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1. Explain the difference between Morals vs. Values vs. Ethics.
2. How do you personally internalize values? Give an example in your daily life.
3.  Why do you think Moral and ethics is a compulsory course for university/college students?
4. Do you think by studying Moral and Ethics, it will make our society have higher moral values and more ethical? Why/why not?

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I found the differences between morals, values, and ethics. The moral is people have the awareness to have the correct manners, personal characters, and own behaviours that are accepted, the value is more on a personal view which something more important than anything else, while ethics is about the rules that need to apply in the society to improve own life and others’ lives. Also, morals are more focused on religious viewpoints and social systems but ethics are focused on rules that must be followed. And the values are in the middle line of morals and ethics because they helped us to think about how we treat other people, not just ourselves.

Other than that, the meaning of different values from a different person might bring different impacts based on personal decisions. For me, I practiced religious values in my life and it change my mind and impacted which are forgiveness, agape love, and being thankful. For example, I love someone because I might take benefits from them, but agape love from Jesus Christ is different because He loves all of us and sacrificed himself to save us and give us eternal life. Until now, I can try to learn and practice as Jesus Christ to share His love to love someone even if I didn’t like them.

In this topic, we also realized that morals and ethics is a compulsory course for university/college students because this course can lead us to have a more in-depth reflection or provide discussion to discuss different moral problems and issues that happened in our society. Also, this course can expand our views based on moral and ethical values to help our society and ourselves better. In addition, we think that when we have a deeper understanding by studying the Moral and ethics course, it might help us and our society become higher moral values and ethical persons.  It is because we can prepare ourselves to become mature people by making more acceptable moral judgments, caring for our environment, setting moral guidelines, and using different types of values for different persons in our life.

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Topic 2: The concept of Moral in Malaysia

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Topic 2: The concept of Moral in Malaysia

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1. Why is the Rukun Negara, Federal Constitution and Wawasan 2020 important to Malaysians?
2. What was your idea of Wawasan 2020 as a child?
3. In your opinion, which challenges has been achieved and which has not been fully achieved?
4. What can we do as Malaysians (in terms of moral and ethics) to fully achieve Wawasan 2020?

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1. Rukun Negara, Federal Constitution and Wawasan 2020 are critical to Malaysians because they build up Malaysians with moral characteristics like unity, peace and value such as love and loyalty to the country and equality.
2. When I was a child, I learnt about Wawasan 2020 in class and my idea of Wawasan 2020 was that Malaysia was going to be an advanced country. At that moment, I was very happy and had a vision of the future and believed that our country could become an advanced country. At that time, I thought that our country would be like the world of science fiction movies, where cars could fly in the sky, people could go to the moon, go to space and so on.
3. In my opinion, the challenges that have been achieved are establishing a united Malaysian nation with a sense of common and shared destiny, establishing a fully moral and ethical society, establishing a matured, liberal and tolerant society, and establishing a prosperous society, with an economy that is fully competitive, dynamic, robust and resilient. The challenges that have not been fully achieved are creating a psychologically liberated, secure and developed Malaysian society, fostering and developing a mature democratic society, establishing a scientific and progressive society, establishing a fully caring society and caring culture, and ensuring an economically just society.
4. As Malaysians, first, we need to concentrate our energy and efforts to achieve the principles of Rukun Negara especially rules of law, courtesy and morality. Second, when we face a problem or make any decision in our lives, we should make a moral judgement based on logic, fact and acceptable moral principles. Third, we can stand more in collectivism in ethical views compared with individualism. When we see someone in need, we should not refrain from helping for our own selfish reasons. For example, if an old lady stands on the bus because there is no seat on the bus, we can offer our own seat to her instead of thinking that I took the seat first and why I need to offer my seat to her. This can establish a caring and secure society.

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Using the criteria for Moral Judgements and Principles of Moral Reasoning, discuss the following ethical case study:
During the early days of the Covid19 pandemic, former US president Donald Trump had endorsed the use of unproven therapies to prevent or treat Covid19, among them hydroxychloroquine, originally used to treat malaria and certain autoimmune diseases. He did this despite the efficacy of this treatment remains unproven by the FDA.
Discuss his actions.

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Topic 4: The Basic Concept of Ethics and Types of Moral Values

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Topic 4: The Basic Concept of Ethics and Types of Moral Values

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1. Descriptive statement is a statement of a claim of how the world is. Normative statement is a claim of how the world ought to be (evaluates the statement is right/wrong/good/bad). Choose a topic and write one descriptive and normative statement:
-Examinations
-Smoking
-Minimum wage
-Social Media
-Donating blood
-Exercising / Doing sport
-Littering
2. Give examples and explanation on instrumental and intrinsic values. Give examples.
3. Discuss the differences between subjective vs. Objective values, give examples.
4. Discuss the differences between absolute vs. relative values. Give examples.

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1. Give an example of a customary morality that through your reflective morality, think that it is not relevant in this modern age.
2. Give an example of an altruistic person and what selfless acts has this person did.
3. Have you done any altruistic acts towards strangers? Share that experience.

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1. Give an example of your personal experience with intrapersonal/ interpersonal/ cultural conflict (choose one).
2. Why was it a moral conflict for you?
3. Explain how you solved the conflict based on moral conflict resolution strategies (Choose one, either strategy of building hierarchies, strategy of compromise, strategy of dissolution, or Fraenkel Approach)

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What is our role as Early Childhood Educators, to develop moral virtues among young children, according to the Theory of Personality Virtues? How can we use Kohlberg's stages of moral development in school environment to develop children's moral virtues?

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Malaysia is a multicultural country, with it's citizens practicing various religions. Explain how does each religion view the act of stealing? Eg: In Islam, the Quran states stealing is forbidden (Haram), because it is a violation towards a person's rights, taking another's property unlawfully. Under Islamic law theft is punishable by cutting the hand of the thief, whether a man or a woman. The punishment serves to discourage others to steal, stopping them from committing this crime, and to ensure the protection of people’s property and rights.

Explain for another 3 of these religions:
-Christianity
- Buddhism
- Confucianism
- Taoism
- Hinduism
- Sikhism

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Choose one environmental issue (Pollution/Deforestation/Extinction).

-Explain the environmental issue in your town/city (Eg: In Sri Aman, people like to dump rubbish in the river, they litter from their cars onto the roadside etc)

-What is the impact to your town/city? (Cause flash floods during heavy rains, make the town look dirty etc)

- What is your view about the environmental issue? Are you an altruist or egoist? Why do you say so?

-What can you personally do to help reduce the environment issue in your town/city? what can you do in your home/school/workplace?

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Read about Job Scams and Human Trafficking in Sarawak:
1. Why is job scam and Human trafficking morally wrong?
2. Why do you think these Sarawakians believed the job scams?
3. What can you do to prevent this from happening to yourself, your friends and family members?

https://www.theborneopost.com/2022/05/03/job-scam-victim-in-kuching-shares-story-to-prevent-others-from-falling-prey-to-scams/

https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2022/04/25/cops-to-seek-interpols-aid-to-find-sarawakians-trapped-in-cambodian-job-scam

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KUCHING (May 3): A job scam victim here recounted what happened to her early this year in the hopes of seeing her story serve as a reminder for others not to fall prey to such scammers.

Identified as Lai, the victim was detained for over a month on the charge of illegal entry into Thailand by the authorities there.

She shared her story with state Democratic Action Party (DAP) chairman Chong Chieng Jen, who helped secure her return to the state, during a recent meeting at the latter's legal firm here.

"Last week, I helped secure the return of Miss Lai from the detention of Thai authorities and on Sunday, she came to my office with her mother to express her gratitude for the help rendered," Chong said in a statement yesterday.

Chong, who is Padungan assemblyman and Stampin MP, said Lai was promised a high-paying job in Bangkok, Thailand in January this year.

He said Lai then travelled to Kuala Lumpur to meet up with an agent and after that was brought illegally by land through the Malaysia-Thailand border to Bangkok.

Upon reaching Bangkok, she was driven to another rural town near the Cambodia border, he said.

"It was then she realised something was amiss about the whole situation. She then secretly escaped from the agent and returned to Bangkok.

"The Thai authorities arrested her and she was detained on the charge of illegal entry into Thailand," said Chong.

He said Lai was detained for more than a month.

He added Lai's mother was extremely worried about the safety of her daughter and she went around seeking help but to no avail.

"Finally, in late April, she approached me for help. I wrote and called up the Malaysian Consulate office in Songkhla, Thailand and within a week, she was back in Kuching."

On Labour Day, Lai and her mother dropped by Chong's legal firm to extend their gratitude and share her experience of the scam and the close shave.

"Had she not successfully escaped from the 'agent', she dreads to imagine what will become of her now.

"She hopes by sharing her dreadful experience, she can forewarn many others to not to fall for the scam of foreign high-paying jobs. As for now, she is most glad that she is back with her family," he said.

Chong advised: "Those seeking for jobs in a foreign country should be very careful about job scams."

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Job scam victim in Kuching shares story to prevent others from falling prey to scams - Borneo Post Online

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KUCHING (May 3): A job scam victim here recounted what happened to her early this year in the hopes of seeing her story serve as a reminder for others not to fall prey to such scammers. Identified as Lai, the victim was detained for over a month on the charge of illegal entry into Thailand by the authorities there.

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1. Example of descriptive and normative statement.
Descriptive statement: The minimum wage has caused many people to lose their jobs.
Normative statement: Government should raise minimum wage.

2. Instrumental value is when something has instrumental value, not because of itself, but it helps us get something what we want (as a means to an end). For example, A rich man used money to hire bodyguards for his own safety。
What is intrinsically valuable is valuable for itself, and we value what is inside rather than what is outside. For example, I have been with my good friend for many years, not because of her bad habits, but because I am very happy and enjoy the process of getting along with her.

3. -Subjective value holds that our moral views are based on our feelings, not facts. There is no right or wrong objectively. "subjective" means "just a matter of personal opinion". According to subjectivism, everything is subjective. For example, My roommate used to steal other people's money, and even though she's reformed, I still don't want to be friends with her, and I don't want to leak money in front of her.
-Objective value is the opposite of "subjective" and means "independent of the opinions of people (including oneself)." Whether something is right or wrong depends on the reason. If we do have objective moral obligations, then in many cases we are obligated or prohibited from doing certain actions regardless of what we think/want/feel. For example, I want to cheat in exams to get better grades, but objective value tells me that cheating is wrong.

4. -Absolute value does not depend on circumstances or social regulations. Moral rules are absolute: some actions are always wrong no matter what. Regardless of the situation, if the wrong act is done, it is wrong and cannot be questioned. For example, a thief breaks into a house, steals a lot of money, and rapes the daughter of the owner, then the thief will be charged with burglary and rape.
-Different cultures have different moral codes. According to relativism, no moral principle applies to all people at all times and in all places, it changes over time. Relativism has no moral absolutes, and no moral right or wrong. Everyone is free to decide their own values ​​and live the way they want. If it's good for you, it's good for you. For example, I accidentally pushed the kidnapper who was going to kidnap me into the road, and he was hit and killed by an oncoming car, but I killed the kidnapper by mistake in self-defense, so I was acquitted.

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The role of Early Childhood Educators to develop moral virtues among young children according to the Theory of Personality Virtues is a moral model. Teachers are the second most important person in the children’s lives after their parents as they spend more time with teachers in school compared to their working parents. The children are most likely idolising teachers who have some attractive characteristics like caring, optimism, passion and so on. The children would imitate the behaviours and actions of teachers. Therefore, teachers should first have moral personality and make the moral values into practice in his or her life so that they can act as moral exemplar to young children. Teachers should also demonstrate their moral virtues such as respect and responsibility both in and out of the school so that the students would learn from them in their daily life too. They should show their respect to the students’ rights regardless of their background and model responsibility by fulfilling their duties as a teacher.

As Early Childhood Educators, we can use Kohlberg's stages of moral development in the school environment to develop children's moral virtues by involving children to develop a code of conduct or the rules which the children need to obey and follow up with punishment if the children fail to follow these codes of conduct. The punishments can be in the form of taking away some privileges of the student which may include reducing their playtime, or not giving them their favourite food item for a while. This strategy not only can motivate the children to follow rules but also motivate good moral values. Moreover, the implementation of the reward system for the students who obey the school code of conduct is an important application of Kohlberg’s second stage of moral development. Therefore, teachers can praise or give the reward to the children when they do moral behaviour, such as being kind and putting the needs of others first. Teachers can give such compliments as, "Good. You insist to complete the task without giving up no matter if the task is difficult. " Other than that, teachers can also encourage role-playing and games of pretending. Kohlberg’s method of developing his theory involved various dilemma stories, which encouraged the students to think and choose the right moral decisions by imagining these dilemmas. Similarly, teaching patterns may involve role-plays or brief skits based on the curriculum or general moral conflicts. This helps the children understand the concepts better and make their decisions not only from their own perspective but also from the perspective of the other.

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In this topic, I learned about the different types of moral conflict which are intrapersonal, interpersonal, and cultural conflict. One of the moral conflicts that I had met which are intrapersonal conflict. When I was at secondary school, a teacher who was teaching Mandarin and most of the students did not like her and often spoke ill of her. I did not engage in their conversation. One day, the teacher inquired about both my impression of her and that of the other students.

I had the intrapersonal conflict to make the decisions about do I tell the truth to the teacher which is ill that spoken by other students or not. I was worried that if I report it to the teacher, other students might know about it and stay away from me because I did not keep the secret. If I said nothing, the teacher might also think I was also one of them and lose trust from the teacher.

I was afraid both their anger toward me might be out of control.  I had thought maybe I can ignore and just leave it but it might let both of them increase their mad or blaming about the teacher or students. So, I choose the strategy which was the strategy of building hierarchies to solve this conflict. I had decided which was more important “honesty” or “peace”. I choose peace and the way to solve the conflict was I had changed the terms for students and told to the teacher, tried to say their inquiries about why they must follow this rule and finish the impossible task. Also, I tried to send the message from the teacher to the students at the appropriate time. Although they didn’t like the teacher, they can understand and follow the rules and also finished the task.

But for now, when I face some conflicts, I would like to choose the value analysis strategy to solve the conflict between me or with other people. It was because it helps me to think of alternative suggestions to resolve the conflict, what are the effects and results of each suggestion between me or other people. For example, interpersonal conflict with my roommates. She didn’t like to clean things and she still didn’t want to clean after the warning. I had to think about suggesting some suggestions which are cleaning together and setting some rules such as no food in the room. The effects of cleaning together might let her didn’t take responsibility to clean her things and setting rules might be too strict for her. Due to cleanliness, we talk about that and finally did the decision together which is to set the rules and can clean together but some things she needs to clean by herself immediately.

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Customary morality is the second stage of morality, where customs of a particular group and tribe rule the life of the man living in this group and morals based on the customs and traditions of society. Reflective morals are those that are based on what you believe to be right and not others. Reflective morality emphasizes on reasoning and critical thinking in order to choose to observe or oppose the customary way of doing thing but doesn’t mean all custom and tradition can be abandoned. But Malala Yousafzai had tried break this custom and fight for the authority for the women. Finally, she successfully campaigning for girls who couldn’t go to school.  The principle of altruism is the unselfish concern for other people by doing things simply out of a desire to help, not because you feel obligated to out of duty, loyalty, or religious reasons. It involves acting out of concern for the well-being of other people.

1. Example of a customary morality that through your reflective morality, think that it is not relevant in this modern age: The culture that allows husband to beat the wife.

2. Example of an altruistic person: John help an old woman who fell on the ground and her legs was injure.
What selfless acts has this person did: John bring the woman to the clinic without taking any benefits.

3. Yes. I had help a woman to pick up her things and give back to her, then she thanks me. I just reply welcome to her, didn't take any from her.

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1. Job scam and Human trafficking morally wrong because have devastating impact on individual victims, who often suffer physical and emotional abuse, rape, threats against self and family, passport theft, and even death. These impact go beyond individual victims, it undermines the safety and security of all nations it touches.

2. I think these Sarawakians believed the job scams because they were offered attractive job and high-paying job. Most of the people wants to take this chance to become more easier for them to earn more money. They want to take a shortcut to earn more money even though that job might be not moral.

3. To prevent this from happening to myself, my friends and my family members, I will tell them need to alert those job advertisement or who poses the job notice with high-paying salary in any apps, they need to be careful and don't simply believe or give any private information to them. Before we make any decision, we should need to know about the job that they offered first and also the company is really exist or not. If they cannot give any evidence to proof themselves, that means they are fraud.

Based on my opinion, I think participated in the class and the assignments in this course, I can learn a lot of knowledge and experience of doing assignment. In class, teacher can straightly teach new topic and explain the questions together with us. In class, teacher can give us extra notes and also give us time to discuss assignment with friends. I feel very lucky and appretiate to do the assignment with my coursemate. They teach me a lot of new things that I never know before. I feel very thankful to my coursemate.

For the suggestions to improve my participation and assignment in my future courses, I need to read more article or news to improve my knowledge. I also need to improve my skills on doing the assignment task to make my assignment more interesting.

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-Air pollution is the most common around us, such as smoking, increased use of cars, open-air barbecues, and open-air burning of garbage. These are common in my city "Sri Aman". I often smell the smell of smoke coming from the neighbor next door, and I often see people burning garbage. These behaviors are polluting the air.

-These behaviours have the effect of putting other people's health in peril. People who inhale second-hand smoke are not much better because, for instance, the scent of smoke causes injury to smokers' own bodies. Many studies have shown that secondhand smoke can enhance the chance of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Secondhand smoke also increases the risk of lung cancer by 20% to 30%. Numerous nitrogen oxides, photochemical oxidants, and suspended particles are present in the smoke from open burning. When the amount of inhalable particulate matter reaches a particular level, it will severely irritate the mucous membranes in the human eyes, nose, and throat. In moderate situations, this may result in coughing, chest tightness, and tearing; in more severe cases, it may result in bronchitis. Open burning also poses fire safety risks and endangers the security of people's lives and property because it is so simple to start fires and ignite nearby combustibles.

- Environmental problems are damage to the environment due to human influence. If environmental problems continue to be left unchecked, it will be a global catastrophe. For example, the greenhouse effect causes icebergs to melt, polar bears have nowhere to go, and penguins travel across oceans in search of habitat. Not only that, the greenhouse effect also affects the global weather, affects crops, and affects people's health. So we humans need to take action to make up for the mistakes we made. I feel that I am altruistic because I will feel that something is wrong and I will not do it, because it will affect the environment and affect the health and safety of others.

- All I can do is give back to nature in my own way. I will stop my family from burning trash, I will remind my family that smoking is not allowed in no-smoking areas, and I'll drive less (share a car with friends to go out). In the campus, I will bring the information about environmental pollution to the children, so that they can cultivate the good habit of taking care of the environment from childhood. And children at home will always remember what the teacher taught, and then stop their family from doing something wrong. For example, the teacher said that it is not allowed to burn garbage in the open air, which will cause environmental pollution. Children will remember this important point. When they see the elders in their family want to burn garbage, the children will immediately stop and tell the elders the consequences of burning garbage. In this way, the knowledge imparted by the teacher can indirectly affect the children and their families.