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1-. Convocation of the Estates-General. (1789).

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1-. Convocation of the Estates-General. (1789).

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The Convocation of the Estates-General in 1789 marked the beginning of the French Revolution. It was a representative assembly convened by King Louis XVI to address the financial and political crisis in France. The Estates-General consisted of representatives from the three estates: the clergy, the nobility, and the Third Estate. However, tensions arose due to the lack of equitable representation and widespread discontent among the Third Estate, which represented the majority of the population.

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The Storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, was a pivotal event during the early stages of the French Revolution. The Bastille, a fortress and prison in Paris, symbolized the absolute monarchy's tyranny and oppression. As tensions escalated between the people and the monarchy, a mob stormed the Bastille, seeking weapons and ammunition, as well as to free political prisoners rumored to be held there. The fall of the Bastille became a symbol of the people's power and defiance against tyranny. This event marked the beginning of widespread revolt throughout France and is celebrated annually as Bastille Day, a national holiday in France commemorating the Revolution's ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity.

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3-. Declaration of the rights of Man and of citizen. (1789).

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3-. Declaration of the rights of Man and of citizen. (1789).

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The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, adopted in August 1789 during the French Revolution, proclaimed the inherent rights and freedoms of all citizens. It affirmed principles such as liberty, equality, and fraternity, reflecting the Enlightenment ideals that inspired the revolution. The declaration stated that all men are born free and equal, with natural rights to liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression. It emphasized the sovereignty of the people, the rule of law, and the separation of powers.

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4-. Women's March on Versailles. (1789).

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4-. Women's March on Versailles. (1789).

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The Women's March on Versailles, which took place on October 5, 1789, was a significant event during the early stages of the French Revolution. Thousands of women from Paris marched to the Palace of Versailles to demand bread and protest against the high cost of living. The march was fueled by frustration over food shortages and economic hardship, as well as anger towards King Louis XVI and the monarchy.

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5-. Proclamation of the republic. (1792).

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5-. Proclamation of the republic. (1792).

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The Proclamation of the Republic in 1792 marked a significant turning point in the French Revolution. It signaled the end of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic in France. Following the overthrow of King Louis XVI and the suspension of the monarchy, the National Convention declared France a republic on September 22, 1792. This decision reflected the growing influence of radical republican and revolutionary forces within French society.

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The execution of King Louis XVI on January 21, 1793, was a defining moment in the French Revolution. After being found guilty of treason by the National Convention, Louis XVI was sentenced to death by guillotine. His execution marked the first time in European history that a reigning monarch was executed by his own people. The event symbolized the rejection of the monarchy and the old regime's principles, as well as the triumph of revolutionary ideals such as equality and justice.

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The Reign of Terror, which lasted from 1793 to 1794, was a period of extreme violence and political repression during the French Revolution. Led by the radical Jacobin government under Maximilien Robespierre, the Reign of Terror aimed to suppress counter-revolutionary activities and maintain revolutionary purity. Thousands of perceived enemies of the revolution, including nobles, clergy, and political opponents, were executed by guillotine or imprisoned without trial. The Reign of Terror was characterized by mass arrests, arbitrary executions, and widespread fear.

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The Thermidorian Reaction was a period of political upheaval in France that followed the fall of Robespierre and the end of the Reign of Terror in July 1794. Named after the month of Thermidor in the French Republican calendar, it marked a shift away from the radical policies of the Jacobin regime towards more moderate governance. During this period, the National Convention purged remaining Jacobin leaders, abolished the Revolutionary Tribunal, and repealed many of the laws enacted during the Reign of Terror. The Thermidorian Reaction also saw the rise of the Directory, a new executive body tasked with governing France until the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1799. Despite its initial aspirations for stability and moderation, the Thermidorian Reaction ultimately failed to resolve the political and social divisions that plagued France, paving the way for further instability and the eventual rise of authoritarian rule under Napoleon.

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The rise of the Directory in France occurred in 1795 following the Thermidorian Reaction, marking a shift away from the radical Jacobin regime. The Directory was established as a five-member executive body tasked with governing France. It aimed to restore stability and moderate the excesses of the Revolution while maintaining republican principles. However, the Directory faced numerous challenges, including economic instability, political corruption, and internal dissent. Despite these challenges, the Directory managed to maintain power for several years, implementing some reforms and overseeing military victories abroad. However, its inability to address underlying issues ultimately led to its downfall and paved the way for Napoleon Bonaparte's rise to power in the coup of 18 Brumaire in 1799.

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10-. Napoleon Bonaparte's coup d'état (1799).

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10-. Napoleon Bonaparte's coup d'état (1799).

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Napoleon Bonaparte's coup d'état, known as the 18 Brumaire coup, took place on November 9-10, 1799, effectively ending the Directory and establishing Napoleon as the First Consul of France. Frustrated with the instability and corruption of the Directory, Napoleon, along with his brother Lucien Bonaparte and others, orchestrated a coup to seize power. Supported by the military and exploiting popular discontent, Napoleon dissolved the Directory and established a new government under the Consulate. This event marked the beginning of Napoleon's rise to power and ultimately led to the establishment of the Napoleonic Empire, profoundly shaping the course of European history.