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Memory is....

how the brain encodes, stores and retrieves information

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Brain must decode sensory component of new information

Is this for survival?

Is there an emotional connection?

If a connection to prior knowledge is found, the information moves to Working Memory.

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The brain holds onto pieces of the incoming information and works through it, eventually sending it for storage somewhere else.

Limited capacity which increases with brain development

teachers must tailor lessons to this limited time frame to ensure students have time to process

young children have 5-10 mins, adolescents have 10-20 minutes before fatigue

increase time by changing how student "deals" with the information - add manipulatives, movement

To move to long-term memory, it must

make sense

have meaning to the learner.

(Sousa, 2022)

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Hippocampus encodes information and sends it to a long-term storage areas in the brain.

Memories tied to emotions or sensations are more likely to be stored long-term and are flagged by the amygdala.

Declarative memory - conscious and effortless recall of facts, feelings, memories of people, places, objects.

Nondeclarative memory - recall of these memories are not intentional - example: how to ride a bike.

Information that holds meaning is more likely to be stored in long-term memory

connections to prior knowledge

integrate curriculum to increase meaning

(Sousa, 2022)

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Retention refers to the process long-term memory uses to locate and retrieve previously learned information.

Primacy-Recency states that students will better retain information learned at the beginning and at the end of the lesson.

Length of teaching matters! Too much learning and the brain's working memory reaches capacity

Increase learning with...

Shorter teaching times

Visuals

Practice that adds sensory component

Cooperative learning groups for students to teach their peers

Vary teaching methods throughout the lesson

(Sousa, 2022)

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Transfer is when new learning and past learning come together in Working Memory, looking for connections.

Connecting stored information with new information reinforces prior learning & assigns meaning to new.

Integrated curriculum provides students more opportunities to apply knowledge to new learning by making connections across disciplines.

Four factors affect the transfer process (Sousa, 2024)

Context and degree of original learning - past learning taught well increases likelihood of positive transfer

Similarity - store information by its similarity but retrieve it by its differences

Critical Attributes - those characteristics that make the new learning different

Association - when memory of one thing stirs the memory of another

(Sousa, 2022)

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Trauma affects the brain's ability to learn by altering the structure of the hippocampus.

Stress hormone cortisol keeps student in the "fight or flight" mode, inhibiting learning.

Schools provide trauma-affected students with :

a safe, caring environment

strong, stable relationships with trusted adults

predictable and consistent setting they need.

(Hobbs, Paulsen and Thomas, 2019)

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Musical Give One, Get One

1. Students turn to a page in their notes to write their bullet points

2. When the music starts, they walk around the room

3. When the music stops, they talk to the person closest to them

4. Each students share one thing they learned that day about the topic

5. Add their partner's thought onto their bulleted list

6. Repeat 3 times.

This strategy encourages students to think about their new learning and share what they know with others. Chances are they will have forgotten a few important points that their partners remember. This is more effective than calling on students to share as many aren't comfortable sharing with a group and it also adds movement to the lesson. This activity can help students move information through their working memory to long-term memory.

Reid, Rosie. (2019, April 25). 9 strategies for getting more students to talk. Edutopia. https://www.edutopia.org/article/9-strategies-getting-more-students-talk/

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Activating Prior Knowledge and Making Connections

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Activating Prior Knowledge and Making Connections

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ABC Graffiti

1. Organize students in groups of 4 or fewer.

2. Students write on a large piece of construction paper or oversized Post-It

3. Given a specific topic, students in the group will come up with words that begin with each letter of the alphabet that correlate with that topic.

4. Each student in the group selects one or two words to illustrate when they are finished.

This activity requires students to use retrieval methods to remember previously learned information. They use their resources and one another to work through the activity.

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Building models of complex concepts helps students to understand phenomenon.

Models can help students to make sense of:

Newton's 3 Laws of Motion

the moon phases as it moves around the Earth

the double-helix of the DNA molecule

distances in our solar system

eras and periods in the geologic time scale

Designing and building models helps students to connect abstract concepts and design systems.

South Carolina Department of Education. (2021). South Carolina college- and career- ready science standards, 2021. South Carolina Department of Education. https://ed.sc.gov/instruction/standards/science/standards/

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DiTullio, Gina. (2021, September 9). How to engage students’ memory processes to improve learning. Edutopia. https://www.edutopia.org/article/how-engage-students-memory-processes-improve-learning

Hobbs, C., Paulsen, D., & Thomas, J. (2019). Trauma-informed practice for pre-service teachers. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Education. Retrieved 20 Apr. 2024), from

https://oxfordre.com/education/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.001.0001/acrefore-9780190264093-e-1435

Reid, Rosie. (2019, April 25). 9 strategies for getting more students to talk. Edutopia. https://www.edutopia.org/article/9-strategies-getting-more-students-talk/

Sousa, D. A. (2022). How the brain learns (6th ed.). SAGE Publications.

South Carolina Department of Education. (2021). South Carolina college- and career- ready science standards, 2021. South Carolina Department of Education. https://ed.sc.gov/instruction/standards/science/standards/