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1. "Devices in the Classroom." Harvard University, https://bokcenter.harvard.edu/technology-and-student-distraction.Links to an external site. Accessed 11 May 2024.

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1. Riutzel, Kevin. "Cellphones in classrooms contribute to failing grades: Study." ABC News, 27 July 2018, https://abcnews.go.com/Health/cellphones-classrooms-contribute-failing-grades-study/story?id=56837614Links to an external site., Accessed 11 May 2024.

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Christie, Tim. "Study: Just being around your cellphone affects your thinking." University of Oregon, 7 Feb. 2020, https://around.uoregon.edu/content/study-just-being-around-your-cellphone-affects-your-thinking.Links to an external site. Accessed 11 May 2024

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Cellphones impede students' focus and academic performance in the college classroom.

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How do cellphones affect focus and a student's academic performance in the college classroom setting?

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Wood, Eileen, et al. “Examining the Impact of Off-Task Multi-Tasking with Technology on Real-Time Classroom Learning.” Science Direct, 3 Sept. 2011, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360131511002077Links to an external site.. Accessed 11 May 2024.

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Boudreau, Emily. "Weighing the Costs and Benefits of Cellphones in Schools." Harvard Graduate School of Education, August 10 2022, https://www.gse.harvard.edu/ideas/news/22/08/weighing-costs-and-benefits-cellphones-schools, April 27 2024.

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Huey, M., & Giguere, D. "The Impact of Smartphone Use On Course Comprehension and Psychological Well-being in the College Classroom." National Library of Medicine, 18 November 2022, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9676861/#:~:text=Although%20a%20substantial%20body%20of,even%20fewer%20have

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CMU News. "Smart phone, bad grades?" Central Michigan University, 24 September 2019, https://www.cmich.edu/news/details/smart-phone-bad-gradesLinks to an external site.. Accessed 4 May 2024.

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“Cellphone Distraction in the Classroom Can Lead to Lower Grades, Rutgers Study Finds.” Rutgers University, www.rutgers.edu/news/cellphone-distraction-classroom-can-lead-lower-grades-rutgers-study-finds. Accessed 18 May 2024.

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Most students use their phones during class

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Most students use their phones during class

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In a survey conducted by Tindell and Bohlander (2011), 92% of college students reported using their phones to send text messages during class (Harvard)

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Multitasking on smartphones leads to lower course comprehension 

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Multitasking on smartphones leads to lower course comprehension 

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Additional research on electronic devices shows that smart phones can reduce the ability to think to a person’s full potential, and additional research from Stanford University reveals that intense multitasking decreases the efficiency of completing a given task (Riutzel).

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Fighting the urge to use your phone during class may be better for concentration than not having your phone on you at all.

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Fighting the urge to use your phone during class may be better for concentration than not having your phone on you at all.

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In a study, Markowitz and colleagues found that participants without their phones had more difficulty concentrating and more mind wandering compared to those who used their phone. And those who had to resist using their phone had greater perceived concentration abilities than those who sat without their phone (Christie).

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Smartphone use is bad for memory performance when multitasking

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Smartphone use is bad for memory performance when multitasking

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When two cognitive tasks were being performed simultaneously there were decrements in performance in at least one of the tasks, namely memory performance in the present study (Wood, et al).

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A possible solution schools can use for students using their smartphones during class is making them put their devices in pouches.

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A possible solution schools can use for students using their smartphones during class is making them put their devices in pouches.

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There might be some interesting ways to balance the tradeoffs of their distractions and their benefits — something like having magnetized pouches and allowing students to take out cellphones under special circumstances (e.g., class activity, lunch) (Boudreau).

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Cellphones can not only negatively impact a student's GPA, but their mental health as well.

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Cellphones can not only negatively impact a student's GPA, but their mental health as well.

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Results found that students who physically removed their smartphones from them throughout the duration of the class had significantly higher levels of comprehension and mindfulness in the course. In addition to that, students without their smartphones had significantly lower levels of anxiety (Huey and Giguere).

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Smartphone addiction is positively correlated with poor grades

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Smartphone addiction is positively correlated with poor grades

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“Higher addictive phone use scores associated with poorer academic achievement, such as lower grades,” Domoff said (CMU News).

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Cellphone multitasking during class significantly impacts long-term retention

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Cellphone multitasking during class significantly impacts long-term retention

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The study found that having a device didn’t lower students’ scores in comprehension tests within lectures but did lower their scores in the end-of-term exam by at least 5 percent, or half a grade. This finding shows for the first time that the main effect of divided attention in the classroom is on long-term retention (Rutgers).