an identical test with humans. Seven male and seven female volunteers were given nuts and told to crack them with stones, just as the capuchin monkeys do. The humans were blindfolded during the task, because the researchers suspected that the monkeys could place the nuts by feel and wanted to find out if humans could, too.

On average, the humans also placed the nuts in the most stable position, doing so on about 71 percent of tries. Unlike capuchins, however, they didn't knock the nuts against the stone very frequently. Instead, humans tended to roll the nuts around in their hands, feeling their shape. Humans have much larger hands than bearded capuchins, the researchers wrote today (Feb. 27) in the journal PLOS ONE, which could explain the different strategies.

The results suggest that humans and monkeys share the ability to use tools skillfully, with minimal effort for maximum effect, the researchers wrote.

"It's skill in the way that we use that word to talk about human skills," Fragaszy said. "It's a goal-directed activity. It's done fluidly. It's done flexibly."

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Nut-Cracking Monkeys Show Humanlike Skills

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Nut-cracking monkeys don't just use tools. They use tools with skill. That's the conclusion of a new study that finds similar tool-use strategies between humans and Brazil's bearded capuchin monkeys, which use rocks to smash nuts for snacks.

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Pigeon learns to retrieve banana using trial-and-error

These kinds of learned behaviors might be passed down to other pigeons in order for them to more easily retrieve food which is difficult to reach

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A Pigeon Solves the Classic Box-and-Banana Problem

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Real laboratory footage showing a pigeon solving Wolfgang Kohler's famous box-and-banana problem, which he studied with chimpanzees in the early 1900s. Dr. Robert Epstein and his colleagues used operant conditioning techniques to get pigeons to solve this problem "spontaneously" in the 1980s.

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Learned behavior is, over time, taught to following generations

Often increases the fitness of following generations

Learned behaviors are adapted and used by other generations for its helpfulness in survivorship

Organisms often find and 'learn from' a certain behavior that it gradually teaches to its following generations, therefore causing it to be an adaptation to survive in the best way possible in its environment.

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Learned behaviors are adaptive & change with experience.

For example, a monkey might learn to use tools to crack nuts, and will gradually learn from experience which tools are the most useful.

One cause of learned behavior is Imprinting, which involves an organism's connection to a mother figure and resulting learning from their actions.

For example, if baby ducks imprint on their mother, they likely will follow her in a line, as shown in the image below.

Learned behaviors often spread to the next generations of the population, as they are taught from one organism to the next.

Learned behavior often increases a population's fitness, as these learned behaviors are usually adaptations which assist organisms.