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Facts:

The Maouri Dolphin: This dolphin, commonly known as the Hector dolphin, is one of the smallest and rarest in the world. Hector's dolphins are endemic to the coastal waters of New Zealand. They are found mainly around the South Island, particularly along the eastern and southern coasts, and in some parts of the North Island of New Zealand.

Hector's dolphins primarily feed on small fish, squid, and crustaceans. They use echolocation to locate their prey, emitting high-frequency sounds that bounce off objects in their environment, allowing them to navigate and hunt.

Cultural significance:

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Endemic to Aotearoa (New Zealand), the Hector’s dolphins are the smallest and rarest marine dolphins in the world.

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In reading Chapter 2, I was struck by the idea that whales have the potential to intake carbon. More specifically, if resorted to their original population, they could intake as much as 110,000 hectares of forest-sized carbon.

Article:

This article provides some insight into the monetary and environmental benefits of conserving whale populations. It is said that with the whale's ability to intake carbon, their species value would equal 1 trillion dollars. (Which, in some context, can seem a bit odd due to animals being autonomous creatures). It also mentions that when whales die, they take large amounts of carbon with them to the bottom of the sea.

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Whales are known for being the largest and most intelligent creatures in the ocean. Now, marine biologists have discovered that they also capture tonnes of carbon from the atmosphere, a service with an economic value of US$1 trillion for all the great whales, according to a study published by the International Monetary Fund.

Up until now, protecting great whales has been viewed as a human good. But the International Monetary Fund research points out that protecting whales also has a monetary incentive, as it turns out whales are an important nature-based solution to capturing carbon from human emissions.

"The carbon capture potential of whales is truly startling," said the report. "Our conservative estimates put the value of the average great whale, based on its various activities, at more than US$2 million, and easily over US$1 trillion for the current stock of great whales."

Whales accumulate carbon in their bodies during their long lives, some of which stretch to 200 years. When they die, they sink to the bottom of the ocean, taking the carbon with them. According to the study, each great whale sequesters around 33 tonnes of carbon dioxide on average. A tree during the same period only contributes to 3 per cent of the carbon absorption of the whale.

Wherever whales are found, so are phytoplankton. These tiny creatures produce every second breath we take, by contributing to at least 50 per cent of all the oxygen in our atmosphere. They also capture about 37 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide or four Amazon forests' worth. Whale poop has a multiplier effect on phytoplankton as it contains iron and nitrogen, the elements phytoplankton need to grow; so, the more whales, the more oxygen.

"The findings of the International Monetary Fund report clearly show the amazing connections between some of the smallest and largest examples of life on our planet-and the importance of understanding these complex relationships not only for their intrinsic value but for the vital role nature plays in keeping us alive too," said Doreen Robinson, wildlife expert at the UN Environment Programme.

Whale populations are today a smidgen of what they once were. Biologists estimate that there are slightly more than 1.3 million whales in the ocean, a quarter of their pre-whaling number of 4 to 5 million. Some species in particular, like the blue whale, are only 3 per cent of what they used to be. To preserve and protect whale populations, we must reduce the many dangers to whales in our seas.

One way to do so would be to apply the UN-REDD Programme model for protecting forests. Recognizing that deforestation accounts for 17 per cent of carbon emissions, the UN-REDD Programme gives incentives to countries to preserve their forests as a way of keeping carbon dioxideout of the atmosphere.

"In a similar way, we can create financial mechanisms to promote the restoration of the world's whale populations," said the report's authors. "Incentives in the form of subsidies or other compensation could help those who incur significant costs as a result of whale protection. For example, shipping companies could be compensated for the cost of altered shipping routes to reduce the risk of collisions."

With the Paris Agreement coming into force next year and the effects of climate change ever more prevalent, we must prevent or reverse the harm to global whale populations now. Researchers estimate that unless new methods are put forward, it would take over 30 years to double the number of current whales, and several generations to return them to their pre-whaling numbers. "Society and our own survival can't afford to wait this long," they said.

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Whales are known for being the largest and most intelligent creatures in the ocean. Now, marine biologists have discovered that they also capture tonnes of carbon from the atmosphere, a service with an economic value of US$1 trillion for all the great whales, according to a study published by the International Monetary Fund.

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The Clymene Dolphine described in the book is portrayed as free-spirited and not shackled by anything through its unique swimming pattern. The book uses the dolphins to define legacy and the stories passed down from generation to generation. It particularly uses its movement pattern from one coast to the other to further perpetuate its ties to the history of slavery (It being transatlantic)

Article:

The article describes the dolphin as difficult to describe due to its shared characteristics, but it further points out that it expresses these characteristics through its behavior. Clymene dolphins are known for their acrobatic behavior, including leaping out of the water and spinning. They often travel in groups or pods.

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Clymene dolphins look a lot like spinners dolphins but given their heritage this is not unexpected.. Whilst identification still proves tricky from a distance, they have certain behavioural characteristics and facial markings that help set them apart.

Fantastically stream-lined, their most striking feature is their stunning tri-colour patterning on their robust bodies. Sporting a dark grey cape which gently contours into an S-shape, Clymene dolphins have pale grey sides and a white, sometimes pinkish, chin and belly. Their neatly proportioned beaks (shorter than spinners dolphins') have black tips and 'lips' and a black stripe along the top. A humorous addition, they sometimes have additional stripes around the beak, giving them a slightly moustachioed look. To complete the ensemble, they also have a dark grey stripe from the eye to the flipper.

Jutting out from their bodies Clymene dolphins' dorsal fins vary in form, from triangular to bow shaped. Their elegant flippers are slender and well-defined and, on their tales, their flukes have a distinct notch in the middle and curve upwards into neat, pointy tips.

What is life like for Clymeme dolphins?

Making use of their streamlined, aero-dynamic bodies, Clymene dolphins are the only species of dolphin (other than the aptly-named spinners) who leap from the water and spin through the air. Using their tails to propel themselves from the water, they rotate their whole bodies and perform impressive corkscrew twists. As well as their airborne displays, they also breach and bow ride, occasionally approaching boats. . Social beings, Clymene dolphins are usually found in groups of 50 or fewer and stick to deep waters away from the shore.

The total population size for the Clymene dolphin is unknown.

What do Clymene dolphins eat?

As part of their diet, Clymene dolphins tuck into a variety of small fish, including lantern fish and squid. When feeding, it's not unusual to see them alongside other small dolphins such as common and spinner dolphins

Where do Clymene dolphins live?

Fans of warmer waters, Clymene dolphins can be found in the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Ocean. Spotted as far north as New Jersey on America's east coast and as far south as southern Brazil, they can also be found off West Africa between the equator and Mauritania.

Although it's thought that certain populations of Clymene dolphins are doing well, a global population is unknown. Unfortunately, they often become fatally entangled in fishing gear and continue to be victims of intentional takes - deliberately targeted in harpoon fisheries in the Caribbean and off the coast of West Africa.

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Clymene dolphin - Whale & Dolphin Conservation USA

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Clymene dolphins look a lot like spinners dolphins but given their heritage this is not unexpected.. Whilst identification still proves tricky from a distance, they have certain behavioural characteristics and facial markings that help set them apart. Fantastically stream-lined, their most striking feature is their stunning tri-colour patterning on their robust bodies.

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Quote: "Some say that the descendants of survivors of the middle passage all have our own version of pelvic and spinal tilt, of makeshift movement, of putting our bodies back together to somehow carry what we should never have had to carry. Some say, at this point in capitalism, we are all bent by the shapes we live through, which are conducive not to life but something else." (38)

This section of the chapter covered the related health instances and the author's connection with the Bowhead whale. A notable aspect of how the whale's ability to take nutrients from their bones to grow their baleen to be able to eat more relates in a sense to the author's ability to take her own struggles with scoliosis and create new growth in her own personal life. "I do have so much fat to earn and love to offer. Wisdom even. In these bones." (39)

Article:

In choosing this article, I saw a connection to the type of theme the author wanted to put forth over our innate abilities in overcoming the struggles of life and our own abilities to gain strength from within. I think Disabled athletes do a great job representing this theme amid the Bowhead whale and the author.

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BBC Sport's Incredible Athletes series explores the inspiring stories of Paralympic hopefuls targeting medals at the 2020 Games in Tokyo.
We speak to wheelchair basketball player Matt Scott, swimmer Jessica Long, para-triathlete Melissa Stockwell, para-cyclist Ryan Boyle and shooter McKenna Dahl to discover what they aim to achieve within their sport and the lasting legacy they hope to create outside of their chosen discipline.

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Incredible Athletes: The inspiring stories of Paralympic hopefuls

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BBC Sport meets five inspiring athletes targeting medals at the 2020 Paralympic Games in Tokyo.

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Quote:

"What if school, as we used it on a daily basis, signaled not the name of a process or institution through which we could be indoctrinated, not a structure through which social capital was grasped and policed, but something more organic, like a scale of care. What if school was the scale at which we could care for each other and move together. In my view, at this moment in history, that is really what we need to learn most urgently." (43)

This chapter discusses the idea of "Schools" and their associations with the idea of community. I found it interesting how the connection between Striped Dolphins and the example of the 1990 disease inadvertently made them disperse for the time being and allowed them to reorganize and continue to keep a moderately sized School of Dolphins to which they themselves can help each other survive. (I think, in many ways, this idea of community or the people in our lives truly do uplift us when hard times come.)

Article:

This idea of community came to mind when the theme of schools was mentioned. I think the Black Panther movement and the ability the community has to overcome struggle is truly something to consider. The school lunch program seems like an idea in which caring for one another far imposes the idea of our own responsibility or desire to care for others in the name of love. The author states, " What if school was the scale at which we could care for each other and move together."

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In 1969, a group of children sat down to a free breakfast before school. On the menu: chocolate milk, eggs, meat, cereal and fresh oranges. The scene wouldn't be out of place in a school cafeteria these days-but the federal government wasn't providing the food. Instead, breakfast was served thanks to the Black Panther Party.

At the time, the militant black nationalist party was vilified in the news media and feared by those intimidated by its message of Black Power and its commitment to ending police brutality and the subjugation of Black Americans. But for students eating breakfast, the Black Panthers' politics were less interesting than the meals they were providing.

"The children, many of whom had never eaten breakfast before the Panthers started their program," the Sun Reporter wrote, "think the Panthers are 'groovy' and 'very nice' for doing this for them."

The program may have been groovy, but its purpose was to fuel revolution by encouraging black people's survival. From 1969 through the early 1970s, the Black Panthers' Free Breakfast for School Children Program fed tens of thousands of hungry kids. It was just one facet of a wealth of social programs created by the party-and it helped contribute to the existence of federal free breakfast programs today.

When Black Panther Party founders Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale founded the party in 1966, their goal was to end police brutality in Oakland. But a faction of the Civil Rights Movement led by SNCC member Stokeley Carmichael began calling for the uplift and self-determination of African-Americans, and soon Black Power was part of their platform.

At first, the Black Panther Party primarily organized neighborhood police patrols that took advantage of open-carry laws, but over time its mandate expanded to include social programs, too.

Free Breakfast For School Children was one of the most effective. It began in January 1969 at an Episcopal church in Oakland, and within weeks it went from feeding a handful of kids to hundreds. The program was simple: party members and volunteers went to local grocery stores to solicit donations, consulted with nutritionists on healthful breakfast options for children, and prepared and served the food free of charge.

School officials immediately reported results in kids who had free breakfast before school. "The school principal came down and told us how different the children were," Ruth Beckford, a parishioner who helped with the program, said later. "They weren't falling asleep in class, they weren't crying with stomach cramps."

Soon, the program had been embraced by party outposts nationwide. At its peak, the Black Panther Party fed thousands of children per day in at least 45 programs. (Food wasn't the only part of the BPP's social programs; they expanded to cover everything from free medical clinics to community ambulance services and legal clinics.)

For the party, it was an opportunity to counter its increasingly negative image in the public consciousness-an image of intimidating Afroed Black men holding guns-while addressing a critical community need. "I mean, nobody can argue with free grits," said filmmaker Roger Guenveur Smith in A Huey P. Newton Story, a 2001 film in which he portrays Newton.

Free food seemed relatively innocuous, but not to FBI head J. Edgar Hoover, who loathed the Black Panther Party and declared war against them in 1969. He called the program "potentially the greatest threat to efforts by authorities to neutralize the BPP and destroy what it stands for," and gave carte blanche to law enforcement to destroy it.

The results were swift and devastating. FBI agents went door-to-door in cities like Richmond, Virginia, telling parents that BPP members would teach their children racism. In San Francisco, writes historian Franziska Meister, parents were told the food was infected with venereal disease; sites in Oakland and Baltimore were raided by officers who harassed BPP members in front of terrified children, and participating children were photographed by Chicago police.

"The night before [the first breakfast program in Chicago] was supposed to open," a female Panther told historian Nik Heynan, "the Chicago police broke into the church and mashed up all the food and urinated on it."

Ultimately, these and other efforts to destroy the Black Panthers broke up the program. In the end, though, the public visibility of the Panthers' breakfast programs put pressure on political leaders to feed children before school. The result of thousands of American children becoming accustomed to free breakfast, former party member Norma Amour Mtume told Eater, was the government expanded its own school food programs.

Though the USDA had piloted free breakfast efforts since the mid 1960s, the program only took off in the early 1970s-right around the time the Black Panthers' programs were dismantled. In 1975, the School Breakfast Program was permanently authorized. Today, it helps feed over 14.57 million children before school-and without the radical actions of the Black Panthers, it may never have happened.

Fact Check

We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate.

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How the Black Panthers' Breakfast Program Both Inspired and Threatened the Government | HISTORY

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In 1969, a group of children sat down to a free breakfast before school. On the menu: chocolate milk, eggs, meat, cereal and fresh oranges. The scene wouldn't be out of place in a school cafeteria these days-but the federal government wasn't providing the food. Instead, breakfast was served thanks to the Black Panther Party.

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Quote:

"I wonder why sometimes we congregate with those who have been hurt in ways that look similar to how we have been hurt. About how we sometimes (me too) name identities and even whole organizations based on our scars. And how sometimes those of us with similar vulnerabilities are the ones who scar each other. I wonder sometimes about what keeps us close, in a hurting world shaped by intimate violence. In a world that cuts systemically and deep."

This chapter looked at the similarity between the Pacific White-sided dolphins, their shared experiences of being treated poorly in the ocean, and how they tend to congregate together. I would say the author's point of view, in which we tend to stick to those who we share scars with, is a real experience and idea.

Article:

In choosing an article over the concept of intergenerational Trauma and the impacts it has had on the Black Community. I think it is a true example of how even in our own shared fight against the powers of evil and oppression, even our community is stuck with the hate and bitterness caused by others and inadvertently spreads to our loved ones without even a second thought.

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Black communities have been dealing with collective trauma for generations, but there is more support for this than ever before.

Trauma is a deeply complex emotional response, one often discussed in a solitary light, as something that affects people on an individual level. But for Black, Indigenous, and People of Color communities, especially Black communities, trauma isn't just an individual experience ― it's a collective experience that affects all the communities.

But how does trauma manifest for Black communities, and what can we do to lessen the impact of that experience? Below, we spoke with experts on what collective trauma can look like in Black communities and how we can transform and heal that trauma to enact real, meaningful change.

"The term 'collective trauma,' or 'community trauma,' refers to the psychological reactions to a traumatic event that affect an entire community or group of people," Yolo Akili Robinson, founder and executive director of Black Emotional and Mental Health Collective (BEAM), tells Healthline. "Just as trauma creates a number of responses in an individual, collective or community trauma creates these responses for communities."

Black communities have been experiencing collective trauma for centuries, trauma that stems from a long history of enslavement and abuse in the United States. But this trauma isn't just a past event ― it links to pervasive structural, systemic, and institutional racism, which has a significant impact on the lived experiences of Black people in the U.S. today.

"Traumatic events continue to impact and shape the perspectives of individuals and feelings of mistrust in government, social service, and healthcare entities, which impedes meaningful community engagement," Kimberly Rawlinson, CHW program manager at the Center for Community Health Alignment (CCHA), tells Healthline.

Rawlinson explains that when communities of people, like Black communities, experience traumatic events, it significantly affects their health and well-being at both the individual and community levels. "These events also impact how individuals perceive institutions and systems that have intentionally done harm, more harm than good," she shares.

The health impact of trauma on Black communities

"We see the impacts of community trauma in many ways in the Black community," continues Rawlinson. "Many of the health disparities that affect both Black and Brown communities are rooted in systemic and structural racism across many entities/sectors." And this structural racism is one of the primary drivers of social determinants of health, she explains.

For example, research has shown that African Americans have the highest risk and frequency of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) than any other racial or ethnic group. But even in Black folks seeking mental health care, studies find that experiencing oppression and discrimination ― even outside of a healthcare setting ― actually prevents them from receiving the care they need.

Healthcare disparities that show a lack of access to healthcare services and racial bias from professionals are some reasons why Black communities continue to experience disproportionately worse healthcare outcomes.

The social impact of trauma on Black communities

Trauma doesn't just affect healthcare-related situations, either. "Issues of racism and inequities that are still very present today contribute to the many social issues that our communities face," shares Rawlinson. We only have to look as far as recent police killings of Black people in the U.S. to see that very clearly.

"Research has shown that after police killings of Black people, Black folks report more distressing and difficult mental health days," Robinson says. "From contributing to anxiety and fear of ourselves or our loved ones being harmed to contributing to feelings of despair and hopelessness about racial justice in our world ― police violence directly impacts the mental health of Black folks."

And past and present events shape the sentiment in Black communities, says Rawlinson, sharing the experience from one CCHA-led community engagement project. "In talking with the communities that participated, two communities shared examples of specific traumatic events such as the Lamar Bus Riot and the Orangeburg Massacre that continue to shape the perspectives of residents and their feelings of mistrust," she says.

Intergenerational trauma describes the effects of trauma that have trickled down through various generations. For tens of millions of Black people in the U.S., intergenerational and collective trauma go hand-in-hand. But whether collective or generational, trauma can be healed ― we just need to take a few steps first, according to Robinson.

First, Robinson explains that we must abolish "systems that perpetuate generational harm," such as prisons and punishment-based education systems, and replace them with care and restoration-centered interventions that focus on "wellness, living wages, free healthcare, [and] transformative justice practices."

He explains that we must also make efforts on a community level, not just a systemic level, to introduce "new patterns of relating, framing emotions, and healing" that Black communities can practice and share with each other.

Relying on your community

"Both of these tenements are what BEAM does in our work ― creating collective change through shifting practices and supporting advocacy for the transformation of trauma-producing systems," Robinson says.

"Our Black Mental Health & Healing Justice Training, for example, helps community members practice new tools and framing for crisis support while also interrogating the history of racism, psychiatry, and psychology in this country and further affirming their experiences but also giving context to why we have mental health challenges in our community.

"We also have programs like our Black Parent Support Fund, which gives direct economic support to Black parents living with mental distress ― the compounding forces of discrimination and rising costs of living produce more pressure on our folks, which in turn amplifies mental health distress," he continues.

Rawlinson also emphasizes the importance of community intervention and input. "Communities should be invited to be a part of the decision making processes to determine what is needed to address the traumas of their communities," she says, something that CCHA does through their community engagement projects.

Ultimately, the goal is equity ― giving Black communities exactly what they need to heal. "Every effort should be made to ensure that equitable policies, structures, and practices are put into place," Rawlinson explains. "Intentional and meaningful approaches to include those who are most impacted by inequities will help lead to reduced health disparities and healthier and thriving communities."

"Collective trauma is a real concern, and as we become more clear that it is, we have to recognize that we cannot 'one-on-one' therapy our way out of this mental health crisis," shares Robinson. Organizations like BEAM provide those collective, community-level group interventions that Robinson emphasizes are so crucial ― interventions that are built by and for Black communities.

"We need the funding to go to the folks who are already doing the work ― those who show up without the dollars, on the streets, in the churches, and at the barbershops, because they believe in our people," he says. "Not because they are trying to grab ahold of and exploit a cultural moment to make themselves look good."

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We speak with two experts on mental health and trauma recovery in Black communities to see how we go there and where we're going.

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Quote:

"Alexis De Veaux teaches of reflection and Black feminist solidarity. Of how the self is not an individual unit for success within the system that exists, but a collective Black interface seeking something else. Listening darkly. It is an invitation to find in each “other” exactly what we are afraid of finding in our “selves.”

Article: In reading chapter 7 and looking at the theme of being present, I thought it would be cool to look into Black feminist solidarity and the related topics of social economy. In the context of the article, I could see how the expression and fight to be in a social economy is essential when considering the lack of help or desire to acknowledge the struggle for people's identity.

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"So whereas the Miami Seaquarium says that an orca named “Lolita” is a beloved attraction for all ages, and is safer in the smallest cell to ever hold an orca than she would be in her resident home in the Salish Sea, I add my voice to the voices of her Lummi relatives and say, that’s not her name. And it never was. This summer the Lummi had a naming ceremony for this whale, who is sometimes known as Tokitae. Her new and sacred name is Sk’aliCh’elh-tenaut, a name that refers to a native village near the range in which she would live if she had never been captured, a group of people with whom she could have been in a tangible sacred relationship, a name, which as I read it, means home." (57)

This chapter discussed resilience extensively. I think this article on the story of Native American children and the stripping of identity is quite closely related to the name/identity of the Orca mentioned in this chapter. Also, the aspects of the Weddell seal also give light to the animal being its authentic self amid its own circumstances.

It seems that the author brings to the point that even amid external change, ultimately, it is we who decide to keep being ourselves. (just as how the article explains the lives of the native children)

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SOUTH KINGSTOWN - They were children, including some from Rhode Island, who were removed from their families and sent to distant boarding schools where they were stripped of their ancestral languages, foods, cultures and identities.

Ethnic cleansing on U.S. soil, in other words.

Some children did not return home for years.

Some never did.

They were thousands of Native Americans from hundreds of tribes, including Rhode Island's Narragansetts, who the federal government starting in the 1870s intended to remake into "civilized" members of society by erasing their "Indianness."

And now that shameful story is being told in a national touring exhibit - "Away from Home: American Indian Boarding School Stories" - that comes to Rhode Island on Wednesday at the University of Rhode Island.

Trauma, but also faith and resilience

"This is a very big exhibit with photographs, audio, video and three-dimensional exhibit pieces that speak to the schools and speak to the experience of Native students," said Lorén Spears, (Narragansett-Niantic), executive director of the Tomaquag Museum, which is hosting the Rhode Island stop of the national tour.

"It includes the trauma of that experience, the forced assimilative practices, the idea of taking our children from our families and communities from the East to the West and sending them to various boarding schools," Spears said. "The most famous is probably Carlisle Boarding School, and we have documentation of Narragansett children at Carlisle," which operated from 1879 through 1918 in an old Army barracks in Carlisle, Pennsylvania.

"It's an important story to tell about that forced assimilative practice," Spears said, "the cutting of our hair, the changing of our clothes, the forced use of English, the forced Christianization, the introduction to new foods that weren't necessarily agreeable to our bodies, the violence that took place when people were not following the rules of being indoctrinated. If people didn't speak the English, they got whipped or punished in severe ways."
'A place of remembrance':Narragansett Indian Tribe sees return of land marking the Great Swamp Massacre
Nonetheless, some Indians who attended boarding schools prevailed.

"Native Americans responded to the often tragic boarding school experience in complex and nuanced ways," according to Tomaquag. "Stories of student resistance, accommodation, creative resolve, devoted participation, escape, and faith in one's self and heritage speak individually across eras."

A fateful encounter: What you learned about the 'first Thanksgiving' isn't true. Here's the real story.

URI and Tomaquag Museum bring exhibit to New England

"Away From Home" was organized by the Heard Museum in Phoenix, and since its 2020 launch, has been shown in Kansas, Texas, Oregon, Pennsylvania and Michigan. The sixth stop, in Rhode Island, is the first time it will be shown in New England and the second hosted by a Native-led organization. It is made possible by NEH on the Road, an initiative of the National Endowment for the Humanities and Mid-America Arts Alliance.

Where and when

The exhibit, at URI's University Club, 95 Upper College Rd. in Kingston, will be open from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. Tuesdays through Saturdays through its final day, Jan. 7. Admission is free with group visits available by appointment, but attendance by young children is not encouraged.
It all began in 1958 with Princess Red Wing: RI's only Native museum gives witness to those erased by history
"'Away From Home' contains stories of resilience and revitalization, agency and honor," according to Tomaquag. "Please be aware that it also contains descriptions of human indignities and hardships and terms that reflect historically racist perspectives and language from past eras. In speaking the truth about acts of seemingly unfathomable violence and suffering in the lives of Native peoples, the exhibition is advised for more mature audience members, grades eight to adult."

The exhibit is the latest in a series of URI-Tomaquag collaborations. In February, the university and museum announced plans for a new Tomaquag home on land owned by URI.

See more about "Away From Home" at https://www.tomaquagmuseum.org/events-2

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'Away From Home' exhibit tells the story of Native children stripped of their identity

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The exhibit at URI tells of Native American children removed from their families and sent to distant boarding schools to erase their "Indianness."

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"How would we spend our time if we realized that the conflicts we are experiencing now urgently demand that we create a more loving world as soon as possible?"

This chapter discussed conflict; for the better part of the chapter, I was pretty curious about how sea lions fight. But nonetheless, it is interesting to see how sea lions continue to perpetuate conflict. The video linked above demonstrates, well, sea lions fighting.

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"According to Morin, the whale is so mysterious that it has never been seen alive. He told the BBC that it is rare to wash up on shore if it dies. “If they do die…” he said, “they are far away from shore.” (Does that mean he thinks that it’s possible that they don’t die?) I’m here for the mystery as much as anyone else. But I wonder sometimes about the manufacture of novelty. " (69)

In looking at chapter 10 and its theme of boundary, I thought it was interesting to see its mention of sleep and its ability to be used as a torture device. Overall, the idea of a sleepful boundary in the context of a social setting was also something that I had never considered. I think, in general, the idea of a boundary is true to protect ourselves; the example of the Giant Beaked whale comes to mind when looking at its caution in going to the shore.

Article:

In looking at the article it details the numerous devices used to torture individuals suspected of terrorism after 9/11.

It details methods like sleep deprivation and threats to family. The detainees, "Mohammed Ahmed Mohammed al-Shoroeiya and Khalid al-Sharif, stated that they were denied sleep by continuous, deafeningly loud Western music played from speakers right next to their ears."

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After the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States, the US government authorized the use of so-called "enhanced interrogation techniques" on terrorism suspects in US custody. For years US officials, pointing to Department of Justice memorandums authorizing these techniques, denied that they constituted torture. But many clearly do: International bodies and US courts have repeatedly found that "waterboarding" and other forms of mock execution by asphyxiation constitute torture and are war crimes,[1] Other authorized techniques, including stress positions, hooding during questioning, deprivation of light and auditory stimuli, and use of detainees' individual phobias (such as fear of dogs) to induce stress, violate the protections afforded all persons in custody - whether combatants or civilians - under the laws of armed conflict and international human rights law, and can amount to torture or "cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment."[2] Accordingly, the United Nations Committee against Torture and the UN Special Rapporteur on Torture have clearly stated that these techniques are torture.[3]

US President Barack Obama has acknowledged that the US used torture as part of the CIA's post 9/11 interrogation program, and has said that waterboarding constitutes torture.[4] However, many current and former US officials still argue that the "enhanced interrogation techniques" were not torture.[5] The recent release of the summary of the Senate Intelligence Committee's report on the CIA's detention and interrogation program has heightened debate around this issue.

The claims of those who argue these techniques did not constitute torture are contradicted by past US statements criticizing other countries for using those same techniques. Below are some examples of such statements, drawn from the US Department of State's annual Human Rights Reports.

The State Department's 2003-2007 Human Rights Reports on Sri Lanka classified "near-drowning" as among "methods of torture." In the reports on Tunisia from 1996 to 2004, "submersion of the head in water" is classified as "torture."[6]

The United States government has officially acknowledged waterboarding only three detainees: Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, Abu Zubaydah, and Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri. Mohammed was waterboarded 183 times, Zubaydah 83 times, and al-Nashiri twice.[7]

In Human Rights Watch's 2012 report Delivered into Enemy Hands, detainee Mohammed Shoroeiya described being repeatedly waterboarded during interrogations in Afghanistan. Another detainee cited in the same report, Sharif, said he was subjected to a similar method of water suffocation where he was made to lie down in a plastic sheet filled with icy water while wearing a hood as jugs of freezing water were poured over his nose and mouth. Their accounts contradict statements about the practice from senior US officials, such as former CIA Director Michael Hayden, who testified to the Senate that the CIA waterboarded only three individuals.

Human Rights Watch's 2011 report Getting Away with Torture details the numerous times US courts found that waterboarding, or variations of it, constitutes torture and is a war crime. Examples include a congressional inquiry of the early 1900s US occupation of the Philippines that led to the court martialing of several US soldiers, and several US military commissions in the World War II Pacific Theater which found that variants of waterboarding constituted torture.

Stress Positions, Forced Standing, Forced Nudity

The State Department's 2006 Human Rights Report on Jordan deemed subjecting detainees to "forced standing in painful positions for prolonged periods" as torture.[8] In its 2000, 2001 and 2002 reports on Iran, "suspension for long periods in contorted positions" is described as torture.[9] In the 2002 report on Sri Lanka, "suspension by the wrists or feet in contorted positions" and remaining in "unnatural positions for extended periods" are described as "methods of torture."[10] In the 2005 report on North Korea, "being forced to kneel or sit immobilized for long periods, being hung by one's wrists, being forced to stand up and sit down to the point of collapse" is classified as a method of torture. The 2005 Egypt reports cited the stripping and blindfolding of prisoners among the "principal methods of torture."[11]

According to a report by the International Committee of the Red Cross, some detainees in US custody were subjected to "[p]rolonged stress standing position, naked, held with the arms extended and chained above the head ... for periods from two or three days continuously, and for up to two or three months intermittently, during which period toilet access was sometimes denied resulting in allegations from four detainees that they had to defecate and urinate over themselves." Many of the detainees also described being subjected to extended periods of nudity, ranging from several weeks to several months.

In Human Rights Watch's Delivered into Enemy Hands, five former detainees in CIA custody described being chained to walls naked - sometimes while diapered - in pitch black, windowless cells, for weeks or months; restrained in painful stress positions for long periods; and forced into cramped spaces.

As Human Rights Watch detailed in Getting Away with Torture, stress positions were among a number of interrogation and detention techniques authorized for use by the Bush administration.

Threats of Harm to Person, Family

In the 2006 report on Turkey,"threats to detainees or family members," and "mock executions" are classified as torture. In the 2006 report on Jordan, "threats of extreme violence or sexual or physical abuse of family members" are deemed as torture. In the 2002 report on Iraq, "threats to rape or otherwise harm family members and relatives" is considered torture.

According to a 2009 CIA Inspector General's report, during interrogations a CIA debriefer put an unloaded semi-automatic handgun to detainee Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri's head, and also turned a power drill on and off to frighten him while he was naked and hooded. Interrogators also made threats against Nashiri's family, telling him, "We can get your mother in here," and, "We can get your family in here." In the ICRC report Nashiri also alleges that interrogators threatened to sodomize him and rape his family.

The CIA report also states that interrogators told Khalid Sheikh Mohammed: "We're going to kill your children."

Sleep Deprivation, Use of Loud Music

In the 2005 and 2006 reports on Indonesia, Iran, Jordan, Libya, Saudi Arabia and Turkey, sleep deprivation was classified as torture.[12] In the 2002 State Department report on Pakistan, denial of sleep is described as a "common torture method."[13] The 2002 report on Turkey lists "loud music" as a "torture method."

In Human Rights Watch's Delivered into Enemy Hands , detainees Mohammed Ahmed Mohammed al-Shoroeiya and Khalid al-Sharif stated that they were denied sleep by continuous, deafeningly loud Western music played from speakers right next to their ears.

The ICRC report details various methods used against detainees for sleep deprivation, from the continuous blaring of loud music or hissing noises to long interrogations and stress positions.[14] Abu Zubaydah, also known to have been held by the CIA, claimed that sometimes as he was falling asleep guards would splash water in his face to keep him awake.[15]

Prolonged Solitary Confinement, Confinement in Small Space

In the 2005 and 2006 reports on Jordan, "extended solitary confinement" is classified as "torture."[16] The 2002 report on Iraq described "extended solitary confinement in dark and extremely small compartments" as torture. In the 2005 report on North Korea, "being forced to kneel or sit immobilized for long periods, being hung by one's wrists, being forced to stand up and sit down to the point of collapse" is classified as a method of torture. In the 2002 report on China, "prolonged periods of solitary confinement" and "incommunicado detention" are listed as torture.

The ICRC report describes how detainees were kept in prolonged solitary confinement and incommunicado detention (with no access to family or attorneys) for periods ranging from 16 months to as long as four-and-a-half years.

In Delivered into Enemy Hands , detainees describe being held in very small cells for prolonged periods of solitary confinement and incommunicado detention through much of their imprisonment.

Getting Away with Torture describes the CIA's secret detention program as entailing "prolonged incommunicado detention."

[5] Jose Rodriguez, former chief of the Central Intelligence Agency's clandestine operations, recently said of the CIA's enhanced interrogation program for example, that "it worked because it was not torture ("Watching 'Zero Dark Thirty' with the CIA: Separating Fact from Fiction," Moderated Discussion at American Enterprise Institute Transcript, January 29, 2013, http://www.aei.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/-event-transcript_111915959376.pdf

(accessed December 5, 2014); Senate Intelligence Committee Vice-Chairman Saxby Chambliss has disputed the use of the term "torture" to describe the CIA's enhanced interrogation program and said that waterboarding is "not torture, (Sandy Fitzgerald, "Saxby Chambliss: Senate Probe of CIA Interrogations "a Mistake,'" Newsmax August 3, 2014, http://www.newsmax.com/Newsfront/Chambliss-hacking-probe-CIA/2014/08/03/id/586557/ (accessed December 5, 2014); Former US President George W. Bush has also said that "enhanced interrogation techniques" authorized by the Justice Department were legal and that waterboarding is not torture (see "Waterboarding is Torture, Downing Street Confirms," The Guardian, November 9, 2010, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/09/george-bush-memoirs-waterboarding (accessed December 5, 2014).

[7] Testimony of Michael Hayden in front of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, February 5, 2008, http://www.intelligence.senate.gov/pdfs/110824.pdf, p. 71-72. CIA Office of the Inspector General, "Special Review: Counterterrorism Detention and Interrogation Activities (September 2001 - October 2003)," May 7, 2004, declassified in August 2009, http://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/politics/20090825-DETAIN/2004CIAIG.pdf (accessed July 2, 2012), ("CIA OIG report"), p. 90-91.

[14] ICRC, Regional Delegation for United States and Canada, "ICRC Report on the Treatment of Fourteen "High Value Detainees" in CIA Custody," p. 9, 29.

Your tax deductible gift can help stop human rights violations and save lives around the world.

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After the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States, the US government authorized the use of so-called "enhanced interrogation techniques" on terrorism suspects in US custody. For years US officials, pointing to Department of Justice memorandums authorizing these techniques, denied that they constituted torture.

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In reading chapter 11, the idea of hair and body is mentioned early on with walruses. I think it was very interesting to see how the use of whiskers played an essential part in their ecological functions for walruses. I would say the Author also indicated a sense of uniqueness to our own individual marking of hair to represent similar uses in our own lives.

Article:

This article explains how walruses use their sensory organs and eating habits to survive. It details their reliance on whiskers for hunting, the powerful suction they use to feed, and their adaptation to cold environments.

Nonetheless, Walruses have poor eyesight but compensate with excellent hearing and sensitive whiskers. They use these to locate and consume prey like clams, often consuming thousands in one sitting. Global warming threatens their habitat by reducing ice shelves, crucial for resting between dives.

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Walruses do an excellent job of locating and consuming prey, but it's not because of good eyesight. The walrus's two eyes, on the front (not the sides) of its round head, don't provide especially good vision. Instead, other senses do the bulk of the work. A walrus's ears -- two small openings with protective flaps -- can detect noises up to a mile (1.6 km) away. Walrus noses are sensitive enough to detect the approach of predators and to identify young. In addition, a walrus possesses anywhere from 400 to 700 whiskers in 13 to 15 rows around the nose. The whiskers, also known as vibrissae, are attached to muscles and are supplied with blood and nerves, which makes them highly sensitive.

Walruses use these sensitive whiskers to locate prey. They hunt with their noses to the sea floor, squirting water out of their nostrils to stir up burrowing prey. Walruses generally forage in groups at depths between 33 feet and 164 feet (10 m-50 m) and seem to prefer clams as a food source. Walruses are not picky, though. They'll eat pretty much any bottom dweller including worms, snails, crabs and sea cucumbers. When a walrus does locate some shelled prey, it uses its mouth as a vacuum to suck the animal right out of the shell. The suction is so powerful that walruses in captivity have sucked holes in plywood and stripped paint from walls [source: Vlessides]. Walruses do not chew their food, but simply swallow it whole. A grown walrus can consume 3,000-6,000 clams in one sitting. In fact, walruses consume approximately 4.2 percent to 6.2 percent of their body weight each day [source: Burns].

So how do walruses eat underwater for so long without air? And how do they tolerate frigid water temperatures? Keep reading to learn how walruses have adapted to endure the harsh climate.

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Walrus Sensory Organs and Eating - Walrus sensory organs include long whiskers which are used to find food along the ocean floor. Learn more about walrus sensory organs.

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In reading chapter 12 discussed the aspects of capitalism and its immense influence over the ecological systems in the ocean. It is certain that fishing has negatively hunted species and increased the likelihood of fish or larger animals like dolphins being endangered.

Article:

The article discusses how human overfishing has led to the depletion of fish stocks, causing starvation in marine animals like dolphins, sharks, and seabirds. This ecological imbalance highlights the urgent need for sustainable fishing practices to protect marine biodiversity. Human overfishing significantly impacts marine life by depleting the primary food sources for dolphins, sharks, and seabirds. This overexploitation of fish stocks leads to starvation and a decline in these species populations.

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The Canadian Press · Posted: Mar 02, 2009 11:56 AM EST | Last Updated: March 2, 2009

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Human overfishing starves dolphins, sharks, seabirds: study | CBC News

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Dolphins, sharks and other large marine species around the world are going hungry as they seek out dwindling supplies of the small, overlooked species they feed on, according to a new study that says overfishing is draining their food sources.

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This chapter explores the nature of marine mammals and how their ability to evade observation can serve as a metaphor for marginalized human experiences. It delves into the behaviors of various whale and dolphin species, drawing connections between their survival tactics and the concepts of resistance in human society.

Article:

In summarizing this article, Minke whales' have streamlined bodies and pointed heads make them agile swimmers capable of quick movements. They have a diverse diet, feeding on a variety of fish and krill. They are found globally, with distinct populations in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Their population is relatively stable despite threats from whaling and environmental changes. It is interesting to see how, amid the minke's abilities and agility, it is actually an animal that is hard to find and study.

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References

Show / Hide References

1. Committee on Taxonomy. List of marine mammal species and subspecies. Society for Marine Mammalogy, www.marinemammalscience.org, consulted on 11 october 2017. (2017).

2. Perrin, W. F. & Brownell Jr, R. L. Minke whales Balaenoptera acutorostrata and B. bonaerensis in Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals (eds W. Perrin, B. Wursig, & J.G.M. Thewissen) 733-735 (Elsevier, 2009).

3. Reilly, S. B. et al. Balaenoptera acutorostrata in I IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (http://www.iucnredlist.org/det... Downloaded on 9 October 2017, 2008).

4. Williams, R. et al. Counting whales in a challenging, changing environment. Scientific reports 4 (2014).

5. Jefferson, T. A., Webber, M. A. & Pitman, R. L. Marine Mammals of the World: a Comprehensive Guide to their Identification. Second Edition. (San Diego: Academic Press, 2015).

6. Knowlton, A. R. et al. Effects of fishing rope strength on the severity of large whale entanglements. Conservation Biology, n/a-n/a, doi:10.1111/cobi.12590 (2015).

7. Van Waerebeek, K. et al. Spatial and temporal distribution of the minke whale, Balaenoptera acutorostrata (Lacécepède, 1804), in the southern northeast Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, with reference to stock identity. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 1, 223-237 (1999).

8. Aono, S., Tanabe, S., Fujise, Y., Kato, H. & Tatsukawa, R. Persistent organochlorines in minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) and their prey species from the Antarctic and the North Pacific. Environmental Pollution 98, 81-89, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-... (1997).

9. Kleivane, L. & Skaare, J. U. Organochlorine contaminants in northeast Atlantic minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata). Environmental Pollution 101, 231-239, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-... (1998).

10. Moon, H.-B. et al. Chlorinated and brominated contaminants including PCBs and PBDEs in minke whales and common dolphins from Korean coastal waters. Journal of Hazardous Materials 179, 735-741, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhaz... (2010).

11. Punt, A. E., Bando, T., Hakamada, T. & Kishiro, T. Assessment of Antarctic minke whales using Statistical Catch-at-age Analysis. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 14, 93-116 (2014).

12. Parsons, E. From whaling to whale watching: a history of cetaceans in Scotland. Glasgow Naturalist 25, 53-57 (2012).

13. Christiansen, F., Rasmussen, M. & Lusseau, D. Whale watching disrupts feeding activities of minke whales on a feeding ground. Marine Ecology Progress Series 478, 239-251 (2013).

14. Williams, R. & Thomas, L. Distribution and abundance of marine mammals in the coastal waters of British Columbia, Canada. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 9, 15-28 (2007).

15. Birtles, R., Arnold, P. & Dunstan, A. Commercial swim programs with dwarf minke whales on the northern Great Barrier Reef, Australia: some characteristics of the encounters with management implications. Australian Mammalogy 24, 23-38 (2002).

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Show / Hide References Committee on Taxonomy. List of marine mammal species and subspecies. Society for Marine Mammalogy, www.marinemammalscience.org, consulted on 11 october 2017. (2017). Perrin, W. F. & Brownell Jr, R. L. Minke whales Balaenoptera acutorostrata and B. bonaerensis in Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals (eds W. Perrin, B.

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This chapter explores the relationship between humans and the environment through the lens of various dolphin species and the prehistoric Livyatan melvillei, a whale ancestor. It delves into themes of trust, surrender, and the wisdom of natural cycles, contrasting the destructive tendencies of past species with the potential for humans to harmonize with nature. Overall, the author reflects on the vulnerability and strength of surrendering to natural rhythms, advocating for a profound connection with the environment.

Article: In choosing this article over the tucuxi dolphin, the idea of surrender came to mind with how intentional these small dolphins are when interacting with the differing levels of water. The quote, "What if I could do that? Time the water inside me to the greater cycle of tides, to the memory of flood, to the ebb of my context. What if I could keep nurturing this possibility while the river contracts? Could I cultivate faith that rain will return to my life when I need it? That the resources are gathering somewhere beyond where I swim?". In a sense, this quote adds to that surrendering aspect to nature and allows its healing or harmonizing effect to impact us.

However, the article's related contents, which detail facts about the Tucuxi Dolphin, its migratory habits, and acrobatic capabilities, are quite interesting. Especially when considering how Freeing they seem to be.

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The tucuxi dolphin is a small to midsize freshwater dolphin that can be found living throughout the amazon river.

While these dolphins are acrobatic they are not particularly known to approach or interact with humans when given the opportunity to.

The tucuxi dolphin is a marine mammal that belongs to the cetacean family, which consists of over 80 different species and are part of the toothed whale suborder.

Physical Characteristics and Appearance

The tucuxi dolphin is closely related to the costero dolphin, but resembles the bottlenose dolphin in terms of appearance, although it has a slightly smaller frame than the bottlenose dolphin.

This dolphin can grow to an average length of between 4 1/2 - 6 ft in length and can weigh more than 120 pounds when fully matured.

In terms of color these dolphins are a light gray color with the fin, skull, upper snout, fins and flukes being slightly darker than the sides and lower half of the dolphins body.

Diet and Hunting Methods

The typical diet for the tucuxi dolphin consists of a variety of fish and shrimp.

During feeding periods these dolphins have been known to feed in small groups of up to 15, however the group size of various feeding pods are largely determined by area, food supply and social structure.

As with other species of dolphin echolocation plays an important role in their ability to locate potential prey and find their way around the ocean in the dark.

Social Structure and Communication

These dolphins have been observed performing a number of acrobatic behaviors from tail slapping to leaping out of the water and performing somersaults.

They often prefer to travel in dolphin pods consisting of less than 20 dolphins, but may form into larger pods during certain social events.

While these dolphins are social among one another they do appear to be known to frequently and openly approach humans as other species of dolphin have been known to do.

In order to communicate with one another these dolphins use a variety of clicks and whistles to communicate nearby danger, a desire to mate, to inform other dolphin about the location of food and to communicate a number of other desires.

Mating, Reproduction and Lifespan

The gestation period for the tucuxi dolphin is around 11 - 12 months.

Once the child is born the mother will produce milk which her child suckles from her nipple until the child is old enough to begin taking in solid foods and can hunt for food on its own.

The age of sexual maturity for this species is unconfirmed but it is likely that these dolphins will reach sexual maturity between the ages of 5 - 12 at which they may begin bearing offspring of their own.

A healthy tucuxi dolphin is estimated to have a lifespan up to 35 years of age.

Habitat and Migration

The tucuxi dolphin can be found swimming in a number of areas throughout the amazon river including Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Nicaragua and Peru as well as a number of other locations found along the amazon river.

Threats and Predators

Because the tucuxi dolphin lives in the rivers of amazon they do face threats from being caught in fishing nets and being struck by boats.

They also face threats from man-made constructions such as dams and other large obstructions.

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Tucuxi Dolphin Facts | Anatomy, Diet, Migration and Reproduction

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The tucuxi dolphin is a small to midsize freshwater dolphin that can be found living throughout the amazon river. While these dolphins are acrobatic they are not particularly known to approach or interact with humans when given

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This chapter provides profound insights on how to dive deep beneath the surface of current events by drawing parallels to the behaviors of sperm whales and the ocean's depth. It looks at the importance of intentional breathing, mental clarity, listening, and the ability to return after deep introspection.

Quote:

"And what about us? How do we stay deep when distracting distractions distract us (like racists being racist for racist reasons)? How do you keep your swim bladder level right so you don’t float out of school formation?" (97)

Article:

Looking at the academic Book Elements of Marine Ecology, one of the chapters heavily focuses on the aspects of DSL (Deep scattering layer), which chapter 15 of Undrowned mentions. Overall, the article closely touches upon DVM (diel vertical migration) and the importance of DSL in showing the existence of zooplankton migrating at certain times of the day. It was interesting to see how the Author connected the idea of a layer sustaining us even if we aren't sure of its existence.

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Quote: "In fact, in the first report of interspecies cetacean adoption in the open ocean, a lost melon-headed whale adopted a pod of common bottlenose dolphins. A mother, a sister, and the whole family. The adoptive mother has been attentive and nurturing. The adoptive sister has been appropriately annoyed. Punkinhead studied the behaviors of this new family and rather quickly learned the line dances and their particular rules for spades. Who knows? Maybe next year Punkinhead will bring the potato salad to the cookout, or the rice and peas to the boat race, or the fufu to the village wedding, the roti for… What was I saying? Y’all hungry? Oh yes. I love the way you live a layered Blackness where Black meets Black across itself as Black. How you make family out of need and tradition out of what is left and found." (102)

Article

In looking at chapter 16 and seeing many reoccurring themes of family and chosen family I thought it was interesting to see the connection in which the dolphins represented with Black culture. Nonetheless, I decided to do some more research on the aforementioned dolphins adopting other species of dolphins. It's quite interesting to see how Dolphins have attachment habits just as much as humans do.

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Until recently, the only scientifically documented case of interspecies adoption among wild mammals dated to 2006, when primatologist Patrícia Izar spotted a group of capuchin monkeys raising a baby marmoset as one of their own.

Now, a new study published in the journal offers a second example of the rare phenomenon. As Erica Tennenhouse reports for National Geographic, scientists led by Pamela Carzon of the Groupe d'Étude des Mammifères Marins (GEMM) de Polynésie observed a bottlenose dolphin caring for a young melon-headed whale over a period of more than three years. This apparent adoption, unusual in and of itself, was made all the more striking by the fact that the bottlenose already had a biological baby; typically, dolphin mothers only care for one calf at a time.

The intimate interspecies relationship began when the male calf was roughly one month old and ended when he presumably weaned in April 2018. Interestingly, Carzon and her colleagues note, the dolphin mother's attachment to her adopted son endured long beyond her bond with the slightly older biological daughter. This bottlenose baby, born around September 2014, lived alongside its mother and whale sibling for a year and half before abruptly vanishing-perhaps indicative of an early death or, on a more positive note, a shift to a different social subgroup.

Per the study, the melon-headed calf actively competed for his mother's attention, repeatedly pushing his adoptive sister out of her place below the dolphin's abdomen. Whereas the female bottlenose regularly socialized with peers prior to disappearing, the male rarely left his mother's side. Still, eager to ingratiate himself into both the family unit and the wider dolphin community, he later adopted bottlenose behaviors such as surfing, jumping and socializing with other young males.

"It is very difficult to explain such behavior, especially since we have no information on how the melon-headed whale newborn was separated from his natural mother," Carzon says in a video published by GEMM Polynésie.

Female bottlenoses have been known to kidnap calves of other species-likely in an attempt to foster unfulfilled maternal instincts-but such relationships rarely last. Given the fact that the mother in question already had her own biological offspring, it's unlikely she personally kidnapped the whale calf. Instead, Carzon explains in the video, the dolphin may have adopted the calf after another female kidnapped but lost interest in him.

Kirsty MacLeod, a behavioral ecologist at Sweden's Lund University who was not involved in the new research, tells National Geographic 's Tennenhouse that the mother, seen nursing the calf on two occassions, appeared to be highly invested in his well-being.

MacLeod adds, "In mammals, synthesizing milk is very costly-it's a very precious resource."

The unexpected attachment likely stemmed from a surprisingly straightforward series of events: A persistent, seemingly orphaned calf latched onto a tolerant, curious dolphin whose recent birthing experience had sparked her maternal instincts, and the pair hit it off.

"Most likely, it was just a perfect moment for this calf to come along, when [the mother] was at a very receptive period to forming those bonds with her own offspring," MacLeod says, "and it led to this slightly wacky situation."

Rather than rejecting the whale or displaying aggression toward him, the dolphin-already known for tolerating scuba divers in the area-simply adapted to the change in circumstances. The male calf, meanwhile, showed a marked determination to integrate himself within the bottlenose group.

As Carzon concludes, "The young melon-headed whale was certainly the main initiator of this adoption, [but] the mother's remarkably permissive personality could have played a crucial role in the process."

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Researchers Document First Known Case of Dolphin Mom Adopting Whale Calf

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Until recently, the only scientifically documented case of interspecies adoption among wild mammals dated to 2006, when primatologist Patrícia Izar spotted a group of capuchin monkeys raising a baby marmoset as one of their own. Now, a new study published in the journal offers a second example of the rare phenomenon.

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Quote:

She has learned to wait for water. She may be ready for how long it takes for us to remember the conditions of our breathing. Can she wait for us to stop selling our children out from under us? Can she wait for us to stop selling the air out of our lungs? Can she wait for us to learn to be at home?" (109)

Article: This article analyzes the increase in fires across the Amazon rainforest in 2019. The article features interactive maps and data visualizations to illustrate the spread and intensity of the fires. It explores the causes behind the fires, particularly highlighting the role of deforestation and human activities. The Amazon rainforest's crucial role in regulating the global climate and its biodiversity is emphasized, along with the environmental and climate consequences of these fires. I think that connecting this article to the chapter, the question of human intervention and the time it will take for us to stop our impacts on the lungs of the earth is a question that needs to be asked. But nonetheless, how can we slow down and wait just as the manatees mentioned? Only so much waiting can cause nothing.

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K.K. Rebecca Lai, Denise Lu and Blacki MigliozziAug. 24, 2019

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What Satellite Imagery Tells Us About the Amazon Rain Forest Fires (Published 2019)

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Maps and images based on satellite data provide clues to how the fires started.

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In reading this chapter, I found it essential to connect an article on sleeping, simply due to the fact that without sleep, many mammals and sea creatures use it to replenish their own health and well-being. This article provides some information on the benefits of sleeping by describing its ability to regulate stress, paranoia, disease, and much more.

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Adults aged 18 to 60 years are recommended to sleep at least 7 hours each night, otherwise, they run the risk of becoming sleep deprived.﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿ Ignoring the importance of sleep may have an impact on your overall health. If you make it a priority, your body will reap the benefits of sleep.

When you sleep, your body produces proteins called cytokines that have immune-boosting effects and serve as fuel for your white blood cells. Lack of sleep decreases the production of cytokines and makes you more susceptible to bacteria and viruses.﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿

Find your motivation to prioritize sleep by learning about why you need to get a good night's rest.

Sleep Is Restorative

When you sleep, you allow your body to repair and rebuild. During this time, the body is able to clear debris from the lymphatic system, which boosts the immune system.

While you sleep, there are many important processes that happen, including:

Muscle repair

Protein synthesis

Tissue growth

Hormone release

Sleep Reduces Stress

Sleep is a powerful stress-reliever. It improves concentration, regulates mood, and sharpens judgment and decision-making. A lack of sleep not only reduces mental clarity but our ability to cope with stressful situations. This is due, in part, to the impact of chronically high levels of cortisol.

Poor quality sleep or a lack of sleep altogether raises our cortisol levels. High cortisol levels are important in the short term, stimulating alertness and vigilance, raising heart rate and blood pressure, but over time it can cause systemic inflammation and disrupt our hormonal balance.

Typically, your cortisol levels fall in the evening hours, as one element of the body's natural preparation for sleep. When we put off sleep, cortisol levels remain high and interfere with the release of melatonin, a hormone that is essential for the regulation of sleep-wake cycles.

Too little sleep impacts the rapid eye movement stage of sleep (REM) which governs our processing of emotions and memories. Losing out on the restorative benefits of REM sleep directly impacts our mood, making us more irritable and more stressed out.

Sleep Improves Your Memory

The link between sleep and memory processing is well established. Sleep serves as an opportunity for the mind to process all the stimuli that we have taken in while we are awake; and triggers changes in the brain that strengthen neural connections helping us to form memories.﻿﻿﻿ These memories can be accessed later on through a process called recall, that's why teachers emphasize the importance of a good night's sleep before taking a test.

It's also important to note that while the link between sleep, learning, and memory are complex, we have all experienced the impact that a lack of sleep can have on our concentration and ability to learn efficiently so it's important to get a good quality of sleep not only to maximize our ability to acquire new information but also to recall the information later and share it with others.

Sleep is also vital to memory consolidation-the process of stabilizing our memories. Memory consolidation is important for learning new information. Numerous research studies find that sleep supports this process via a series of electrophysiological, neurochemical, and genetic mechanisms that take place during the slow-wave sleep stage of sleep.﻿﻿﻿ You actually don't need to sleep for a long time to get the benefits of improved memory. We enter slow-wave sleep pretty quickly after falling asleep so even a quick nap can help with our memory.

Sleep Helps You Maintain a Healthy Body Weight

When you are sleep deprived your body alters the hormones that regulate hunger and appetite. These hormones include:

Leptin: This hormone suppresses appetite and encourages the body to expend energy.

Ghrelin: This hormone triggers feelings of hunger.

Both of these hormones are thrown off when you are short on sleep-leptin goes down and ghrelin goes up.

To make matters worse, a recent study found that sleep deprivation can activate the endocannabinoid (eCB) system in our brain-the same areas activated by marijuana-that increase hunger and appetite. Stimulating the eCB reward system makes you more likely to crave junk food.﻿﻿﻿

You are also more likely to make unhealthy lifestyle choices when you are tired. It is not uncommon for people to drink sugary drinks to stay awake, get takeout instead of cooking, or skip out on exercise. Consuming these empty calories or putting off exercise may be ok from time to time, but if chronic fatigue sets in, this can lead to weight gain or the development of obesity or diabetes over time.

Sleep May Prevent Illnesses

Sleep deprivation can have very detrimental health impacts and has been linked to chronic diseases such as diabetes and heart disease and can even lead to obesity.

Lack of sleep makes you more prone to illness because your immune system isn't performing at its peak. A study found that people who averaged less than 7 hours of sleep were nearly three times more likely to develop a cold than their colleagues who were well-rested.﻿﻿﻿

The insidious part about sleep deprivation is you don't often feel its negative effects until it's too late. As you miss larger and larger amounts of sleep and go farther and farther through the stages of sleep deprivation, the damage increases. Organs need time to replenish and clear waste, as does your brain, and they do it when the rest of your body is resting.

Sleep Is Important for Your Mental Health

Evidence suggests lack of sleep contributes to the formation of new mental health problems and to the maintenance of existing ones, but the magnitude of its effect is difficult to estimate and may be different across mental health conditions.﻿﻿﻿

Sleep problems are very common in those with mental illness. In fact, disrupted sleep is commonly seen as both a symptom and consequence of mental health disorders, although sleep deprivation is rarely treated as the cause of mental health conditions.

The most common sleep problem associated with poor mental health is insomnia, which is sustained difficulty falling or staying asleep. Insomnia has been found to worsen most mental health disorders, especially paranoia and hallucinations.

If you're finding it hard to sleep, stay asleep, or if you're only able to sleep for a short amount of time you may be experiencing insomnia.

Symptoms of insomnia include:

Not feeling well-rested after a night's sleep

Daytime tiredness or sleepiness

Irritability, depression or anxiety

Difficulty paying attention, focusing on tasks or remembering

Increased errors or accidents

Ongoing worries about sleep

You may experience insomnia for a number of reasons, but the most common culprits are:

Stress

Work schedule

Poor sleep habits

Excessive alcohol or caffeine use at night

Habitual nighttime screen use

It is not uncommon for people to report difficulty sleeping if they are agonizing over work, school, health, finances, or family. Stressful life events or trauma-such as the death or illness of a loved one, divorce, or a job loss-may also increase your chances of experiencing insomnia. If you are experiencing insomnia you may also want to take a closer look at your mental and emotional health. Insomnia may be contributing to your mental health problems and you may feel significantly better after addressing it.

How to Improve Your Sleep

A Word From Verywell

Sleep is vital to our health but it may not be possible for all people to get 7 or more hours. For parents spending an hour with their child at the beginning or end of the day may be well worth the tradeoff of sleep. The best way to maintain a healthy life is to take a wholistic approach. Monitor how you feel and be sure to create a schedule that emphasizes social connectedness, routine exercise, healthy eating, and rest.

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Adults aged 18 to 60 years are recommended to sleep at least 7 hours each night, otherwise, they run the risk of becoming sleep deprived.﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿ Ignoring the importance of sleep may have an impact on your overall health. If you make it a priority, your body will reap the benefits of sleep.

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"Crabeater seal families nourish and protect each other. A baby seal gains up to 175 pounds in the three weeks that they are nursing. A male-assigned seal (not the biological father) plays a lookout role, while all this fat transfer of life happens. They remain, on the lookout for leopard seals who would love to eat a crabeater seal pup before she grows too quick to catch, too sure to swallow. Researchers note that this role of having a mother’s back may be just as important as mating itself, may be exactly the adaptation that makes this seal the most abundant on Earth. Could we be that diligent? Could we remember that protecting each other is our only future?"

In looking at the Chapter and the theme of taking care of our blessings, the recurring mention of motherhood was something that was put forth through the perspectives of the sea animals. I think it is interesting to see the importance that our family, especially our mothers, have on us. Certainly we ought to believe that we ourselves are blessings to those who care for us. Their love for us has the power to influence our lives for the better either through encouragement, motivation, or even nourishment and healing. The article I linked further expanded on how mothers take care of us.

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Mothers fulfill at least a dozen important psychological functions of heroism.