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High - tech fish farms (Nurin, Shivani, Rachel)

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High - tech fish farms (Nurin, Shivani, Rachel)

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High - tech water tanks can monitor water quality and check if fishes have diseases.This enables swift action to be taken to prevent the spread of diseases.These technology adaptations allow for high-quality food to be produced efficiently, which helps increase food security for Singapore.

Example :

Allows for higher yield and precise control of various elements like oxygen levels, waste and feed

Pros :

Good source of protein and suitable for land-scarce Singapore.

Lesser people get sick from eating fish, diseases linked to fish include Edwardsiellosis, Streptococcus iniae, Erysipelothrix, Burkholderia pseudomallei, and Klebsiella.

Improve production capacity, mitigate against climate change and disease, and even create more nutritious food.

Cons :

High cost of maintenance – Technology can be quite costly to implement and maintain. ...

Uneducated farmers – Most farmers are illiterate, so they may have a hard time embracing technology and using modern machines. ...

Environmental impact – When people rely too much on machines, they tend to be overused.

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What is the strategy about:

E.g. Singapore establishing organisations and agencies to coordinate climate action.

The Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment (MSE) oversees how Singapore can be more climate-resilient and creates a national framework and roadmap for climate resilience

The Centre for Climate Research Singapore (CCRS) conducts research in climate science. This aims to develop understanding of the changing climate in Singapore, which is then used to support Singapore's resilience planning

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A] Seawall

-A wall constructed along the coast to prevent the sea from advancing onto the land. Seawalls are often designed to provide areas for recreations and leisures.

Outcome: To protect people, properties and environments from coastal floods

B] Polder

-Low-lying land that is surrounded and protected by barriers known as dykes

-excess water is then pumped out from the polder

Outcome: Protects the people, properties and environments from sea level rise and coastal floods.

C]Water storage tanks

-Infrastructure to store excess stormwater during periods of excessive rainfall to slow the water from rushing into canals and drains.

-This prevents flooding in the canals and drains

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What it is about:

Singapore established organisations and agencies to coordinate climate action like the Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment (MSE) which oversees on how Singapore can be more climate-resilient and creates framework and roadmap for climate resilience.

The Centre for Climate Research Singapore (CCRS) in Climate Science which aims to develop understanding of the changing climate in Singapore which is then used to support Singapore’s resilience planning.

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The ASEAN Cooperation on environment was set up to safeguard the interests of Southeast Asia.

The ASEAN Climate Outlook Forum enables countries to collaboratively develop climate outlooks for the region.

Countries can make decisions to manage and adapt to climate risks.

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High Tech Egg Farm

Can be automated such that eggs can undergo checks faster, and manpower can be allocated to other needs on the farm.

The cages are gently sloped, and the eggs roll down to a conveyor as they are laid. From the houses, the belts lead to an egg collection centre, where they graded and sorted.

Visibly broken or leaking eggs are taken out by hand, before a state-of-the-art grading machine does the job of quality control of 120,000 eggs an hour.

After packing, the eggs are put into crates, which a robotic arm would carry from the conveyor and stack into pallets for delivery.

https://www.channelnewsasia.com/cnainsider/inside-high-tech-operation-singapore-largest-egg-farm-seng-choon-897076

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Raising awareness and educating the communities allows them to be more aware of the warning signs of climatic hazards and take appropriate steps to protect themselves. This increases the community resilience.

For example, in Nepal to cope with prolonged drought,communites are taught that they can plant more drought resistance crops such as apples.

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High Tech Vegetable Farm

High-tech food production is where science and technology meet food production. Can be monitored remotely in order to ensure crops can be grown in optimal temperatures and conditions to allow grow more – faster and better – with less.

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15 Sep 2019 06:02AM (Updated: 04 May 2021 11:37AM)

DELFT/NIJMEGEN, Netherlands: "If I show you around, you won't be aware that you are in a polder area," said Tjitte Nauta from Dutch research institute Deltares.

Turning to me, he continued: "Where you sit is 3 metres below sea level."

While they be unfamiliar to many, polders are a crucial part of the Dutch landscape - a key defence in the European country's centuries-long battle against water.

By building dykes alongside a network of drainage canals and water pumps, the Netherlands, which literally translates to "low lands", has turned its flood-prone areas into usable land that is suitable for tens of millions of people to live, work and play.

One example is where Deltares' headquarters is located.

The polder, one of thousands across the country, was previously a vast swathe of swamps, according to Mr Nauta.

This Dutch model of polders is now a " serious option" for Singapore's eastern coastline, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong said at his National Day Rally speech last month.

Already, a small polder is being built at Pulau Tekong to gain some experience. The new land will be used for military training, added Mr Lee.

So how do polders work and how different are they from the typical reclamation method?
1. WHAT ARE POLDERS?
Polders are tracts of land that lie below sea level and are reclaimed from the ocean, lakes, rivers or wetlands through the building of dykes, drainage canals and pumping stations, according to Dutch experts that CNA spoke to.

"Polders are land reclamations, but not all land reclamations are polders. When the level of the land is higher than sea level and no pumping is required, there is no polder," said Associate Professor Mick van der Wegen from the IHE Delft Institute for Water Education.

Hence a key feature of polders, according to Mr Nauta from Deltares, is that they are "hydrologically separated" from their surroundings.

"This means you can control the water within a polder through pumping stations usually."

It works like this: The submerged area is first enclosed, or sometimes partially, by a dyke to keep water out. Water from within is then drained, creating a polder - dry land that is lower than sea level.

A polder is kept dry by an extensive grid of canals - from small drains to big canals with sluice gates to control water flow - and pumps. Retention areas may be created to store water in case of emergencies.

"Excess water will flow over land if you don't create space so you will always see canals in polders. From there, we will pump it out," said Mr Mark van Zanten, a senior project manager at Dutch engineering consultancy firm Royal HaskoningDHV, who is involved in the polder development on Pulau Tekong.

While the most iconic images of the Dutch landscape usually show polders as rectangular plots of flat land, they can come in other shapes and have various heights - still below sea level.

These height variations can be naturally-occurring from sea or river beds. They can also be man-made, when sand is added to make the land suitable for residential and other purposes, said experts.

2. HOW DID THEY COME ABOUT?
Having been around for a long time, some have said that the Netherlands would look very different without polders.

"If you look at the maps through the centuries, you'd see the country growing," said Mr van Zanten. "We wouldn't be who we are without polders."

Bounded on one end by the North Sea and with three of Europe's major rivers - the Rhine, Meuse and Scheldt - running through the heart of the country, the very first polders were built some 2,000 years ago by farmers who wanted to protect their land against flooding.

They built dykes, dug canals and began draining the waterlogged areas.

By the 15th century, the now-iconic windmills were built to help drive water pumps, making polder-draining much more efficient and reclaiming larger swamps and lakes possible.

Steam-driven pumping stations arrived at the end of the 18th century, followed later by diesel and electricity-run ones.

These days, almost all pumping stations in the Netherlands are driven by electricity.

According to figures from the Union of Water Boards, there were 3,700 water pumping stations across the Netherlands in 2018.
3. WHAT ARE POLDERS USED FOR?
Agriculture remains a common use, as seen by vast fields dotted by farmhouses and grazing cows, as well as canals and the occasional windmill.

Polders are also used for other purposes in the Netherlands, including providing land for residential, commercial, industrial and military needs.

Amsterdam's Schiphol Airport is built on polder land, which was created by the draining of the Haarlemmer Lake in 1852.

"Technically, the airport lies on the bottom of the lake, over four metres below sea level ... making Schiphol one of the world's most low-lying airports," according to its website.

4. WHAT ARE THE PROS AND CONS?
Experts said the Dutch model of polders uses less sand compared with regular reclamation, which heightens the land above sea level.

However polders will require constant pumping to be kept dry, while dykes have to be maintained regularly.

"There is a larger flood risk due to precipitation or dyke breaches," said Assoc Prof van der Wegen. "On the other hand, high reclaimed land has less flooding risk and may be cheaper in maintenance (as it requires) no pumping".

Echoing that, Mr van Zanten said: "Construction costs are higher for land reclamation but the annual costs after that are much lower.

"But for a polder, operations and maintenance of the system, like the pumps, are important so the annual costs are higher though initial costs are lower."

Highlighting another consideration in the area of energy consumption, Mr Nauta said: "From windmills to steam engines and now, pumping machines, we keep on pumping to keep the Netherlands dry.

"If an energy crisis hits us, it will hit us badly."

The Netherlands is also facing the problem of land subsidence - shrinking and consolidation of land - especially in the country's peat-rich land areas.

"If you pump out water, the peat oxidises and becomes smaller. That means the land goes down," explained Mr Nauta. "Peat and polders are unfortunately not the best combination."

Climate change has also appeared to play a role in accelerating subsidence, with relatively warm summers dehydrating peat soils and speeding up land shrinkage.

"There are other sources of subsidence in the Netherlands but the most severe part is in the western part on the peat lands. If you keep on pumping from these polder areas, the polder gets deeper and deeper.

"So our ground is going down and the sea level is going up, which means we have to pump more and more water out - how long can you do this? That is the question," said the Deltares expert.
5. HOW DOES IT APPLY TO SINGAPORE?
"Carefully engineered reclamations and flood defences including polders" could be the " best option " for Singapore, Associate Professor Adam Switzer of Nanyang Technological University's Earth Observatory of Singapore (EOS), told CNA last month.

"Land reclamation has a long history in Singapore and no doubt more reclamations will be needed in the future as Singapore grows," he added.

But polders require energy and continued upkeep to drive extensive pumping systems, added Dr Switzer. "All options need to be considered."
Additional reporting by Matthew Mohan.

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Fending off the floods - 5 things to know about polders and how they could work in Singapore

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15 Sep 2019 06:02AM (Updated: 04 May 2021 11:37AM) DELFT/NIJMEGEN, Netherlands: "If I show you around, you won't be aware that you are in a polder area," said Tjitte Nauta from Dutch research institute Deltares. Turning to me, he continued: "Where you sit is 3 metres below sea level."

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The Big Read: Without fanfare, a 40-strong team is laying the groundwork to save Singapore from sea level rise

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SINGAPORE: Many people sat up and took notice when Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong spoke at the 2019 National Day Rally about spending S$100 billion over the next 50 to 100 years to prot