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the series of events that make up a story.

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Story Elements - Plot - Main Events - Literacy Short Clips

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The part of the story that introduces characters and setting

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all of the events that lead to the eventual climax

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turning point, at which the rising action of the play is reversed to falling action

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the period after the dramatic confrontation of the climax

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Where the story takes place.

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. The protagonist works toward the central story goals, while the antagonist works against the goals.

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thwarted, endangered, or opposing desire.

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Oregon State University - School of Writing, Literature and Film

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"What is Conflict in Literature?": A Literary Guide for English Students and Teachers

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when a character struggles with their own opposing desires or beliefs.

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sets a character against something or someone beyond their control

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choice of words, especially with regard to correctness, clearness, or effectiveness.

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The direct definition of the word that you find in the dictionary.

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This video explains the difference between connotation and denotation. It is intended for use as direct instruction for a flipped classroom or as a supplemental material for remediation. It is aligned to the VASOL ELA7.4d: Identify Connotations. This is part of a larger lesson.

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the set of rules that determines the arrangement of words in a sentence

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the stylistic means by which an author conveys his/her attitude(s) in a work of literature.

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The author's tone in writing (3/3)  | Interpreting Series

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emotional state of mind of a person/character

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a scene that takes place before a story begins

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suggestions or warnings about events to come are dropped or planted

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Foreshadowing: How to Foreshadow in a Novel Effectively & Sneakily

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a literary device in which parts of the sentence are grammatically the same, or are similar in construction

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Parallelism: Explanation, Effects, Example | AP Lang Rhetorical Strategies

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Man. Man vs. Man is commonly seen in literature and modern storytelling and is a type of external conflict.

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the main idea or underlying meaning a writer explores in a novel, short story, or other literary work

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The man vs. society conflict denotes a story in which an individual (or a small group of individuals)

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an external struggle positioning the character against an animal or a force of nature, such as a storm or tornado or snow.

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Man vs technology" is a type of conflict in fiction, of which The Terminator and The Matrix are popular examples.

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point of view, in literature, the vantage point from which a story is presented. Related Topics: narrative.

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Point of view (POV) is what the character or narrator telling the story can see (his or her perspective). The author chooses "who" is to tell the story by determining the point of view. Depending on who the narrator is, he/she will be standing at one point and seeing the action. This viewpoint will give the narrator a partial or whole view of events as they happen. Many stories have the protagonist telling the story, while in others, the narrator may be another character or an outside viewer, a narrator who is not in the story at all. The narrator should not be confused with the author, who is the writer of the story and whose opinions may not be those written into the narrative.

II. Examples of Point of View

Sandra Cisneros wrote a story called "Eleven." The point of view is the perspective of 11-year-old Rachel. The story takes place at school during her birthday and is about her humiliation of receiving an old sweater. Throughout the story, she speaks in the first-person point of view, sharing her thoughts as events unfold.

"Only today I wish I didn't have only eleven years rattling inside me like pennies in a tin Band-Aid box. Today I wish I was one hundred and two instead of eleven because if I was one hundred and two I'd have known what to say when Mrs. Price put the red sweater on my desk" (Cisneros).

A fun activity is to rewrite the story from each character's point of view. What is the teacher thinking as she tries to get rid of this ugly red sweater in her classroom? Maybe it reminds her of her demanding mother! How does the sweater feel being tossed and pushed around, unwanted and unloved? Maybe some sweet old lady had knitted it with love for a granddaughter who now has rejected it. Why does Sylvia say it belongs to Rachel? Is she jealous of Rachel for some reason? Each character will have a slightly different story from his or her perspective.

III. Types of Point of View

First person: The example above with little Rachel is told in the first-person point of view, meaning that we are seeing events through the eyes of the character telling the story.

Second person: In second person, the narrator is speaking to YOU. This isn't very common in fiction, unless the narrator is trying to talk to the reader personally. We see second-person point of view mostly in poems, speeches, instructional writing, and persuasive articles.

Third person: With third-person point of view, the narrator is describing what's seen, but as a spectator. If the narrator is a character in the story, then we are reading what he or she observes as the story unfolds. This narrator has three possible perspectives.

Limited - In limited third-person, the narrator sees only what's in front of him/her, a spectator of events as they unfold and unable to read any other character's mind.

Omniscient - An omniscient narrator sees all, much as an all knowing god of some kind. He or she sees what each character is doing and can see into each character's mind. This is common with an external character, who is standing above, watching the action below (think of a person with a crystal ball, peering in).

Limited Omniscient - The limited omniscient third-person narrator can only see into one character's mind. He/she might see other events happening, but only knows the reasons of one character's actions in the story.

IV. The Importance of Point of View

Point of view is important in a story because it helps the reader understand characters' feelings and actions. Each character will have his or her own perspective, so whoever is telling the story will impact the reader's opinion of other characters and events.

As in the example above with Rachel and the red sweater, each point of view could be an entirely different story. Perhaps Rachel had embarrassed Sylvia horribly one day, so the sympathy we feel for Rachel in her perspective may change to sympathy for Sylvia if the point of view was switched.

Additionally, reading the story from a character in the story versus an external character changes the amount of information a reader has as the story unfolds. With an omniscient third-person, we can see everything before other characters do, which gives us forewarning about other events. With a limited third-person, we are not allowed to see other events until the narrator does so. This may leave us with more surprises as we read.

V. Examples of Point of View in Pop Culture

A very popular (and very old!) game is Mario Brothers. A gamer took the game and made a video of it in first-person point of view. It's almost a dizzying experience to see Mario catch coins and jump around from his viewpoint.

Arcades have had games with a first-person POV for years. You sit in the console to drive the car in a race, or use the pistol and fire at targets. Racing games are probably the easiest to play as a first-person. With most games, you control the character in a game, but almost from a second-person POV. You can see your character as you control it within the game space just as another character would.

VI. Examples of Point of View in Literature

"Diary of a Wimpy Kid" by Jeff Kinney has been cracking kids up since 2007, as the protagonist, Greg Heffley, details his experiences in his trusty journal; he claims it's NOT a diary. He even supplies stick drawings with bubble speech to illustrate special, usually devastating or hilarious, occurrences. Written in the first-person POV, we follow him through his days with his friends and family. Greg's dry sense of reality as he tells his sad tales leaves us giggling sympathetically - you can't help but feel sorry for him, and many kids can relate to his frustrations. There are nine books as of 2015, each one focusing on specific conflicts Greg must overcome as he makes his way through middle school and attempts to fit in with his family.

"First of all, let me get something straight: This is a Journal, not a diary. I know what it says on the cover, but when Mom went out to buy this thing I specifically told her to get one that didn't say "diary" on it.

Great. All I need is for some jerk to catch me carrying this book around and get the wrong idea" (Kinney 1).
http://www.funbrain.com/journal/Journal.html?ThisJournalDay=1&ThisPage=2

The book is so popular, that it was also made into a movie.

VII. Related Terms

Narrator: The narrator is the person who tells the story. There are different types of narrators, such as internal and external. Each narrator will have his or her own perspective or point of view as the story is told.

Viewpoint: Viewpoint is the perspective at which something is seen. If three people see an accident, each person will have his or her own version of what happened depending on where the person was at the time it happened.

VIII. Conclusion

Point of view is an important part of all writing. It makes stories interesting, gives research its serious tone, poems and persuasive works their personal tone, and allows readers to easily follow all writing. Keeping in mind the different types of POV and when to use them will make your writing stronger.

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Point of View: Definitions and Examples | Literary Terms

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Point of view (POV) is what the character or narrator telling the story can see (his or her perspective). The author chooses "who" is to tell the story by determining the point of view. Depending on who the narrator is, he/she will be standing at one point and seeing the action.

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the narrator is a person in the story, telling the story from their own point of view

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belongs to the person (or people) being addressed.

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the narrator reports the events that take place without knowing the motivations or thoughts of any of the characters.

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a narrative viewpoint where the story is told from the close perspective of one character

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the most open and flexible POV available to writers.

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Comparing something with like or as

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A metaphor is a literary device that figuratively compares and equates two things that are not alike.

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Personification occurs when a thing or abstraction is represented as a person, in literature or art, as a type of anthropomorphic metaphor.

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exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally.

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symbolic meaning attributed to natural objects or facts.

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OSU School of Writing, Literature and Film

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"What is Symbolism?": A Literary Guide for English Teachers and Students

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a figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms appear in conjunction

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Oregon State University - School of Writing, Literature and Film

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"What is an Oxymoron?": A Literary Guide for English Students and Teachers

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a mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing.

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Euphemism || A Figure of Speech in English

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an expression designed to call something to mind without mentioning it explicitly; an indirect or passing reference.

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OSU School of Writing, Literature and Film

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"What is an Allusion?": A Literary Guide for English Students and Teachers

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, if it were a cold, rainy gray day, you might say, “What a beautiful day!”

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OSU School of Writing, Literature and Film

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"What is Irony?": A Literary Guide for English Students and Teachers

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statement in which the speaker's words are incongruous with the speaker's intent

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What is verbal irony? - Christopher Warner

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the irony of something happening that is very different to what was expected

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the expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect.

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the creation or construction of a fictional character.

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The writer makes direct statements about a character's personality and tells the reader or viewer what the character is like.

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a type of literary device that reveals details about a character without stating them explicitly

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the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the use of figures of speech and other compositional techniques.

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the characteristic spirit of a culture, era, or community as manifested in its beliefs and aspirations.

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a quality that evokes pity or sadness.

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to appeal to the audiences' sense of reason or logic.