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Problem: There are some technical difficulties related to sustainable development. Resilient infrastructure and alternative energy don’t have sufficient development to replace actual systems. Then engineers must research how to resolve these difficulties.

Hypothesis: At this moment the best way to resolve the energy deficiency in big countries is through nuclear energy; at the same that it’s necessary improve the renewable energy technologies because renewable energies currently aren’t efficient. Also, engineers must create standards to determine when some infrastructure is resilient, so it can be implemented in the factors to consider when a building will be built, it helps to reduce energy necesity and create more dinamic residence.

The present work deals with two problems: how to improve sustainable development through alternative energy and resilient infrastructure. Both problems are technical problems related with directly with engineering. In this sense, we try to offer some general solutions to these problems.

In the world, currently, the best way to resolve the energetical crisis is with nuclear energy, and do it work along with renewable energies, but in some countries, it is very difficult due to significantly fewer technical hand workers and the high costs of nuclear plants constructions, and at the same time, renewable energies present some difficulties as high inefficiency and high cost of energy production. Those problems can be solved with new materials to extract more energy or reduce production costs. On the other hand, resilient infrastructure requires standards for its best development, so all companies can adapt their infrastructure to minimize problems such as bad evacuations or move the building more efficiently to another place.

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Scientists and engineers are researching ways to generate sustainable energy by alternative energy. Alternative energy sources are defined as any energy source that is different from those derived from fossil fuels. Usually, this term is used as renewable energy sources (Maradin, 2021). But renewable energy sources are defined as energy sources that can be naturally renewed in a comparable amount (it means, they are almost infinity) (Van ilet, 2012, as cited in Maradin, 2021) - this implies that not all alternative energy is renewable energy. There are alternative energy sources that are non-renewable as nuclear energy -. There are two types of energy sources: renewable energy and non-renewable energy source. The application of any renewable energy requires three main components: environmental effects, alternative costs; and economics and finance (Mohtasham, 2015, as cited in Maradin, 2021). It is estimated that just over 20% of energy worldwide is produced by renewable energy (Chubraeva and Sergey, 2018, as cited in Maradin, 2021). But these types of technologies present significant disadvantages, common to all.

Renewable energy sources have several limitations in their daily use, these depend entirely on geographical location and climatic conditions; namely, the volatility and unpredictability of energy are the main limitations and difficulties of energy generation. In addition, electrical networks in a certain location can only receive a certain amount of power without causing overloads or stability disturbances in the energy generators.

When comparing the power generation capacity of renewable energy sources with fossil fuel energy generation. They are not able to generate the same amount of energy. They produce less energy (Agboola, 2014, as cited in Maradin, 2021). In addition, they also require more square meters to produce the same amount of energy in gigawatt hours. They are also less efficiency: efficiency is defined as the ratio of energy generation between the usable output energy per unit of time and the energy value of the energy resource delivered to the generating entity at the same time

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On the graphic 1,  the presented values of energy efficiency of different production technologies represent the minimum and maximum level of efficiency of a certain power plant. Renewable energy sources, such as “clean” energy, are shown in green; large hydropower plants, as plants that significantly affect the ecosystem, are pointed out in blue; while thermal and nuclear power plants are shown in brown. It is stated that the energy efficiency of oil-fired thermal power plants can be from 38 to 44%, coal-fired power plants from 39 to 47%, gas thermal power plants up to 39%, but if we consider gas thermal power plants in a combined process (consisting of gas-turbine and steam-turbine part), then increases the efficiency of the energy process itself, which reaches up to 58%, because almost simultaneously produces thermal energy and electricity. It is also pointed out that the nuclear power plant has a relatively low energy efficiency of 33 to 36%. Renewable energy sources achieve relatively lower energy efficiency, apart from the already mentioned hydropower plants. In addition, biomass and biogas power plants have an efficiency of 30 to 40%, waste power plants from 22 to 28%, while photovoltaic and geothermal power plants have the lowest energy efficiency of 15% (Honorio et al., 2003). On the other hand, large hydropower plants have the highest energy efficiency of 95%, which, although they contain renewable water resources, are not classified as renewable energy sources.

Due to the natural characteristics and availability of energy, power plants only operate at 100% for a very short period per year. Fossil and nuclear power plants generally operate at 7500 hours per year, while other renewable energy plants operate at approximately 2000 hours per year; at maximum capacity (Blest et al, 2008, as cited in Maradin, 2021).

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Another disadvantage of using renewable energy is the high cost of power generation. The literature suggests a high cost in the construction and maintenance of energy generation plants; due to the cost of the technology used and the necessity to install in very specific locations. In the graphic 2 appear that the less expensive technology is nuclear energy.

Approximately 10% of the world's energy is generated by 442 nuclear reactors. The figures show that nuclear power is the second lowest-emission energy source after hydropower, and double that of solar and wind power. Even if the number of renewable energy sources increases, however, we will still need baseload power, which is able to operate around the clock to guarantee electricity supply. Nuclear power as well as coal and natural gas can fill that role. The World Nuclear Association (WNA), an umbrella organization for virtually the entire global nuclear industry, recently proposed the Harmony program, which aims to generate at least 25% of the world's electricity with nuclear power by 2050. This would mean tripling the world's nuclear fleet by that date (Garcia, 2020).
In the 1950s, small reactors began to be built to power submarines, icebreakers and aircraft carriers. But these reactors were not cost-effective. In recent years, there has been a renewed interest in these reactors; from modular reactors for sea transport, to "batteries" that are trucked to their destination. The IAEA has information on about 50 projects in this direction.
Small reactors can be mass-produced, which lowers costs and can be moved to remote areas; in addition, they can take advantage of the infrastructure of gas, coal or other nuclear power plants (García, 2020).

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Infrastructure resilience, which is the ability of infrastructure systems to function and meet user needs during and after a natural hazard is critical in developing countries, not only to avoid costly repairs to natural disasters, but also to minimize the wide-ranging consequences of natural disasters for people's livelihoods and well-being. Setting out a framework for understanding how critical it is to have infrastructure at the resilient evel, the report examines four essential systems: energy; water and sanitation; transportation and telecommunications. Governments can set and enforce building codes to ensure infrastructure meets minimum technical standards. These standards may become stronger over time as technology advances and the climate changes.

In Basque Country buildings sector produce a large amount of waste and water, ground and air pollution. It is responsible for 40% of the CO emission, 60% of raw material use, 50% of water use, 35% of waste generation, and a large occupation of lands.  In addition, in Europe people spend 90% of their time under the roof. A poor design or bad construction methods can reduce the life period of the building and elevate the cost construction. Therefore, the change of build buildings method can reduce costs

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All resilient infrastructure must satisfy with the following requirements:

- Attractive, durable, functional, accessible, comfortable and healthy to live in and use, promoting well being with everything that is in contact with them.

- Efficient in relation to the use of resources, in particular in relation to the consumption of energy, materials and water, favoring the use of renewable energies, needing little external energy for its proper functioning, making adequate use of rain and groundwater and properly managing wastewater, using environmentally friendly materials that can be easily recycled or reused and that do not contain hazardous products and that can be safely deposited.

- Economically competitive, especially when taking into consideration the long life cycle associated with buildings, which involves aspects such as maintenance costs, durability and resale prices of buildings.

In the case of Costa Rica, being in the tropics, it requires architectural techniques that are very different from those of other latitudes. Faced with this situation, architect Bruno Stagno developed a sustainable architecture applied to the entire tropics, thus generating an accessible and functional bioclimatic alternative. With the use of all possible natural resources, bioclimatic and sustainable buildings can be created. In addition, the Tropical Architecture Institute contributed with the national standard "Requirements for Sustainable Buildings in the Tropics" (RESET), which corresponds to a guide that allows the certification of sustainability of buildings and is included in the international standards.

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The creation of the Auto Bank in the Escazú branch of BAC San José, joined the list of environmentally friendly buildings in our country. This building, through a skin and roof design, prevents the sun from heating the glass, thus allowing the use of low-power air conditioning units, saving up to 55% in electricity consumption. In addition, it implements passive air conditioning systems, such as large eaves and cross ventilation, giving and thermal quality to the interior of the building.

With demographic growth, population distribution did not follow an orderly process or a precise densification logic. These processes pushed the population to live farther away from urban centers, which in turn generated the geographic separation of the main urban functions: work and residence. Therefore, naturally, this standard must be improved because every day there are changes in climate conditions, better technologies for buildings, and demographic changes. All those factors require attention and those chances necessary are seen in infrastructure (OVIS, Resumen del estado de la nación en desarrollo sostenible 2016).

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The better partner in big countries to solve the energetic crises and contribute to sustainable development is nuclear energy because it is the second less polluting energy source, and it is the less expensive off all ways to produce energy. In little countries is possible to build little nuclear plants, but another solution is to improve actual renewable technologies to do them more efficient and reduce the costs of energy production.

A poor design or bad construction methods can reduce the period life of the building and elevate the cost of maintenance.

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García A. (2020). La energía nuclear salvará el mundo: Derribando mitos sobre la energía nuclear. Editorial Planeta

Maradin D. (2021). Advantages and Disadvantages of Renewable Energy Sources Utilization. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy

Ente Vasco de la Energia. (2006). Guía de edificación sostenible para la vivienda en la Comunidad Autonónoma del Pais Vasco. http://habitat.aq.upm.es/lbl/guias/pva-2006-guia-edificacion-sostenible-euskadi.pdf

Observatorio de la Vivienda Sostenible (OVIS). (s.f). Arquitectura tropical: Diseño de edificaciones sostenibles. https://www.tec.ac.cr/documentos/desarrollo-sostenible

Observatorio de la Vivienda Sostenible (OVIS). (s.f). Resumen del estado de la nación en desarrollo sostenible 2016. https://www.tec.ac.cr/documentos/desarrollo-sostenible