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1926 - Albert Hyman and the first rudimentary pacemaker: 

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1926 - Albert Hyman and the first rudimentary pacemaker: 

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American cardiologist Albert Hyman and his brother Charles Hyman built a device that they used on animals and called it an "artificial pacemaker."

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Albert Hyman reported the use of his device on humans, but his invention was not widely adopted.

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1950 - John Hopps and the external pacemaker: 

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1950 - John Hopps and the external pacemaker: 

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Canadian engineer John Hopps developed an external pacemaker that used alternating current to stimulate the heart, considered the precursor of the modern pacemaker.

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Dr. Ake Senning and engineer Rune Elmqvist in Sweden created and implanted the first internal pacemaker. However, the device failed after three hours and had to be replaced.

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1958 - First patient with long-term implantable pacemaker: 

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1958 - First patient with long-term implantable pacemaker: 

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Arne Larsson in Sweden became the first patient to receive a long-term implantable pacemaker. This pacemaker, also developed by Senning and Elmqvist, marked the beginning of modern pacemakers.

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Wilson Greatbatch and William Chardack developed the first long-lasting implantable pacemaker using silicone components.

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Medtronic, one of the first companies to manufacture pacemakers, introduced a commercially available model.

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1970 - Development of programmable pacemakers: 

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1970 - Development of programmable pacemakers: 

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Pacemakers are beginning to include external programming capability, allowing doctors to adjust settings without the need for additional surgery.

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1990 - Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Compatible Pacemakers: 

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1990 - Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Compatible Pacemakers: 

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Research and development in the 1990s led to the creation of pacemakers that are safe for use in MRI environments.

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Smaller pacemakers are being developed, which can be implanted directly into the heart without the need for leads, reducing the risk of complications.

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1980 - Pacemaker with multiple modes and sensors:

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1980 - Pacemaker with multiple modes and sensors:

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Pacemakers are introduced that can switch between different stimulation modes and adjust their rhythm in response to the patient's activities, improving quality of life.

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2010 - Advances in connectivity and remote monitoring: 

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2010 - Advances in connectivity and remote monitoring: 

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Modern pacemakers are beginning to include wireless connectivity capabilities, allowing remote monitoring and adjustment by physicians.