# data[].attributes.body
For operation to run fully equipped and smoothly to minimize delay situation

# data[].attributes.body
Unload and load baggage and passengers

Security checks

Cleaning and topping up utilities and aircraft essentials element eg. fuel

Minor maintenance

# data[].attributes.body
LCC focus on speed to achieve more trip within the day est within 25 min

FCC have longer turn around time as reloading services item such as meal and cleanliness of the aircraft

# data[].attributes.body
Countdown time

# data[].attributes.body
regardless of a hub or non-hub airlines based in any airports, air port dues have to be paid as airliners are end users of an airport. with shorter turn-around time, a portion of an operation cost of an airliner can be archieved positively

# data[].attributes.body
Save time use back the same aircraft no need to change to a new aircraft if the aircraft is still in good condition.

# data[].attributes.body
-chocking of aircraft

-security clearance by airport security

-unloading & loading of passengers via aerobridge

-electrical power supply via ground power unit

-pneumatic air supply via air starter unit

-unloading & loading of baggages & other cargoes

-refuelling

-unloading & loading of catering items

-cabin cleaning

-biological waste disposal

-fresh water supply

-

# data[].attributes.body
Fuel

Loading new baggage for the next flight

Clean the cabin

Check the aircraft

# data[].attributes.body
LCC might have a shorter turn around time as they have a lower operation cost/needs for inflight /catering services. Thus the time required for that particular operation can be reduced. however, both LCC and FCC shared the same under-winged essential operations as these are standard operations.

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-manpower distribution for that day

-faulty/insufficient ramp equipment

-weather conditions

-all ramp operations to meet aircraft departure time

# data[].attributes.headline
FCC have longer turn over time compare to LCC

# data[].attributes.subject
FCC have longer turn over time compare to LCC

# data[].attributes.body
To achieve the best passenger service to the passenger and time-saving

# data[].attributes.body
1- Baggage transfer

2- Passenger Bridge

3- Cabin cleaning

# data[].attributes.body
Manpower constraints

Faulty technology

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Time is essence. Ramp operations need to be efficient 

# data[].attributes.subject
Time is essence. Ramp operations need to be efficient 

# data[].attributes.body
Enhance operational efficiency

# data[].attributes.body
Pax disembarking

Cabin cleaning

Top up amenities such as toilet supply

Catering offload and load

Cabin sweep

Pax boarding

# data[].attributes.body
LCC has the shortest turnaround time compared to FCC

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Last min pax

Pax doesnt want to check in oversized baggage or when the overhead compartment is full causing delay to take off

# data[].attributes.body
To have an efficient service from arrival to departure

# data[].attributes.body
reduce fuel consumption that reduce the gas emission by the aircraft, to meet substainability goal

# data[].attributes.body
on choke , loading and unloading of cargo and baggage and water, lavatory and catering service take place

# data[].attributes.body
difference in their business model and their pricing

# data[].attributes.body
time management and also adverse weather condition

# data[].attributes.body
Faster turnaround times provide airlines with a competitive advantage by enabling them to offer more frequent flights, more flexible schedules, and greater customer support. This could draw in more travelers and help the airline succeed in the marketplace.

# data[].attributes.body
Marshalling

Onchox

Aerobridge connecting

Catering

AIC

Capt. inspection of aircraft before departing

Boarding

Loading and unloading

Documents exchange

# data[].attributes.body
The aircraft usage rates may be affected by FSCs' potential lengthier turnaround times. Nonetheless, they frequently fly larger aircraft on fewer daily trips, which enables them to provide a greater array of facilities and services.

Low-cost carriers (LCCs) give priority to maximize aircraft utilization rates by reducing turnaround times. Because of this, they are able to maximize their revenue potential by operating more trips per day with fewer planes.

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LMC - on and off

Equipment Faulty

No manpower

Adverse Weather

# data[].attributes.body
For efficient use of aircraft, ground handling equipment and ramp infrastructure

# data[].attributes.body
Passengers deplaning / boarding, catering unloading / loading, changing of aircrew, refueling, lavatory / potable water services, aircraft inspection, choking of wheels, baggage loading / unloading

# data[].attributes.body
FCC turn around will be longer with more baggage, catering, cabin services as compared to LCC which depend on fast turn around with minimal passenger services to achieve higher aircraft utilisation rates

# data[].attributes.body
Bad weather, incoming aircraft delay, defective equipment, last minute cargo, passengers

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Slots assigned for better flight level

# data[].attributes.body
efficient aircraft turnaround is vital for airline profitability, passenger satisfaction, and the overall smooth operation of airports. It's a complex process involving careful coordination among multiple entities.

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1. Pre-Arrival Preparations: While the aircraft is still en route, ground crews begin preparations. This might include:

- Gate Assignment: Allocating a suitable gate based on aircraft type, connecting flights, and other logistical factors.

- Ground Crew Coordination: Ground handlers, baggage handlers, catering services, and other support teams are informed of the arrival time and specific requirements.

- Fueling Plan (if needed): Determining the amount of fuel required for the next flight and scheduling refueling.

2. Arrival and Initial Actions: Upon arrival, the following steps typically occur:

- Aircraft Parking: The aircraft is guided to its assigned gate.

- Power Supply Connection: Connecting ground power to maintain essential systems.

- Air Bridge Attachment (if applicable): Connecting the air bridge for passenger boarding and disembarking.

- Passenger Disembarkation: Passengers exit the aircraft.

- Cabin Cleaning: Cleaning the cabin, including trash removal and restroom cleaning.

- Baggage Unloading: Removing passenger baggage and cargo.

3. Servicing and Maintenance:

- Refueling (if needed): Replenishing fuel tanks.

- Water and Waste Services: Replenishing potable water and emptying waste tanks.

- Catering: Loading food and beverages for the next flight.

- Cargo Loading: Loading cargo and freight.

- Aircraft Cleaning: Exterior cleaning of the aircraft.

- Pre-Flight Inspection: A thorough pre-flight inspection by maintenance personnel.

4. Departure Preparations:

- Baggage Loading: Loading passenger baggage and cargo.

- Passenger Boarding: Passengers board the aircraft.

- Air Bridge Detachment (if applicable): Disconnecting the air bridge.

- Pre-Departure Checks: Final checks by the pilot and ground crew.

5. Departure: The aircraft departs for its next destination.

# data[].attributes.headline
Minimize ground costs and disruption, allowing more aircrafts utilization, serve better passenger experience with no delay on arrival, transit and departures.

# data[].attributes.subject
Minimize ground costs and disruption, allowing more aircrafts utilization, serve better passenger experience with no delay on arrival, transit and departures.

# data[].attributes.body
Unloading and reloading cargo

Passengers disembark n boarding Fuelling

Cleaning and maintenance check

Catering

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FCC provide more services with airport lounges privileges compared to LCC, limited services. Air ticket is charge higher than LCC. LCC focus mainly 1 destination whereas FCC serve wide range of destination.

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Flight delay due to bad weather, passenger being late, missing baggage, technical issue, medical health issue - last minute pax feeling unwell / drunk passenger. Network outage - manual operation, effecting airport systems.

# data[].attributes.body
Maintaining operations efficiency and scheduling reliability. Less turnaround time means more potential profit, save money and passenger satisfaction as it minimise delays.

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On Chock

APU connected

Loading and unloading baggage

Passenger disembark the aircraft

Cleaning crew

Catering for the next flight

# data[].attributes.body
Minimise ground costs such as parking. Turn around allows optimised aircraft usage and bring in revenue. When aircraft is on ground, the company will incur costs.

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1) Aircraft comes to a stop

2) Wait for anti-collision lights to be turn off

3) thumbs up from headset man for ramp to start activities

4) cones placement around the aircraft's vital areas

5) GSEs position to cargo compartment and PLB to dock (open door for pax)

6) Unload of Baggage and Cargo

7) Unloading complete (Pax to disembark as well)

8) Security Sweep (Both Cabin and Cargo Compartment)

9) Retrieve LIR (Loading Instructions) to prep for loading

10) Load Aircraft according to LIR

11) Cabin Crew to inform gate staff that they are ready to board

12) Pax board

13) Boarding Completed

14) Await Final LS (Loadsheet) from Load Controller

15) Confirm with Flight crew on the Load sheet edition/ Sign Notoc if available

16) Door Close

17) Undock the PLB

18) prepare tow tug to push back aircraft

19) test headset with flight crew

20) wait for flight crew signal

21) Flight crew advise the direction of pushback (pushback clearance given)

22) push back

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FSC focuses on 100% cabin cleanilness, precision and quality of the turn around process.

LCC focus on optimising the aircraft for the next sectors. if possible, they want to use the aircraft for 6-7 flights a day. Cabin Cleanilness and Quality is not necesarily important

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Ground Operators Limitations on PTS (Precision Timing Sequence). When PTS is set at for example, 40 mins, Ground Operators have to complete within 40 mins. Everything they need to do for the turnaround. It is much more challenging when aircraft LIAC (late inbound of aircraft). They have to try to finish everything ASAP. Safety is also at risk and they have to ensure that safety is met.

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To ensure on-time flight schedules, operational efficiency and customer satisfaction

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Turnaround process is simpler and faster for LCC as most aircrafts are narrow-bodied with less passenger capacity and does not have as much catering and cleaning compared to FCC.

# data[].attributes.body
Adverse weather

Tight time management

Last minute notification of defects

Last minute or missing passengers

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Aircraft turnaround time is crucial for airline efficiency, cost, and customer satisfaction. A faster turnaround reduces ground time, allowing airlines to use their aircraft more efficiently, operate more flights, and improve on-time performance. This lowers operational expenses (such as fuel, staff, and airport fees) while increasing schedule reliability, which is critical for customer happiness and preserving a competitive advantage. Rapid turnarounds are a key component of low-cost airlines' (LCCs) business strategy, allowing them to offer inexpensive tickets thanks to high aircraft productivity.

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The aircraft turnaround process involves a series of coordinated activities, including passenger deboarding, baggage and cargo unloading, cabin cleaning, catering, refueling, maintenance checks, boarding, loading luggage and cargo, pushback preparation, safety and security checks, ground handling equipment operations, and crew change or briefing. These activities ensure the aircraft is ready for its next flight, ensuring safety and efficiency.

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The Full Cost Carrier (FCC) and Low Cost Carrier (LCC) differ in turnaround times, services, aircraft types, ground handling, boarding processes, and cost focus. FCCs focus on passenger experience and faster turnarounds, while LCCs prioritize cost efficiency and rapid turnaround to maintain low fares. Both carriers aim to streamline processes and reduce costs.

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Aircraft turnaround time is crucial for airlines as it directly impacts efficiency, cost, and customer satisfaction. A faster turnaround minimizes ground time, allowing airlines to maximize aircraft utilization, operate more flights, and improve on-time performance. This reduces operational costs and enhances schedule reliability, which is vital for passenger satisfaction and maintaining a competitive advantage. Low-cost carriers (LCCs) prioritize rapid turnarounds as a cornerstone of their business model, enabling low fares through high aircraft productivity.

The aircraft turnaround process involves coordinated activities to prepare an aircraft for its next flight, including passenger deboarding, baggage and cargo unloading, cleaning, catering, refueling, maintenance checks, boarding, baggage and cargo loading, pushback preparation, safety and security checks, ground handling equipment operations, and crew change or briefing.

The turnaround process differs between Full Cost Carrier (FCC) and Low Cost Carrier (LCC) due to their operational models. LCCs focus on cost efficiency and rapid turnaround to maintain low fares, while FCCs prioritize service quality. Ground operators face challenges such as time pressure, coordination, weather conditions, equipment availability, staffing issues, safety and compliance, aircraft delays, and passenger management.

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For airlines, to reduce delays to passengers, crew timing slots, reduce parking fees and to preserve airline branding.

For Airport, reduce bottlenecks for arrival flights, maximise efficiency in gate handling.

This can boosts profitability for stakeholders and maintain optimal ACDM factors

# data[].attributes.headline
It's to make full use of the flight. Reduce delays. Save cost. Customer satisfaction.

# data[].attributes.subject
It's to make full use of the flight. Reduce delays. Save cost. Customer satisfaction.

# data[].attributes.headline
Maximise profits for airlines (faster turnaround time = efficiency in more flights)

# data[].attributes.subject
Maximise profits for airlines (faster turnaround time = efficiency in more flights)

# data[].attributes.body
Minimise delay to passengers (both arriving and departing)

# data[].attributes.body
Handling checks and ground handling activities

# data[].attributes.body
Weather conditions

Delay caused from the departure location

# data[].attributes.body
Cost effective, and minimal time wasted

# data[].attributes.headline
Aircraft need to taxi to the gate, do all the necessary things eg chocking , unloading etc

# data[].attributes.subject
Aircraft need to taxi to the gate, do all the necessary things eg chocking , unloading etc

# data[].attributes.headline
Lcc for speed, fcc for longer turn around

# data[].attributes.subject
Lcc for speed, fcc for longer turn around

# data[].attributes.body
It affects a lot of things such as customer satisfaction and efficiency.

Customer satisfaction- quick response provides a better experience which increase trust from customers

Efficiency - resources are used effectively and improve work flow

# data[].attributes.body
cabin cleaning

baggage unloading

disembarkation of passengers

refuelling

catering services

maintenance checks

# data[].attributes.body
FCC

Prioritise service over speed

Full meal catering service

thorough cabin leaning

LCC

Minimise turnaround time

Often buy-on-board for the catering service

Basic turnaround cabin clean

# data[].attributes.body
time pressures

maintenance issues

weather conditions

later arrival of aircraft

# data[].attributes.body
Do ensure smooth and fast transition

# data[].attributes.headline
Refueling, cleaning, waste clearing, water top up. Loading and unloading of baggage and cargo

# data[].attributes.subject
Refueling, cleaning, waste clearing, water top up. Loading and unloading of baggage and cargo

# data[].attributes.headline
LCC turn around are faster compared to full carrier

# data[].attributes.subject
LCC turn around are faster compared to full carrier

# data[].attributes.body
maintaining flight schedules, reduce operating cost

# data[].attributes.body
passenger handling, baggage and cargo loading/unloading, maintenance, refueling, and security checks

# data[].attributes.body
LCCs often use a standardized fleet and operate in less congested airports, which contributes to faster ground time.FSCs, with their more complex operations and diverse fleet, tend to have longer turnaround times.

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adverse weather , late passengers , lack of manpower, aircraft technical issues

# data[].attributes.body
To ensure that the aircraft is ready for the next flight via a systematic process

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Loading/unloading cargo; loading/unloading pax; refueling; potable water restocking; waste removal

# data[].attributes.body
Adverse weather conditions; safety; time

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To ensure flight operations are carried out smoothly without any issues or delays

# data[].attributes.body
Above wing: Aircraft access- Dock PLB, passenger deplaning, catering services, cabin cleaning, passenger boarding, aircraft access- undocking PLB

Under wing: Chock landing gear, lavatory truck, potable water servicing, refuelling

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LCC mainly prioritise speed by minimising the turn around process as much as possible to maximise aircraft utilisation. FCC mainly prioritise service by ensuring every activity carried during the turnaround process is done perfectly to ensure high customer satisfaction.

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Meeting countdown time

Adverse weather conditions

Last minute passengers

Multiple tasks to be completed in short amount of time