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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_diaspora#:~:text=The%20civil%20war%20in%20Somalia,pockets%20of%20Europe%20and%20Asia.

https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/sudan-people-fleeing-conflict-ethiopia-face-new-challenges-search-shelter#:~:text=The%20camps%20lack%20adequate%20shelter,crisis%20on%20the%20Ethiopian%20border.

https://www.mercycorps.org/blog/somalia-refugees-kenya#:~:text=During%20the%20height%20of%20the,a%20chance%20to%20return%20home.

https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/b6e5253057744c0cb65179407c3ee0de

https://www.rescue.org/uk/report/violence-uncertainty-and-resilience-among-refugee-women-and-community-workers-evaluation#:~:text=The%20research%20confirms%20the%20magnitude,reported%20experiencing%20non%2Dpartner%20violence.

https://www.unrefugees.org/news/somalia-refugee-crisis-explained/#:~:text=The%20Somali%20refugee%20crisis%20is,broke%20out%20in%20the%201990s.

https://www.unocha.org/somalia/about-ocha-somalia

file:///Users/olivia.liu/Downloads/Somali%20camps.pdf

| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Civil_War

https://www.unrefugees.org/news/somalia-refugee-crisis-explained/#:~:text=The%20Somali%20refugee%20crisis%20is,broke%20out%20in%20the%201990s.
https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/b6e5253057744c0cb65179407c3ee0de

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Language barriers are a cultural impact many refugees face, many have a difficult time with communication in general and as individuals. They can cause misunderstandings that lead to conflict, frustration, offense, and violence, for those who are unable to assimilate into the European culture and society. Racial discrimination is also a common issue refugees face within foreign countries. It is an outcome of language barriers and cultural differences

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The most common prejudice and racist practices happen in schools, universities, medical facilities, healthcare centers, and social services centers. The hardships of obtaining medical and healthcare services, and house and accommodation procedures challenges are the outcome of the problem of raising children. Along with all these changes that refugee families come to face all at once and in a short time. This could conclude in refugees settling in impoverished environments where plenty of people have to live in one place with low income of shelter and money.

Costs:
In most refugee-hosting countries, people don’t have the option of living in decent homes. Unfortunately, refugees are sent to live in places far away from cities or their countryside, where the houses’ have lack infrastructure and are separated from modern society. Refugees are less likely to be employed the longer they live in their new country because they have no history of their past life.

They have differences in education level – refugees are more often found among the less educated, whose employment rate is far below average.

Benefits:
The Somali refugees are separated from intense climate change, there is no need to worry about drought, flooding, and locust infestations that have been forcibly displacing weather stability with extreme temperatures.

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In Europe, there are significant Somali communities in the United Kingdom: 108,000 (2018); Sweden: 66,369 (2016)

These settlement activities are all considered cultural because as the civil war already broke out over 30 years, the Somali communities benefit more from modern society as they are migrating to their final location. This shows that they are starting to contact with foreign cultures.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_diaspora#:~:text=The%20civil%20war%20in%20Somalia,pockets%20of%20Europe%20and%20Asia.

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Regional Connection: Europe Settlement Activity

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Regional Connection: Europe Settlement Activity

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Towards the beginning of the 21st century, many Somali refugees chose to fly out to foreign countries such as Europe. European Union and accepts protection for people fleeing persecution or serious harm in their country of origin. The UNHCR is also working to ensure they still have the brightest future possible.

Now that most of them settled somewhere safe away from violence and war, their main incentives are to migrate to foreign countries that have a higher economic status with better healthcare systems and educational systems and meet social and cultural integration. Find jobs to make money for living

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While these camps provide shelter for those who are escaping, refugee camps are a major concern for girls and women due to traditional thinking of cultural expectations.

Sexual violence and abuse occur in Dadaab refugee camps very often. In the year of the early 2000s, study shows that 47% of women accessing the GBV centres for case management reported experiencing intimate partner violence and 39% reported experiencing non-partner violence

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Most refugee camps located there are overcrowded, which makes residents vulnerable to disease

Nearly 260,000 people died during the famine that hit Somalia from 2010 to 2012, a study shows. Half of them were children under the age of five, says the report by the UN and the US-funded Famine Early Warning Systems Network (Fews Net)

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The Somali refugee crisis that has been happening for the past 30 years broke out due to political instability and environmental crisis causing 31,227 refugees flying out of Somalia in the 2000s. This is a physical settlement activity because the population of the country has been massively decreasing due the environmental, political, and economic conflict. 80 percent of Somali refugees chose to settle at neighboring countries such as Ethiopia, Kenya, and Yemen. Even though these countries have similar conflicts happening, they still have a long-lasting history of accepting refugees. This is a physical settlement activity is developing a new location for the community to

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A Civil war raged in Mogadishu Somalia for more than two decades, beginning with resistance in the late 1980s. This is a cultural settlement activity because the country is in crisis out-coming political, economic, and environmental problems

In 2022, more than 600,000 people were internally displaced due to conflict and insecurity. These conflict and insecurities are a threat to security and peace due to major impediments to humanitarian in Somalia. This is considered an environmental settlement activity because of the poor governance causing large numbers of civilians displaced and warlords diverted food laid.

Now that people are in danger, the main incentives are to find food and shelter, escape deadly climate change areas

and violence caused by the war.

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Costs:
Since Dadaab refugee camp has become the largest refugee hosting country in Africa, most refugee camps located there are overcrowded, which makes residents vulnerable to disease

The continuous war and famine on-going in Somalia increase the population of the Dadaab refugee camp each year causing the people being overpopulated

Benefits:
As Somalia continues to face multiple challenges, including political insecurity, conflict, and climate emergencies. UNHCR, the UN Refugee Agency, is on the ground delivering lifesaving aid such as shelter, water, sanitation facilities, nutrition, healthcare, cash assistance and protection to people forced to flee their homes (UNHCR). Ethiopia, Kenya, and Yemen have a long-standing history of welcoming refugees that are able to access national education system and obtain land for others.

https://storymaps.esri.com/stories/2016/refugee-camps/

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The civil war was violent and was caused by a government collapse in 1991. The civil war raged in Somalia for more than two decades, beginning with resistance for the past 30. years. An estimated 350,000 Somalis die of disease, starvation, or civil war. Images of famine and war are shown on American news networks. Suffering with major gender inequality, women who held essential jobs such as police were targeted by those who worried about safety problems and criticisms of cultural beliefs. Many cultural and social conflicts such as lack of government infrastructure, poverty, lack of opportunities are also the issues that broke out the civil war

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30 years of civil war in Somalia - BBC News

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Deadly climate events such as drought, flooding, and locust infestations have been forcibly displacing weather stability with extreme temperatures. Many water sources were cut off and crops were drying out. Citizens were forced to migrate at a heightened risk of exploitation by smugglers. Prices of food were rising due to the mix of conflicts with both environmental and political. People were at high risk of catching diseases with a low income and high demand for resources. More than a third of people living in these areas are estimated of having high lack of health care systems

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Costs:
Since the camp is located in deserts in Kenya which is a low survival condition for growing plants, many people suffer from poverty and poor conditions. Many people sleep outside in makeshift tents. People had to leave behind their belongings in the country. Thousands of people were left with no jobs and nothing to do. Since many of them left behind their belongings, the challenges of finding a job were even harder without financial support.

Benefits:
Dadaab's economy generates about $25 million a year and the local host community around the camp earns approximately $14 million a year in trade and contracts ( D'Orsi).  With Food, shelter, healthcare, household, and safety from war. Somali refugee children also attend school and have the opportunity to go to college. The camps provided them with education. New laws, and agreements, like those established with the government of Ethiopia, are allowing Somali refugees to have livelihoods and better integrate with their local communities.

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Africa's Biggest Refugee Camp to Expand as Kenya Approves More Land for Dadaab | VOANews

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During the height of the fighting, many Somalis fled to the sprawling Dadaab camp in Kenya, which was originally established to house about 90,000 refugees. The camp was first established in 1991 to support the Somali refugees fleeing from the civil war. Now, it’s the largest refugee camp in the world — more than 330,000 refugees, mostly Somalis, live there, waiting for a chance to return home.

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Kenya: UNHCR Chief calls for more support for Somali refugees

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The Somalia refugee crisis was a matter of both environmental issues and political impacts. Over the last 30 years, Somalia has been suffering from civil unrest, crime, corruption, violence, and war-stricken poverty. Hundreds of thousands of people have fled Somalia due to political instability and a dangerous civil war that broke out in the 1990s. During the 1980s, the Somalian army fell into combat against various armed rebel groups, including the Somali Salvation Democratic Front in the northeast from 1988 to 1990. This caused many safety problems for Somalian citizens who need to leave in able to avoid violence.

Supporting Questions:
-Why are they migrating?
-What countries are they resettling to?
-What happened to Somalia?
-How many people are migrating?
-Who were impacted?

New Supporting Questions:
-What are the consequences of leaving the country?
-What are the countries that allow entrance for the refugees? -How many people are there in the refugee camps?
-What are the risks of the countries allowing refugees inside the country?