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Case studies are in-depth examinations of people or groups of people. They help researchers understand an intervention's context, process and outcomes. Case studies also help researchers understand the cause-and-effect relationships between variables and the change process over time.

For a case study to qualify as qualitative research, the researcher must focus on the meaning of experiences to subjects. They then use content analysis to evaluate the data from case studies.

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Narrative research is a special type of qualitative research where respondents interpret their own experiences by telling their individual story in their own way to the researcher in an interview. Researchers explore a few participants' experiences by collecting information on their attitudes, beliefs and behaviors during specific situations. This method allows researchers to gather data from several sources at one time to identify themes or patterns. The narrative research method involves collecting stories from participants to share later. This process involves asking questions like:

What was happening?

How did it feel?

Why was this important?

What did you do next?

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In action research, the researcher participates in a situation and collects data on it. The researcher uses this data to analyze the situation and collects more data if they want to adjust the scope of the study or its results. Action research is cyclical, meaning each step involves collaboration between the study participants and the researcher. You can conduct action research at any level, including the individual, group or community level.

This type is appropriate when you want to learn how something works within its natural environment. For example, if you want to understand people's challenges while using technology at work, you can collaborate with teams in different departments to study this topic.

Related: Qualitative Researcher Skills: Definition and Examples

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The phenomenological method is a qualitative research technique that seeks to understand the meaning that people give to their experiences. This type of research uses the phenomenological inquiry method, which focuses on how individuals experience events.

Phenomenological researchers focus on subjective understanding and biases to look at what people say about themselves, rather than on objective interpretations of what participants say. This helps researchers better understand people's experiences.

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Quantitative research design is defined as a research method used in various disciplines, including social sciences, psychology, economics, and market research. It aims to collect and analyze numerical data to answer research questions and test hypotheses

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Applied research seeks to solve practical problems and enhance the existing body of knowledge by developing new procedures, products, or methodologies, often with direct real-world applications. It is focused on addressing specific challenges or improving existing solutions, thereby providing tangible benefits. Ex: antibiotics

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Basic research seeks to gain new knowledge and understanding of fundamental principles, without immediate consideration of its practical applications. It is driven by curiosity, and the pursuit of expanding knowledge. Ex: Quantum mechanics: Scientists explore the behavior of matter and energy at the most fundamental levels

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Educational research is a systematic investigation, involving the collection of information(data), to solve an educational problem or contribute to our knowledge about an educational theory or practice.

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Inductive reasoning is the process of using examples and observations to reach a conclusion. It is often referred to as "bottom-up" logic, as it moves from specific observations to broader generalizations and theories.

Deductive reasoning is a logical process in which a conclusion is based on the multiple premises that are generally assumed to be true. It moves from the general to the specific, deriving logically necessary conclusions from given information.

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The Dependent Variable is what the researcher measure to see if it changes as a result of the manipulation of the independent variable. It represent the outcome or effect in an experiment.

An Independent Variable is the factor in an experiment that the researcher intentionally manipulates or changes to observe its effect. Its considered the cause or reason for an observed effect.

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Qualitative research design typically involves gathering data through methods such as interviews, observations, focus groups, and analysis of documents or artifacts. These methods allow researchers to collect detailed, descriptive information about participants' perspectives, experiences, and contexts.

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Validity in research refers to accuracy and appropriateness of the conclusions drawn from data. It ensures that the research measures what it intends to measure and the outcomes are reflective of the studied phenomenon.

Reliability refers to the extent to which items within a survey or test consistently measure the same construct. It assesses the degree of agreement or consistency among the items. In simple terms, it tells whether the test produces consistent results with repeated applications to the same individual, over time, or parallel measures.

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A Population is a complete group of individuals, whether that group contains a nation or a group of people with a common characteristic.

A sample is a subset of a population that accurately reflects the characteristics of the entire population. It is chosen to ensure that every characteristic has an equal chance of being included.

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A system of broad principles or rules from which specific methods or procedures may be derived to interpret or solve different problems within the scope of a particular discipline. Unlike an algorithm, a methodology is not a formula but a set of practices.

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A hypothesis is a testable prediction that seeks to explain a phenomenon or make a statement about the relationship between the variables. It is formulated based on prior knowledge, observations, or theories. It serve as a starting point for scientific investigation, and their validity is assessed through observed evidence.

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A determination made by analyst that the results in the data are not explainable by chance alone. Statistical significance is the claim that a set of observed data are not the result of chance but can instead be attributed to a specific cause.

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Control Group is the group of subject that receive no treatment or a standardized treatment. Without the control group there would be nothing to compare the treatment group to.

Experimental Group is a group of participants in an experiment who are exposed to the variable being tested or manipulated by the researcher. This group is compared to a control group, which is similar to the experimental group but is not exposed to the variable. The purpose of the experimental group is to measure the effect of the variable on the participants and to determine whether there is a causal relationship between the variable and the outcome.

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Causality is the relation between an event and a second event, where the second event is understood as a consequence of the first event. In common usage, causality is the relation between a set of factors and a phenomenon.

Correlation is a statistical measure describing the extent to which two or more variables change together. It does not imply causation but indicates the strength and direction of a relationship between variables.

There are three main types of correlation:

Positive correlation: As one variable increases, the other tends to increase. Conversely, as one variable decreases, the other variable tends to decrease.

Negative correlation: As one variable increases, the other decreases, and vice versa.

No correlation: There is no apparent relationship between the variables; changes in one variable do not predict changes in the other.

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Quantitative Data is numerical information that represents quantities or counts. It can be measured and subjected to statistical analysis. This data type can be either discrete, representing distinct countable items, or continuous, representing measurable amounts.

Qualitative Data refers to non-numerical information that describes qualities or characteristics. It captures the richness and depth of phenomena, often through text, images, or sounds. This data type is typically collected through interviews, conversations, and focus groups.

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A Literature Review is a body of text that aims to review the critical knowledge points on a particular research topic. It provides an overview of the current state of knowledge, identifies gaps or inconsistencies in the literature, and highlights areas for further research.