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Ireland is an island country in western of Europe. It is the second-largest island on the continent (after Great Britain). An 80% majority for the Irish Republic, but Britain holds a considerable portion of northern Ireland. The lush, rolling countryside of Ireland is a well-known tourist attraction. It's even been given the moniker  "the Emerald Isle". Many parts of the landscape are challenging to traverse due to steep slopes and boulders.

About 15,000 years ago, enormous glaciers completely submerged Ireland. Massive ice sheets flowed across the landscape, eroding the soil and producing extensive stretches of limestone pavement. In the mid and west-coast regions of Ireland, the bogs of moist peat are remnants of glaciers' dried-up old lakes. The Irish mountains rise largely in the southwest and frequently end in sheer cliffs that plunge into the Atlantic Ocean at great heights.

The Republic of Ireland is slightly larger than the U.S. state of West Virginia, with 70,273 square kilometres. The Republic of Ireland has a population of over 5 million people (as of 2020), with Dublin as the capital and the largest metropolis. Irish and English are the two official languages. According to Worldmeter, the population of Ireland is 5,038,099 in 2022.

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Recording from International Dialects of English Archive (IDEA)

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Recording from International Dialects of English Archive (IDEA)

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https://www.dialectsarchive.com/bermuda-1

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Gender           : Male
Age                 : 26 years old (at the time of recording)
Place of Birth : Bermuda
Ethnicity         : Bermudian/Black
Education       : Two bachelor's degrees in Theatre and Dance

Attended private school in Northampton, England for two years when the speaker was 15 years old.

Attended college in Las Vegas, Nevada for four years and commuted to Bermuda, especially during the holiday season.

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Beige Geometric Design Thinking Organizer

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Recording from International Dialects of English Archive (IDEA)

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Recording from International Dialects of English Archive (IDEA)

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https://www.dialectsarchive.com/ireland-18

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Gender           : Female
Age                 : 35 years old (at the time of recording)
Place of Birth : Dublin, Ireland
Ethnicity         : Irish/ White

She went to drama school from 2004 to 2006 and has worked as an actor and voice over since.

Attended university in Trinity College Dublin.

She was born in Dublin, then moved to London for five years and came back to Dublin.

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Prosody, a literary method, is the study of a poetry work's metre, intonation, and rhythm.

It is a phonetic phrase that refers to how metre, rhythm, tempo, pitch, and loudness are used in speech to transmit information about the meanings and structure of an utterance.

Furthermore, prosody is an important component of language that adds to rhythmic and acoustic effects in writing. It consists of several components such as scansion, tone, pace, and meaning.

There are four distinct prosody metrical patterns, which include:

1. Syllabic Prosody

2. Accentual Prosody

3. Accentual-syllabic Prosody

4. Quantitative Prosody

Literary Devices. (2017, October 14). Prosody - Examples and definition of prosody. https://literarydevices.net/prosody/

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STRESS

Example

When she got there, there was a woman with a goose waiting for her.

wɛn ʃi gɑt ðɛr, ðɛr wəz ə ˈwʊmən wɪð ə guːs ˈweɪtɪŋ fɔː hɜr.

The speaker begins the sentence with a much quieter voice until she emphasises the word “woman” /wʊmən/ with a considerably higher tone. Her objective is to emphasise the new character in the text, who the listeners will recognise as "a woman with a goose."

TONES

The speaker is a voice over actress, and it shows the speaker has a professional tone when she gives the speech, which is evident by purposely stressing certain phrases in order to convey the speech's main points more clearly.

WAYS OF PRESENTING

The way the speaker delivers the text of 'Comma Gets A Cure' makes it sound like she's telling a story to the listeners as she reads the text to them, which makes it easier for them to follow along and absorb what she has to say.

LOUDNESS AND PACE

It does not appear that the volume is too high or too low; rather, it looks to be just right so that the listeners can hear every word she says. Additionally, the listeners can easily follow the speaker's words because her speed is neither too fast nor too slow.

INTONATION

In the recording, the speaker delivers the text in a non monotonous voice. Also, when she say the word “stressed” /strest/, it shows that she has a rising intonation because she wants to convey the character’s emotion to the listeners.

Example

Even so, on her first morning, she felt stressed.

ˈi:vən səʊ, ɒn hɜr fɜrst ˈmɔː·nɪŋ, ʃiː felt strest.

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INTONATION

As a whole, the speaker reads the text in a monotonous voice that lacks variation in tone. However, the speaker’s voice also has a falling intonation when he utters the word “stressed” /strest/ which is thought to emphasise the emotion felt by the character in the story.

Example

Even so, her first morning, she felt stressed.

ˈi:vən soʊ, hɜː ˈfɝːst mɔːr.nɪŋ, ʃiː felt strest.

PAUSE

The speaker takes a lot of pauses when reading the text which is believed to give the listeners time to process and understand the content or to stress a particular word.

TEMPO

The speaker's rate of speech is standard, with no extremes of over-speed or under-speed. This shows that the speaker is considerate of the listener's ability to keep up with what is being delivered.

STRESS

Example

When she got there, there was a woman with a goose waiting for her.

wɛn ʃiː ɡɑt ˈðɛr, ˈðɛr wɑːz ə ˈwʊmən wɪð ə ɡuːs ˈweɪtɪŋ fɔːr hɜː.

The speaker stresses the word “got” /gat/ in the sentence where it is pronounced louder than other words. He intends to emphasise the arrival of the character in the text. Moreover, other words in the sentences are not stressed where they are pronounced weaker and slower.

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The many changes impacting language according to distinct locations of speaking, the social setting and time are known as lexical variations.

For example:

Latin America uses the word “car” or “automobile”

Spain only uses the word “car”

The changes in speech can emerge within the same country, province, sub-region of the province and even across groups of people with linguistic agreement between them.

There are several types of lexical variations, namely:

1. Geographic variations

The geographical distances that exist between various groups of speakers usually have a slight variation that describes the changes that take place in a language.

For example:

There are many differences between Spanish spoken in Spain compared to that spoken in America.

2. Social variations

It describes how a speaker’s vocabulary and language vary depending on the speaker’s social group.

The level of education, age, and environment in which a person lives have an influence on the way a language is pronounced.

For example:

An educated young man living in the city speaks a particular language differently than a peasant living in the village.

3. Contextual variations

It is the variation in a speaker's vocabulary based on the context in which they are expressing themselves.

This is influenced by the topic being discussed, the location, and the audience to whom the speaker is speaking.

Javed, A. (2021, April 30) Lexical variants types and examples in detail. Englopedia https://englopedia.com/lexical-variants-types-and-examples-in-detail/

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Even so, on her first morning, she felt stressed.

ˈi:vən səʊ, ɒn hɜr fɜrst ˈmɔː·nɪŋ, ʃiː felt strest.

She ate a bowl of porridge, checked herself in the mirror and washed her face in a hurry.

ʃiː eɪt ə bəʊl ɒv ˈpɒrɪʤ, ʧɛk hɜːˈsɛlf ɪn ðə ˈmɪrər ænd wɑʃt hɜːfeːɪs ɪn ə ˈhʌri.

Then she put on a plain yellow dress and a fleece jacket, picked up her kit and headed for work.

ðɛn ʃiː pʊt ɒn ə pleɪn ˈjɛləʊ drɛs ænd ə fliːs ˈʤækɪt, pɪkt ʌp hɜr kɪt ænd ˈhɛdəd fɔː wɜːk.

When she got there, there was a woman with a goose waiting for her.

wɛn ʃi gɑt ðɛr, ðɛr wəz ə ˈwʊmən wɪð ə guːs ˈweɪtɪŋ fɔː hɜr.

Due to the fact that the speaker is reading a passage from the International Dialects of English Archive, it is rather difficult to distinguish the Ireland's lexical variations.

The sentences had comprehensible language, and the listeners will be able to understand every instance of the word.

To assist the listeners in identifying between plural, singular, and past tense, the speaker reads each word carefully and clearly before proceeding.

The listeners need only listen to the recording once in order to comprehend the speaker's speech, as they are already able to do so.

Since the speaker spent five years in London, her accent has grown a little jumbled with the British accent, and there are certain terms that she pronounces differently from the Irish. However, she also has a slight American accent in the way she pronounces terms like "work" /wɜːk/.

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Even so, on her first morning, she felt stressed.

ˈi:vən soʊ, ɔ:n hɜː ˈfɝːst mɔːr.nɪŋ, ʃiː felt strest.

She ate a bowl of porridge, checked herself in the mirror and washed her face in a hurry.

ʃiː ɛt ə bəʊl ɒv ˈpɒrɪʤ, ʧɛkt hɜːˈsɛlf ɪn ðə ˈmɪrə ænd wɑʃt hɜː feɪs ɪn ə ˈhori

Then she put on a plain yellow dress and fleece jacket, picked up her kit and headed for work.

ðɛn ʃiː pʊt ɔ:n ə pleɪn ˈjɛloʊ drɛs ænd ˈfliːs ˈdʒækɪt, pɪkt ʌp hɜː kɪt ænd ˈhɛdəd fɔːr wɜːk.

When she got there, there was a woman with a goose waiting for her.

wɛn ʃiː ɡɑt ˈðɛr, ˈðɛr wɑːz ə ˈwʊmən wɪð ə ɡuːs ˈweɪtɪŋ fɔːr hɜː.

It is impossible to identify Bermudians’ lexical variations as the speech delivered is according to a scripted passage from the International Dialects of English Archive.

However, the speaker's accent does have a combination of American English and British English as his two years living in the UK and four years in the US have impacted his speech.

The speaker can read every word distinctly in terms of plural, singular and past tense which shows that he is an educated person.

His speech vocabulary is relatively easy to understand as he pronounces each word clearly and accurately at a standard pace.

In terms of context, the speaker should be more expressive while giving the speech.

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Introduction to the Regions

History of English (Ireland & Bermuda)

Brief Introduction of the Speakers

Analysis of English Variations (Ireland & Bermuda)

Reflection & Conclusion

References

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When it comes to languages, syntactic variation is the study of the patterns of construction of sentences and phrases from words, as well as the rules for the formation of grammar-based sentences in a language.

It also examines the form and construction of sentences, as well as their meaning.

A similar pattern to that of phonological variation may occasionally be observed in syntactic variation, with the frequency of certain linguistic variations corresponding with large-scale societal factors.

Syntactic variation is frequently explored in sociolinguistic research, for example, in relation to a speaker's socioeconomic class or gender.

Cheshire, J. (2009, January 1). (PDF) Syntactic variation and beyond. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251758141_Syntactic_Variation_and_Beyond

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Bermuda is an island in the western North Atlantic Ocean, North America, with Hamilton as its capital. The archipelago is made up of limestone islands that rise more than 4,300 metres above sea level on top of a flat, extinct undersea volcano. It consists of the main island and about 170 smaller islands and islets located 770 miles off the east coast of North Carolina, United States. With a total area of 54 km2, the region is roughly one-third the size of Washington, DC.

Furthermore, insurance and other financial services are the mainstays of Bermuda's economy, with tourism coming in second (Nationsonline, n.d.). The island has increased in economic growth through them which can attract 500,000 visitors annually. Despite its small size, the oldest British Overseas Territory has evolved into a developed, rich, and populated nation. (Forbes, n.d.)

Bermuda’s population is currently 62,278 (in 2020) as stated on Worldometers elaboration of the latest United Nations data. As a diverse community, Bermuda is made up of a multi-racial and multi-ethnic population, with black people accounting for 54% of the population, white 31%, multiracial 8%, Asians 4% and Other races 4%.

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In linguistics, grammatical variation refers to the possibility of variances in grammatical usage between populations of speakers of a given language.

In other words, different individuals may use different linguistic structures to express the same meaning.

Schimmel, I. (2012, January 9). Explain the notion of "grammatical variation." - eNotes.com. eNotes. https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/explain-notion-grammatical-variation-306403#:~:text=The%20idea%20of%20grammatical%20variation,to%20say%20the%20same%20things

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Nouns signifying time and measurement in Irish English have unmarked plurality.

For instance, "two mile" and "five year".

Irish English distinguishes expressly between singular you/ye and plural youse (also found in other varieties).

For instance, "So I said to our Jill and Mary: 'Youse wash the dishes'. "

Another characteristic of Irish English is nominalisation, which is the practise of giving a word or phrase a noun-like status when it would not normally have one, as in "If I had the doing of it again, I'd do it different."

A direct borrowing from the traditional Irish language (also known as Irish Gaelic or Gaeilge) is the use of after in noun phrases such as "I'm only after my dinner."

Irish English often uses progressive forms of stative verbs

For instance, "I was knowing your face".

Another salient feature is the use of sentence tags initiated by "so," as in "It's raining, so it is."

Nordquist, R. (2010, March 16). Talking Irish-English: Distinctive features of Irish-English grammar. ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/characteristics-of-irish-english-grammar-3972786

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Even so, on her first morning, she felt stressed.

ˈi:vən səʊ, ɒn hɜr fɜrst ˈmɔː·nɪŋ, ʃiː felt strest.

She ate a bowl of porridge, checked herself in the mirror and washed her face in a hurry.

ʃiː eɪt ə bəʊl ɒv ˈpɒrɪʤ, ʧɛk hɜːˈsɛlf ɪn ðə ˈmɪrər ænd wɑʃt hɜːfeːɪs ɪn ə ˈhʌri.

Then she put on a plain yellow dress and a fleece jacket, picked up her kit and headed for work.

ðɛn ʃiː pʊt ɒn ə pleɪn ˈjɛləʊ drɛs ænd ə fliːs ˈʤækɪt, pɪkt ʌp hɜr kɪt ænd ˈhɛdəd fɔː wɜːk.

When she got there, there was a woman with a goose waiting for her.

wɛn ʃi gɑt ðɛr, ðɛr wəz ə ˈwʊmən wɪð ə guːs ˈweɪtɪŋ fɔː hɜr.

Since the speaker is reading from a text produced by the International Dialects of English Archive, it is impossible to distinguish syntactic and grammatical differences.

Overall, the speaker's language is well-structured since she adheres to the basic norms of English grammar, as the text does not contain Irish English grammar.

The speaker's punctuation and the manner in which she delivers the words and phrases in her speech are easily comprehended by the listeners.

The speaker does not follow the set of norms, principles, and procedures for organising her sentences in the English language of Irish, as the text is produced using Standard English structure.

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Definite and indefinite articles are often omitted in noun phrases

Example: I’ve been to States a lot (the phrase is missing the definite article ‘the’ before the noun)

The demonstrative them is occasionally found instead of demonstrative those or these.

Example: You sounded like them white children.

The prepositions such as to, at, and on are frequently omitted.

Example: They’re going (to) town

Negation takes many forms. It follows common patterns by taking do support; it also frequently uses preverbal ain't and double negation:

Example: We don’t sound nothing like that.

Eberle & Schreier (2013) African Bermudian English and the Caribbean connection.

https://booksc.org/book/55457999/4bc26f

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Even so, her first morning, she felt stressed.

ˈi:vən soʊ, hɜː ˈfɝːst mɔːr.nɪŋ, ʃiː felt strest.

She ate a bowl of porridge, checked herself in the mirror and washed her face in a hurry.

ʃiː ɛt ə bəʊl ɒv ˈpɒrɪʤ, ʧɛkt hɜːˈsɛlf ɪn ðə ˈmɪrə ænd wɑʃt hɜː feɪs ɪn ə ˈhori

Then she put on a plain yellow dress and fleece jacket, picked up her kit and headed for work.

ðɛn ʃiː pʊt ɔ:n ə pleɪn ˈjɛloʊ drɛs ænd ˈfliːs ˈdʒækɪt, pɪkt ʌp hɜː kɪt ænd ˈhɛdəd fɔːr wɜːk.

When she got there, there was a woman with a goose waiting for her.

wɛn ʃiː ɡɑt ˈðɛr, ˈðɛr wɑːz ə ˈwʊmən wɪð ə ɡuːs ˈweɪtɪŋ fɔːr hɜː.

The speaker adheres to the comma (,) punctuation rules, which helps the conversation flow smoothly.

Bermudiana (2019) claims that the Bermudian accent is one of the world's most unique accents, with the accent sounding American to British ears and vice versa. Bermudian English is a dialect of American English that is claimed to sound similar to the speech and accents of Virginia and South Carolina.

Therefore, the speaker’s pronunciation has a slight mixture of American and British English, yet each word is delivered in a clear and understandable manner.

There is an unusual pronunciation done by the speaker where he pronounces the word hurry /ˈhʌri/ to /'hori/ but with less lip rounding.

Overall, the speaker follows the general rules of English Grammar.

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REFLECTION - NURSHARAH HAIFA BINTI SHAIFUL BAKHRI (2021475118)

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REFLECTION - NUR AFIQAH SYAHIRAH BINTI KAMARUDIN (2021474724)