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Heat Engines And Second Law Of Thermodynamics

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Blowing air with open mouth & with close mouth 

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Blowing air with open mouth & with close mouth 

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What will happen  to the ballon if you placed it  cold & hot water 

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What will happen  to the ballon if you placed it  cold & hot water 

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Virtual Thermodynamic Transformations

Vary the volume, mass or internal energy (temperature) of a thermodynamic system and see how the variables interfere with each other and with the pressure and trace the corresponding curves in an adjustable diagram.

Thermodynamics is the field of Applied Physics that studies the relation between thermal energy and work and its applications. It is usually a curricular unit introduced or offered to High School and vocational students and to higher education students in various areas of human knowledge. Its objective, in general is the acquisition of the cognitive and algebraic competences concerning the macroscopic description of an ideal gas, how some thermodynamic variables interfere with the others and the work donw from the conversion of the thermal energy of a thermodinamic system. The strategy for teaching/learning is generally the presentation of heuristic concepts and the practice of algorithms for solving concrete and transferable problems for the day to day of those who master their secrets.

Simulador - Thermodynamic Transformations

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Simulator - Thermodynamic Transformations | Prof. Eduardo J. Stefanelli

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Virtual Thermodynamic Transformations Vary the volume, mass or internal energy (temperature) of a thermodynamic system and see how the variables interfere with each other and with the pressure and trace the corresponding curves in an adjustable diagram. Thermodynamics is the field of Applied Physics that studies...

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Using the Interactive

The Ideal Gas Behavior Interactive is shown in the iFrame below. There is a small hot spot in the top-left corner. Clicking/tapping the hot spot opens the Interactive in full-screen mode. Use the Escape key on a keyboard (or comparable method) to exit from full-screen mode.

There is a second hot-spot in the lower-right corner of the iFrame. Dragging this hot-spot allows you to change the size of iFrame to whatever dimensions you prefer.

Using the Interactive

This Interactive will open in a separate browser window on your device. Click the Launch Tool button to open the Interactive. Close the window to return to this page.

We owe a special thanks to Physics teacher Martin Kirby for contributing this PVTsim simulation to our Interactives collection. Martin has contributed other simulations to our collection. They can be found at the following locations:
​
WaveAdd simulation || PVTSim || Horizontal Circle Simulation

If you like this sim, you can tap on the Donate button and buy him a cup of coffee (or a pot of coffee); he'd appreciate it. And you can find other great simulations like this one on Martin's website at https://sites.google.com/a/kirbyx.com/waveadd.

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Chemistry Simulation: Ideal Gas Behavior

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The Ideal Gas Behavior Interactive is shown in the iFrame below. There is a small hot spot in the top-left corner. Clicking/tapping the hot spot opens the Interactive in full-screen mode. Use the Escape key on a keyboard (or comparable method) to exit from full-screen mode.

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Pressure and volume relationship of a gas

Boyle's law

All the particles (atoms and molecules) of a substance are continually moving and so possess kinetic energy. In gases the movement of the particles is highly energetic and this is the reason why gases form, the particles have enough energy to overcome the attractive forces holding the particles together. In gases the particles are moving very quickly and freely in a random manner constantly bumping into each other and their surroundings. It is these collisions between the particles of the gas and the walls of the container it is confined to that creates gas pressure. The gas pressure is the overall force of all these collisions divided by the area of the walls of the container it is confined in.

The relationship of a gas with pressure and volume was developed by the scientist Robert Boyle at around 1660 and is known as Boyle's Law.
Boyle's law states: "For a fixed mass of gas, at a constant temperature, the product (pressure x volume) is a constant."
The animation below gives and explanation of Boyle's law:

A sealed cylinder with no leaks contains a fixed mass of a gas kept at a constant temperature. The gas pressure is created by the collision of the moving gas particles with each other and against the walls of the cylinder.

The above set up is used to investigate the relationship between pressure and volume for a gas. A force is exerted on the piston to compress the gas. The corresponding pressure and volume values are recorded for different applied forces.

By plotting the recorded values of pressure (p) against volume (V) a curve is produced. We can see from the values that when the pressure is doubled the volume is halved. If the pressure was to increase by 3 the volume would decrease to a third. Thus, the volume is inversely proportional to the pressure. By plotting pressure (p) against the reciprocal of the volume (1/V) a straight line is obtained the gradient of which is the constant in Boyle's Law.

A decrease in volume increases the number of gas particles per unit volume. This results in an increase in the number of gas particles close to the cylinder walls and therefore an increase in the number of collisions with the wall. As the number of collisions per unit area increases so does the force per unit area thereby giving an increase in pressure.

Boyle's Law Example:

Using the example of the sealed cylinder above, the volume of gas at the start is 50 cm ³ with a pressure of 1.2 x 10 ⁵ Pascals. The piston is pushed slowly into the syringe until the pressure on the gauge reads 2.0 x 10 ⁵ Pascals. What is the volume of gas?

Solution:

We know

p x V = constant

therefore,
V₂ = 30 cm³

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Pressure and volume relationship of a gas - Boyle's law - Pass My Exams: Easy exam revision notes for GSCE Physics

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All the particles (atoms and molecules) of a substance are continually moving and so possess kinetic energy. In gases the movement of the particles is highly energetic and this is the reason why gases form, the particles have enough energy to overcome the attractive forces holding the particles together.

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You can drag 'start' and 'endpoint.'

Thermodynamics of Gas

The gas changes its temperature while exchanging thermal energy with the outside and sometimes does work outside as it expands or contracts.
The process of changing the temperature, pressure, and volume of the gas is the gas's thermodynamics. These variables will affect other variables.
We can find many examples of gas thermodynamics around us.

1. Sudden explosion occurs inside the engine of the car. At this time, the suddenly inflated gas drives the engine of the car.

2. The refrigerator suddenly expands the compressed gas and lowers the internal temperature.

3. Rising atmospheres such as cyclones produce clouds as the temperature falls below the dew point.

4. The gas tank gets colder while using the portable gas burner.

5. The diesel engine compresses the air rapidly to obtain a temperature above the ignition point.

Isothermal process

Because the gas's temperature is constant, all the heat applied to the gas or absorbed is used to change the volume.
During the isothermal process, the applied heat is converted to 100% work.
In this case, it is assumed that the gas can expand or contract freely.

Isochoric process

Since the volume does not change, the amount of work done to the outside becomes '0'. The heat energy absorbed or released is used to change the internal energy of the gas.
It does not stretch or shrink. It only changes the temperature of the gas.
In this case, it is assumed that the gas is contained in a solid container, the volume does not change, and the container does not exchange heat with the gas.

Isobaric process

It is a process in which the volume changes as the ideal gas pressure is maintained.
In the isobaric process, the heat transferred to the gas works outside and changes the system's internal energy (temperature).

Adiabatic process

It is the process of changing the temperature of the gas when the volume of an ideal gas is expanded or compressed when there is no heat energy exchange from the outside.
For example, suddenly expanding the compressed coolant inside the refrigerator will reduce the temperature.

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You can drag 'start' and 'endpoint.' The gas changes its temperature while exchanging thermal energy with the outside and sometimes does work outside as it expands or contracts. The process of changing the temperature, pressure, and volume of the gas is the gas's thermodynamics. These variables will affect other variables.

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Today, reaching every student can feel out of reach. With MyLab and Mastering, you can connect with students meaningfully, even from a distance.

Built for flexibility, these digital platforms let you create a course to best fit the unique needs of your curriculum and your students. Each course has a foundation of interactive course-specific content - by authors who are experts in their field - that you can tailor and assign as you see fit.

Digital tools activate learning, to more fully engage learners. And online assessments and data tell you how students are doing, as they go, so you can decide what to teach and how best to teach it.

The result? Personalized learning that reaches every student. Whether you have five students or 500, MyLab and Mastering can help you deliver the outcomes you aspire to.

Learn more about the features and benefits of MyLab and Mastering.

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Today, reaching every student can feel out of reach. With MyLab and Mastering, you can connect with students meaningfully, even from a distance. Built for flexibility, these digital platforms let you create a course to best fit the unique needs of your curriculum and your students.

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Heat Engine (Heat Engines) | Physics | Interactive Simulation | CK-12 Exploration Series

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Learn about the conversion of heat energy to mechanical energy in the context of a heat engine using our interactive simulation.

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Heat Added in Isobaric Process

In this problem heat will be added to a gas to bring it from its original state to some new state. You must find the heat that enters the system based on the work that is done and the change in internal energy for the gas.

When you are ready to start the problem, click on the begin button

Your browser does not support HTML 5.0 Canvas...get a better browser!!!

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Heat Added in Isobaric Process In this problem heat will be added to a gas to bring it from its original state to some new state. You must find the heat that enters the system based on the work that is done and the change in internal energy for the gas.

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Boyle’s Law - Animation | Prof. Eduardo J. Stefanelli

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Boyle’s Law - Animation At constant temperature the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to the volume, it advocates Boyle-Mariotte’s Law. The temperature of the system remains constant (note that the temperature indicator does not move) and an external force exerts a work on…

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This simulation introduces the P-V (pressure-volume) diagram. See what happens when the temperature of the ideal gas or the volume is changed (at constant temperature). You can also sketch a pressure vs. volume graph for a given temperature, by choosing a temperature and then using the volume slider to cover the full range of volumes.

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Download - Thermodynamics Interactive Animation | Prof. Eduardo J. Stefanelli

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The purpose of this page is to serve as an index to download interactive animations in executable format, which runs on any computer without the need of a plugin, Internet access or browser. Download - Thermodynamics Interactive Animation Click on the links below to start...

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Physics - Thermodynamics: (21 of 22) Change Of State: Process Summary

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Thermodynamic Otto Cycle - Animation

Otto Cycle

In this animation a plunger cylinder is loaded and discharged with mass, varying the force, volume and pressure. A gas nozzle provides thermal energy to the system, making the blast function in the internal combustion engines. The characteristic curve of Otto's thermodynamic cycle is plotted on the PV (Pressure x Volume) diagram.

This thermodynamic cycle is present, for example in internal combustion engines that use fuel with a high calorific value and burn rapidly (explosion), raising the pressure within the cylinder while the volume remains constant. An automobile engine running on gasoline or alcohol works in this cycle.

Thermodynamic Otto Cycle

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Thermodynamic Otto Cycle - Animation | Prof. Eduardo J. Stefanelli

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Thermodynamic Otto Cycle - Animation Otto Cycle In this animation a plunger cylinder is loaded and discharged with mass, varying the force, volume and pressure. A gas nozzle provides thermal energy to the system, making the blast function in the internal combustion engines. The characteristic...

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Objectives Covered:

(1) Relate the heat absorbed by a gas, the work performed by the gas, and the internal energy change of the gas for any of the processes above.
(2) Relate the work performed by a gas in a cyclic process to the area enclosed by a curve on a pV diagram.

The first law of thermodynamics is generally stated as the equation below:

Here, Q is net heat to the system and W is the net work done the system. In other words, Q is positive is heat is added and negative if heat is lost. Also, W is positive if there's work done by the system or negative if there's work done on the system. Because the first law of thermodynamics deals with energy conservation, this law is also known as the
law of conservation of energy.

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Objectives Covered: (1) Relate the heat absorbed by a gas, the work performed by the gas, and the internal energy change of the gas for any of the processes above. (2) Relate the work performed by a gas in a cyclic process to the area enclosed by a curve on a pV diagram.

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You can drag 'start' and 'endpoint.'

Thermodynamics of Gas

The gas changes its temperature while exchanging thermal energy with the outside and sometimes does work outside as it expands or contracts.
The process of changing the temperature, pressure, and volume of the gas is the gas's thermodynamics. These variables will affect other variables.
We can find many examples of gas thermodynamics around us.

1. Sudden explosion occurs inside the engine of the car. At this time, the suddenly inflated gas drives the engine of the car.

2. The refrigerator suddenly expands the compressed gas and lowers the internal temperature.

3. Rising atmospheres such as cyclones produce clouds as the temperature falls below the dew point.

4. The gas tank gets colder while using the portable gas burner.

5. The diesel engine compresses the air rapidly to obtain a temperature above the ignition point.

Isothermal process

Because the gas's temperature is constant, all the heat applied to the gas or absorbed is used to change the volume.
During the isothermal process, the applied heat is converted to 100% work.
In this case, it is assumed that the gas can expand or contract freely.

Isochoric process

Since the volume does not change, the amount of work done to the outside becomes '0'. The heat energy absorbed or released is used to change the internal energy of the gas.
It does not stretch or shrink. It only changes the temperature of the gas.
In this case, it is assumed that the gas is contained in a solid container, the volume does not change, and the container does not exchange heat with the gas.

Isobaric process

It is a process in which the volume changes as the ideal gas pressure is maintained.
In the isobaric process, the heat transferred to the gas works outside and changes the system's internal energy (temperature).

Adiabatic process

It is the process of changing the temperature of the gas when the volume of an ideal gas is expanded or compressed when there is no heat energy exchange from the outside.
For example, suddenly expanding the compressed coolant inside the refrigerator will reduce the temperature.

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You can drag 'start' and 'endpoint.' The gas changes its temperature while exchanging thermal energy with the outside and sometimes does work outside as it expands or contracts. The process of changing the temperature, pressure, and volume of the gas is the gas's thermodynamics. These variables will affect other variables.

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what is the efficiency of the heat engine 

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what is the efficiency of the heat engine 