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https://source.wustl.edu/2016/01/conflict-among-honey-bee-genes-supports-theory-of-altruism/

https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/how-does-social-behavior-evolve-13260245/#:~:text=Many%20social%20behaviors%20of%20animals,adaptive%20is%20aggregation%20against%20predators.
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/altruism-biological/

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Using modern genetic approaches, a team of researchers has provided strong support for the long-standing, but hotly debated, evolutionary theory of kin selection, which suggests that altruistic behavior occurs as a way to pass genes to the next generation.

The researchers including Christina Grozinger, PhD, distinguished professor of entomology at Penn State University; David Queller, PhD, the Spencer T. Olin Professor of Biology in Arts & Sciences at Washington University in St. Louis; and David Galbraith, PhD, a postdoctoral scholar at Penn State, investigated kin selection by examining the social behavior of worker honey bees, which are all female.

They found that the genes the workers inherit from their queen - matrigenes - direct worker bees' altruistic behavior - forgoing production of their own offspring to help rear their siblings. When the queen dies, the workers can begin to selfishly compete with one another to lay eggs. The genes they inherit from their different fathers - patrigenes - direct this behavior.

"We usually think of honey bees as ideal cooperators, with all the members of the colony working together harmoniously," Grozinger said. "Our studies demonstrate that there is actually conflict, called intragenomic conflict, among the genes inherited from the father and those inherited from the mother."

According to Grozinger, in a normal colony, the queen lays all the eggs and the workers remain sterile and help raise the queen's offspring. When the queen dies, the workers either behave altruistically by remaining sterile and helping rear the remaining offspring and the new offspring of their sisters or they behave selfishly by activating their own ovaries and laying their own unfertilized eggs, which develop into males.

"In 2003, David Queller published a key model using kin selection theory that predicted that under queenless conditions in a honey bee colony, the patrigenes would promote selfish behavior in the workers, while the matrigenes would promote altruistic behavior," Galbraith said.

According to Queller, this conflict is the result of unequal distribution of the matrigenes and patrigenes among the workers. All the workers in the colony share the same set of matrigenes. In contrast, because the queen mated with 10 or more males, the workers have different patrigenes. If a worker behaves altruistically and helps rear her sisters' offspring, she ensures that her matrigenes are passed on. However, more of her patrigenes pass to the next generation if she behaves selfishly and lays her own eggs.

"It is very strange to think that your genes might be fighting with each other based on whether they came from your mother or your father," Queller said. "Yet, this is just what we found. It turns out that when a queen dies, worker bees behave the way their fathers want them to, producing sons when possible." The results were published Jan. 11, 2016, in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
The battle of the sexes
According to Queller, this intragenomic conflict supports the theory of kin selection first proposed by William Hamilton in 1964. Altruism is defined as reducing one's own reproductive output to help others reproduce. So kin selection theory predicts that altruism will only evolve to help related individuals. Using kin selection theory, David Haig of Harvard University developed models predicting intragenomic conflict, which Queller then extended to social insect societies.

In 2010, however, biologist E.O. Wilson and colleagues published a paper that argued kin selection is not needed for altruistic behavior to evolve.

"While Queller's model made very specific predictions about the behavior of matrigenes and patrigenes in social insects, it was not possible to test this prediction until modern genomic tools were developed that allowed us to specifically track both matrigenes and patrigenes in the same individual," Grozinger said.

The researchers created 18 different male-female crosses of two different genetic stocks of honey bees - Africanized bees, which produce larger ovaries, and European bees, which produce smaller ovaries. The crosses enabled the workers to determine which of the genes - those from fathers versus those from mothers - were active in the offspring. The team housed the worker bee offspring without a queen, stimulating some to start producing eggs.

The researchers first demonstrated that worker bees with Africanized fathers and European mothers had larger ovaries and were more likely to become reproductively active than bees with European fathers and Africanized mothers. According to Grozinger, this demonstrated that the reproductive traits of the workers were more strongly influenced by their patrigenes than matrigenes.

"We identified more than 100,000 sections of DNA, called single nucleotide polymorphisms, that were present in the genomes of either the mother or the father, but not both," Galbraith said. "This exercise enabled us to determine which pieces of RNA in their worker offspring were produced by the matrigenes versus patrigenes."

Next, the researchers harvested workers bees' ovaries and sequenced the entire set of RNA molecules to see which of their inherited genes were expressed to a greater extent.

"We found that expression of the patrigenes, but not matrigenes, was strongly associated with worker egg-laying behavior," Galbraith said.

According to researchers, they next plan to explore intergenomic conflict in other systems.

"What is amazing about Queller's model is that it provides very detailed predictions for how matrigenes and patrigenes behave in different social insect species and different contexts-in some cases, matrigenes are the selfish ones," Grozinger said.

This release was originally published by Penn State University.

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Conflict among honey bee genes supports theory of altruism

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Genes inherited from mothers (matrigenes) and fathers (patrigenes) usually work harmoniously in the offspring. However, kin selection theory predicts these genes may be in conflict in interactions among relatives in which they are unequally represented (half-siblings). In honey bees, patrigenes are predicted to favor daughters that lay eggs themselves rather than remaining sterile and rearing their half-sisters' offspring.

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I believe Altruism can be practical, however it is often regarded as a selfish trait. Ultimately it comes in good nature, given the fact it is putting yourself at risk in exchange to help someone else, however I feel like if a whole colony of a species had the same mindset, they would slowly destroy themselves. While it is mostly good, I feel like it could backfire in some cases.

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Altruism in the animal kingdom is usually seen when one individual will attempt to benefit another, even when it may be a direct detriment to the individual itself. An example of this are worker honeybees.

Worker honeybees often indulge in altruistic behavior. This is most commonly seen when they will forgo production of their own offspring, to in turn help their siblings produce offspring.

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Altruism, has a direct effect on genetic compilation of a certain species or colony. It takes the ideas of evolutionary strategies that often favor the organisms relatives, and usually this is at the cost of the organism itself, or the organism's reproduction.

In short, altruism considers evolutionary strategies from generation to generation of species, and ultimately begins to show a favor which usually ensures survival for a colony, or chances at reproduction.

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Animals being altruistic has a one end all goal, usually with a higher mindset of protecting the colony, as it increases the rate of survival and ultimately, safeguards reproduction, which holds a future for the colony.

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Altruistic acts can be described as acts that increase the welfare of another at the potential cost of the person who performs the act.